Finding out how diet impacts health and metabolism while concentrating on the functional qualities and bioactive components of food is the crucial scientific objective of nutritional research. The complex relationship...Finding out how diet impacts health and metabolism while concentrating on the functional qualities and bioactive components of food is the crucial scientific objective of nutritional research. The complex relationship between metabolism and nutrition could be investigated with cutting-edge "omics" and bioinformatics techniques. This review paper provides an overview of the use of omics technologies in nutritional research, with a particular emphasis on the new applications of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes in functional and biological activity research on ruminant livestock and products in the tropical regions. A wealth of knowledge has been uncovered regarding the regulation and use of numerous physiological and pathological processes by gene, m RNA, protein, and metabolite expressions under various physiological situations and guidelines. In particular, the components of meat and milk were assessed using omics research utilizing the various methods of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes. The goal of this review is to use omics technologies—which have been steadily gaining popularity as technological tools—to develop new nutritional, genetic, and leadership strategies to improve animal products and their quality control. We also present an overview of the new applications of omics technologies in cattle production and employ nutriomics and foodomics technologies to investigate the microbes in the rumen ecology. Thus, the application of state-of-the-art omics technology may aid in our understanding of how species and/or breeds adapt, and the sustainability of tropical animal production, in the long run, is becoming increasingly important as a means of mitigating the consequences of climate change.展开更多
The availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant...The availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant.Recent developments,based on enriching protein in cassava chips,have yielded yeast fermented cassava chip protein（YEFECAP） providing up to 47.5% crude protein（CP）,which can be used to replace soybean meal.The use of fodder trees has been developed through the process of pelleting;Leucaena leucocephala leaf pellets（LLP）,mulberry leaf pellets（MUP） and mangosteen peel and/or garlic pellets,can be used as good sources of protein to supplement ruminant feeding.Apart from producing volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins,greenhouse gases such as methane are also produced in the rumen.Several methods have been used to reduce rumen methane.However,among many approaches,nutritional manipulation using feed formulation and feeding management,especially the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds（condensed tannins and saponins） and plant oils,has been reported.This approach could help todecrease rumen protozoa and methanogens and thus mitigate the production of methane.At present,more research concerning this burning issue-the role of livestock in global warming-warrants undertaking further research with regard to economic viability and practical feasibility.展开更多
The experiment was conducted on 10 small-holder dairy farmers under the administration of Dairy Promotion Organization of Thailand (DPO) in the Northeast region of Thailand. The aim of the research was to investigate ...The experiment was conducted on 10 small-holder dairy farmers under the administration of Dairy Promotion Organization of Thailand (DPO) in the Northeast region of Thailand. The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of legume (Phaseolus calcaratus, PC) as roughage mixed with Ruzi grass for dairy cows. Fours cows per farm were assigned into 2 groups including Ruzi grass (control) and PC mixed with ruzi grass (at the ratio 50:50), were given ad libitum as a roughage sources. All cows were offered a concentrate with ratio to milk yield of 1:2. The results revealed that roughage source did not affect on ruminal pH and temperature, ammonia nitrogen, blood urea nitrogen, and milk urea nitrogen concentrations. Total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid proportions, and acetic acid to propionic acid ratio were not significantly different among treatments. Dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrient including dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not significantly different among treatments. Moreover, amount of digested dry mater was similar among treatments. However, cows received PC mixed with Ruzi grass tended to be higher on dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility and dry matter digestible nutrient intake than control group. Milk yield, and 3.5% fat corrected milk were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cow fed with PC mixed Ruzi grass than those the control group. Milk compositions and feed cost were similar among treatments;in contrast, the income and profit from milk selling were greater in cows fed with PC mixed with Ruzi grass than the control. High quality roughage such as PC mixed with Ruzi grass could be advantages for dairy farming in the Northeast of Thailand.展开更多
