Plant-based fermentations provide an untapped source for novel biotechnological applications.In this study,a probiotic named Lactobacillus fermentum 21828 was introduced to ferment Lentinus edodes.Polysaccharides were...Plant-based fermentations provide an untapped source for novel biotechnological applications.In this study,a probiotic named Lactobacillus fermentum 21828 was introduced to ferment Lentinus edodes.Polysaccharides were extracted from fermented and non-fermented L.edodes and purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100.The components designated F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a were analyzed by FT-IR,HPGPC,HPAEC,SEM,GC-MS and NMR.The results revealed that probiotic fermentation increased the molecular weight from 1.16×10^(4) Da to 1.87×10^(4) Da and altered the proportions of glucose,galactose and mannose,in which glucose increased from 45.94%to 48.16%.Methylation analysis and NMR spectra indicated that F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a had similar linkage patterns.Furthermore,their immunomodulatory activities were evaluated with immunosuppressive mice.NF-LEP and F-LEP improved immune organ indices,immunoglobulin(Ig G and Ig M)and cytokines concentrations;restored the antioxidation capacity of liver;and maintained the balance of gut microbiota.F-LEP displayed better moderating effects on the spleen index,immunoglobulin,cytokines and the diversity of gut microbiota than NF-LEP(200,400 mg/kg).Our study provides an efficient and environment-friendly way for the structural modification of polysaccharides,which helps to enhance their biological activity and promote their wide application in food,medicine and other fields.展开更多
Inactivated probiotics,due to their high safety,effectiveness,stability,and resilience,are increasingly used for treating various diseases.To assess the efficacy of inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3 in alleviat...Inactivated probiotics,due to their high safety,effectiveness,stability,and resilience,are increasingly used for treating various diseases.To assess the efficacy of inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3 in alleviating dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS)-induced colitis,we compared the effects of live probiotics and inactivated probiotics at different concentrations on colitis in male C57BL/6J mice.Additionally,we explored potential mechanisms by analyzing changes in gut microbiota composition,tryptophan metabolites,and the AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway.Our study demonstrated that administering high doses(2×10^(9)CFU/mL)of heat-inactivated probiotics by gavage for 14 days effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice,with effects comparable to those of live probiotics.This effect was attributed to the modulation of gut microbiota,with an increase in beneficial bacteria like Muribaculaceae,Alistipes,and Ruminococcaceae,and a reduction in harmful microbes such as Escherichia/Shigella spp.Additionally,the inactivated probiotics enhanced tryptophan metabolism,leading to elevated levels of metabolites including indole-3-lactic acid,indole-3-propionic acid,indole acrylic acid,and indole,which subsequently activated the AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway.Our results confirmed the effectiveness of heatinactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3 in alleviating colitis,demonstrating a dose-dependent response.The soluble capsular polysaccharides in the bacterial lysate supernatant are the potentially effective components of Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3.This finding provides a theoretical basis for developing novel probiotic products containing heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3.展开更多
This study explores the potential of microorganisms and active ingredients in Fu brick tea(FBT)to degrade mycotoxins.Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)and Ochratoxin A(OTA)were individually introduced into raw dark tea,which was then...This study explores the potential of microorganisms and active ingredients in Fu brick tea(FBT)to degrade mycotoxins.Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)and Ochratoxin A(OTA)were individually introduced into raw dark tea,which was then subjected to natural flowering fermentation.To better monitor the natural degradation of these mycotoxins and their effects on the tea’s microbiota and metabolites,samples were collected at 0 days,6 days,12 days,and from the final FBT product.The changes in mycotoxin levels,metabolites,and microbial composition during the fermentation process were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS),non-targeted metabolomics,16 S ribosomal RNA(16 S rRNA),and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequencing.Excitingly,compared with the initial stages of fermentation,the levels of AFB1 and OTA in the final FBT product significantly decreased by 53.78%and 56.75%,respectively.Findings indicate that raw dark tea and FBT present significantly distinct microbial compositions and nutritional contents.The study identified 187 crucial metabolites and used the Mantel test to reveal significant correlations between these metabolites and key microbial taxa during FBT fermentation,highlighting Aspergillus’s dominant role and interspecies interactions in shaping the metabolic profile.Furthermore,correlation analysis revealed that AFB1 and OTA degradation rates negatively correlated with the total amino acid content but significantly positively correlated with the abundance of Aspergillus,suggesting Aspergillus may be a natural mycotoxin degrader,which improves FBT safety.This study supports FBT safety and lays the foundation for future research on beneficial microbes/components for mycotoxin degradation.展开更多
To effectively utilize apple pomace resources,we extracted apple pomace polyphenols using natural deep eutectic solvent(NADES)as the medium,with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50 mL/g,for a duration of 120 min.Compared t...To effectively utilize apple pomace resources,we extracted apple pomace polyphenols using natural deep eutectic solvent(NADES)as the medium,with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50 mL/g,for a duration of 120 min.Compared to conventional extraction solvents(ethanol and methanol