Animal agriculture has been an important component in the integrated farming systems in developing countries. It serves in a paramount diversified role in producing animal protein food, draft power, farm manure as wel...Animal agriculture has been an important component in the integrated farming systems in developing countries. It serves in a paramount diversified role in producing animal protein food, draft power, farm manure as well as ensuring social status-quo and enriching livelihood. Ruminants are importantly contributable to the well-being and the livelihood of the global population. Ruminant production systems can vary from subsistence to intensive type of farming depending on locality, resource availability,infrastructure accessibility, food demand and market potentials. The growing demand for sustainable animal production is compelling to researchers exploring the potential approaches to reduce greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions from livestock. Global warming has been an issue of concern and importance for all especially those engaged in animal agriculture. Methane(CH_4) is one of the major GHG accounted for at least 14% of the total GHG with a global warming potential 25-fold of carbon dioxide and a 12-year atmospheric lifetime. Agricultural sector has a contribution of 50 to 60% methane emission and ruminants are the major source of methane contribution(15 to 33%). Methane emission by enteric fermentation of ruminants represents a loss of energy intake(5 to 15% of total) and is produced by methanogens(archae) as a result of fermentation end-products. Ruminants' digestive fermentation results in fermentation end-products of volatile fatty acids(VFA), microbial protein and methane production in the rumen. Rumen microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa and fungal zoospores are closely associated with the rumen fermentation efficiency. Besides using feed formulation and feeding management, local feed resources have been used as alternative feed additives for manipulation of rumen ecology with promising results for replacement in ruminant feeding. Those potential feed additive practices are as follows: 1) the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds(e.g., condensed tannins and saponins) such as mangosteen peel powder, rain tree pod; 2) plants rich in minerals, e.g., banana flower powder; and 3) plant essential oils, e.g., garlic, eucalyptus leaf powder, etc. Implementation of the-feed-system using cash crop and leguminous shrubs or fodder trees are of promising results.展开更多
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of inclusion of dragon fruit peel pellet(DFPP) and dietary non-protein nitrogen (NPN) on nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation efficiency,plasma an...The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of inclusion of dragon fruit peel pellet(DFPP) and dietary non-protein nitrogen (NPN) on nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation efficiency,plasma antioxidant activity, microbial protein synthesis, milk yield and composition in lactatingHolstein-Friesian crossbred cows. Four animals were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments accordingto a 2 ×2 factorial arrangement in 4 ×4 Latin square design. The treatments were as follows: 300 g DMof DFPP t100 g of urea (T1), 300 g DM of DFPP t 200 g of urea (T2), 400 g DM of DFPP t 100 g of urea(T3), and 400 g DM of DFPP t 200 g of urea (T4), respectively. The results showed that intake of ricestraw was increased (P < 0.01) by the DFPP addition. Including DFPP and urea did not affect (P > 0.05) theNDF and ADF digestibilities, but increased the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, andcrude protein (P < 0.01). Rumen fermentation process, especially the propionate concentration, wassignificantly increased by the DFPP levels. The plasma antioxidant activity was increased (P > 0.05) withthe addition of DFPP. The DFPP improved (P < 0.01) microbial protein synthesis. The supplementation ofDFPP and urea increased (P < 0.05) milk fat, whereas milk yield and 3.5% fat corrected milk were onlyincreased (P < 0.05) by the DFPP supplementation. Based on these results, addition of DFPP at 400 g/animal per day with urea at 100 g/animal per day improved rumen fermentation, plasma antioxidantactivity, milk yield and milk fat percentage.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ground corn cobs(GCC) as a sole fiber source in total mixed ration(TMR) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows...The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ground corn cobs(GCC) as a sole fiber source in total mixed ration(TMR) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows. Four multiparous crossbreds Holstein Friesian dairy cows with an initial body weight(BW) of 415.5 ± 26.20 kg were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments of TMR contained a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. The roughage source was used at different ratios of GCC to rice straw(RS) at 100:0, 82.5:17.5, 67.5:32.5, and 50:50 for TMR1 to TMR4, respectively. The results revealed significant improvements in intake of dry matter, protein,neutral detergent fiber(NDF)and metabolizable energy(ME) for TMR1 and TMR2(P < 0.05), while the digestibility of nutrients was not altered by the treatments(P > 0.05). Ground corn cobs was used for up to 100% of the total roughage without affecting milk production. Moreover, ruminal pH, temperature, ammonia-nitrogen(NH_3-N) and volatile fatty acid(VFA) concentrations were not impacted by the treatments(P> 0.05). However, milk yield was significantly different among the GCC:RS ratios(P < 0.05) and was the highest in TMR1 and TMR2(13.1 kg/d), while the milk compositions were not changed(P > 0.05). The results imply that using GCC as a whole roughage source significantly improved nutrients intake and milk yield in dairy cows raised in tropical areas.展开更多
Cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz) is widely grown in sub-tropical and tropical areas, producing roots as an energy source while the top biomass including leaves and immature stems can be sun-dried and used as cassava ...Cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz) is widely grown in sub-tropical and tropical areas, producing roots as an energy source while the top biomass including leaves and immature stems can be sun-dried and used as cassava hay. Cassava roots can be processed as dried chip or pellet. It is rich in soluble carbohydrate(75 to 85%) but low in crude protein(2 to 3%). Its energy value is comparable to corn meal but has a relatively higher rate of rumen degradation. Higher levels of non-protein nitrogen especially urea(1 to 4%) can be successfully incorporated in concentrates containing cassava chip as an energy source. Cassava chip can also be processed with urea and other ingredients(tallow, sulfur, raw banana meal, cassava hay, and soybean meal) to make products such as cassarea, cassa-ban, and cassaya. Various studies have been conducted in ruminants using cassava chip to replace corn meal in the concentrate mixtures and have revealed satisfactory results in rumen fermentation efficiency and the subsequent production of meat and milk. In addition, it was advantageous when used in combination with rice bran in the concentrate supplement. Practical home-made-concentrate using cassava chip can be easily prepared for use on farms. A recent development has involved enriching protein in cassava chips, yielding yeast fermented cassava chip protein(YEFECAP) of up to 47.5% crude protein, which can be used to replace soybean meal.It is therefore, recommended to use cassava chip as an alternative source of energy to corn meal when the price is economical and it is locally available.展开更多
The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of hydrogenated palm oil(HPO)added to a dairy goat diet on serum biochemistry and progesterone levels.Thirty pregnant Cilentana dairy goats were equally divide...The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of hydrogenated palm oil(HPO)added to a dairy goat diet on serum biochemistry and progesterone levels.Thirty pregnant Cilentana dairy goats were equally divided into 2 groups(control [CTR]and HPO groups).After kidding,concentrated feed for both groups was gradually increased up to 400 g/(animal d).and the HPO group received 50 g/(animal·d)of HPO.Supplementation with HPO significantly increased cholesterol levels(mg/dL, 63.80 vs.54.68 at 30 d.P<0.05;78.20 vs.58.00 at 60 d.P<0.05;83.80 vs.57.83 at 120 d.P<0.01)compared with the CTR group although no significant differences were detected for liver and kidney function indicators.Moreover,other biochemical parameters were not affected by HPO supplementation thus suggesting no change occurred in lipid and protein metabolism.Furthermore,a significant correlation was found between progesterone levels and serum cholesterol(r = 0.65,P≤0.01)although these were not significantly higher in HPO supplemented goats.The dose and time of HPO supplementation appears critical as regards assessing the limits between the risks and benefits of HPO supplementation in dairy goats.At the tested dose.HPO was well tolerated by the animals and may represent a useful tool to increase energy availability during highly demanding periods.展开更多
基金the Program Management Unit Human&Resources Institutional Development Research and Innovation (PMU-B)(PMU no. 660000050309) for financial support for the authors’ fellowship。
文摘Finding out how diet impacts health and metabolism while concentrating on the functional qualities and bioactive components of food is the crucial scientific objective of nutritional research. The complex relationship between metabolism and nutrition could be investigated with cutting-edge "omics" and bioinformatics techniques. This review paper provides an overview of the use of omics technologies in nutritional research, with a particular emphasis on the new applications of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes in functional and biological activity research on ruminant livestock and products in the tropical regions. A wealth of knowledge has been uncovered regarding the regulation and use of numerous physiological and pathological processes by gene, m RNA, protein, and metabolite expressions under various physiological situations and guidelines. In particular, the components of meat and milk were assessed using omics research utilizing the various methods of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomes. The goal of this review is to use omics technologies—which have been steadily gaining popularity as technological tools—to develop new nutritional, genetic, and leadership strategies to improve animal products and their quality control. We also present an overview of the new applications of omics technologies in cattle production and employ nutriomics and foodomics technologies to investigate the microbes in the rumen ecology. Thus, the application of state-of-the-art omics technology may aid in our understanding of how species and/or breeds adapt, and the sustainability of tropical animal production, in the long run, is becoming increasingly important as a means of mitigating the consequences of climate change.
文摘The availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant.Recent developments,based on enriching protein in cassava chips,have yielded yeast fermented cassava chip protein（YEFECAP） providing up to 47.5% crude protein（CP）,which can be used to replace soybean meal.The use of fodder trees has been developed through the process of pelleting;Leucaena leucocephala leaf pellets（LLP）,mulberry leaf pellets（MUP） and mangosteen peel and/or garlic pellets,can be used as good sources of protein to supplement ruminant feeding.Apart from producing volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins,greenhouse gases such as methane are also produced in the rumen.Several methods have been used to reduce rumen methane.However,among many approaches,nutritional manipulation using feed formulation and feeding management,especially the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds（condensed tannins and saponins） and plant oils,has been reported.This approach could help todecrease rumen protozoa and methanogens and thus mitigate the production of methane.At present,more research concerning this burning issue-the role of livestock in global warming-warrants undertaking further research with regard to economic viability and practical feasibility.
文摘The experiment was conducted on 10 small-holder dairy farmers under the administration of Dairy Promotion Organization of Thailand (DPO) in the Northeast region of Thailand. The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of legume (Phaseolus calcaratus, PC) as roughage mixed with Ruzi grass for dairy cows. Fours cows per farm were assigned into 2 groups including Ruzi grass (control) and PC mixed with ruzi grass (at the ratio 50:50), were given ad libitum as a roughage sources. All cows were offered a concentrate with ratio to milk yield of 1:2. The results revealed that roughage source did not affect on ruminal pH and temperature, ammonia nitrogen, blood urea nitrogen, and milk urea nitrogen concentrations. Total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid proportions, and acetic acid to propionic acid ratio were not significantly different among treatments. Dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrient including dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not significantly different among treatments. Moreover, amount of digested dry mater was similar among treatments. However, cows received PC mixed with Ruzi grass tended to be higher on dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility and dry matter digestible nutrient intake than control group. Milk yield, and 3.5% fat corrected milk were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cow fed with PC mixed Ruzi grass than those the control group. Milk compositions and feed cost were similar among treatments;in contrast, the income and profit from milk selling were greater in cows fed with PC mixed with Ruzi grass than the control. High quality roughage such as PC mixed with Ruzi grass could be advantages for dairy farming in the Northeast of Thailand.
文摘Animal agriculture has been an important component in the integrated farming systems in developing countries. It serves in a paramount diversified role in producing animal protein food, draft power, farm manure as well as ensuring social status-quo and enriching livelihood. Ruminants are importantly contributable to the well-being and the livelihood of the global population. Ruminant production systems can vary from subsistence to intensive type of farming depending on locality, resource availability,infrastructure accessibility, food demand and market potentials. The growing demand for sustainable animal production is compelling to researchers exploring the potential approaches to reduce greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions from livestock. Global warming has been an issue of concern and importance for all especially those engaged in animal agriculture. Methane(CH_4) is one of the major GHG accounted for at least 14% of the total GHG with a global warming potential 25-fold of carbon dioxide and a 12-year atmospheric lifetime. Agricultural sector has a contribution of 50 to 60% methane emission and ruminants are the major source of methane contribution(15 to 33%). Methane emission by enteric fermentation of ruminants represents a loss of energy intake(5 to 15% of total) and is produced by methanogens(archae) as a result of fermentation end-products. Ruminants' digestive fermentation results in fermentation end-products of volatile fatty acids(VFA), microbial protein and methane production in the rumen. Rumen microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa and fungal zoospores are closely associated with the rumen fermentation efficiency. Besides using feed formulation and feeding management, local feed resources have been used as alternative feed additives for manipulation of rumen ecology with promising results for replacement in ruminant feeding. Those potential feed additive practices are as follows: 1) the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds(e.g., condensed tannins and saponins) such as mangosteen peel powder, rain tree pod; 2) plants rich in minerals, e.g., banana flower powder; and 3) plant essential oils, e.g., garlic, eucalyptus leaf powder, etc. Implementation of the-feed-system using cash crop and leguminous shrubs or fodder trees are of promising results.
基金the Thailand Research Fund(TRF)through the Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)(Record no.TRF-IRN57W0002 and TRF-IRG5980010)the National Research Council of Thailand through the Basic Research Fund(Record no.2564A10302002).
文摘The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of inclusion of dragon fruit peel pellet(DFPP) and dietary non-protein nitrogen (NPN) on nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation efficiency,plasma antioxidant activity, microbial protein synthesis, milk yield and composition in lactatingHolstein-Friesian crossbred cows. Four animals were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments accordingto a 2 ×2 factorial arrangement in 4 ×4 Latin square design. The treatments were as follows: 300 g DMof DFPP t100 g of urea (T1), 300 g DM of DFPP t 200 g of urea (T2), 400 g DM of DFPP t 100 g of urea(T3), and 400 g DM of DFPP t 200 g of urea (T4), respectively. The results showed that intake of ricestraw was increased (P < 0.01) by the DFPP addition. Including DFPP and urea did not affect (P > 0.05) theNDF and ADF digestibilities, but increased the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, andcrude protein (P < 0.01). Rumen fermentation process, especially the propionate concentration, wassignificantly increased by the DFPP levels. The plasma antioxidant activity was increased (P > 0.05) withthe addition of DFPP. The DFPP improved (P < 0.01) microbial protein synthesis. The supplementation ofDFPP and urea increased (P < 0.05) milk fat, whereas milk yield and 3.5% fat corrected milk were onlyincreased (P < 0.05) by the DFPP supplementation. Based on these results, addition of DFPP at 400 g/animal per day with urea at 100 g/animal per day improved rumen fermentation, plasma antioxidantactivity, milk yield and milk fat percentage.
基金the Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University(KKU), Thailand for providing financial support for the research and the use of the research facilitiessupported by the increase production efficiency and meat quality of native beef and buffalo research group, KKU
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ground corn cobs(GCC) as a sole fiber source in total mixed ration(TMR) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows. Four multiparous crossbreds Holstein Friesian dairy cows with an initial body weight(BW) of 415.5 ± 26.20 kg were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments of TMR contained a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. The roughage source was used at different ratios of GCC to rice straw(RS) at 100:0, 82.5:17.5, 67.5:32.5, and 50:50 for TMR1 to TMR4, respectively. The results revealed significant improvements in intake of dry matter, protein,neutral detergent fiber(NDF)and metabolizable energy(ME) for TMR1 and TMR2(P < 0.05), while the digestibility of nutrients was not altered by the treatments(P > 0.05). Ground corn cobs was used for up to 100% of the total roughage without affecting milk production. Moreover, ruminal pH, temperature, ammonia-nitrogen(NH_3-N) and volatile fatty acid(VFA) concentrations were not impacted by the treatments(P> 0.05). However, milk yield was significantly different among the GCC:RS ratios(P < 0.05) and was the highest in TMR1 and TMR2(13.1 kg/d), while the milk compositions were not changed(P > 0.05). The results imply that using GCC as a whole roughage source significantly improved nutrients intake and milk yield in dairy cows raised in tropical areas.
文摘Cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz) is widely grown in sub-tropical and tropical areas, producing roots as an energy source while the top biomass including leaves and immature stems can be sun-dried and used as cassava hay. Cassava roots can be processed as dried chip or pellet. It is rich in soluble carbohydrate(75 to 85%) but low in crude protein(2 to 3%). Its energy value is comparable to corn meal but has a relatively higher rate of rumen degradation. Higher levels of non-protein nitrogen especially urea(1 to 4%) can be successfully incorporated in concentrates containing cassava chip as an energy source. Cassava chip can also be processed with urea and other ingredients(tallow, sulfur, raw banana meal, cassava hay, and soybean meal) to make products such as cassarea, cassa-ban, and cassaya. Various studies have been conducted in ruminants using cassava chip to replace corn meal in the concentrate mixtures and have revealed satisfactory results in rumen fermentation efficiency and the subsequent production of meat and milk. In addition, it was advantageous when used in combination with rice bran in the concentrate supplement. Practical home-made-concentrate using cassava chip can be easily prepared for use on farms. A recent development has involved enriching protein in cassava chips, yielding yeast fermented cassava chip protein(YEFECAP) of up to 47.5% crude protein, which can be used to replace soybean meal.It is therefore, recommended to use cassava chip as an alternative source of energy to corn meal when the price is economical and it is locally available.
文摘The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of hydrogenated palm oil(HPO)added to a dairy goat diet on serum biochemistry and progesterone levels.Thirty pregnant Cilentana dairy goats were equally divided into 2 groups(control [CTR]and HPO groups).After kidding,concentrated feed for both groups was gradually increased up to 400 g/(animal d).and the HPO group received 50 g/(animal·d)of HPO.Supplementation with HPO significantly increased cholesterol levels(mg/dL, 63.80 vs.54.68 at 30 d.P<0.05;78.20 vs.58.00 at 60 d.P<0.05;83.80 vs.57.83 at 120 d.P<0.01)compared with the CTR group although no significant differences were detected for liver and kidney function indicators.Moreover,other biochemical parameters were not affected by HPO supplementation thus suggesting no change occurred in lipid and protein metabolism.Furthermore,a significant correlation was found between progesterone levels and serum cholesterol(r = 0.65,P≤0.01)although these were not significantly higher in HPO supplemented goats.The dose and time of HPO supplementation appears critical as regards assessing the limits between the risks and benefits of HPO supplementation in dairy goats.At the tested dose.HPO was well tolerated by the animals and may represent a useful tool to increase energy availability during highly demanding periods.
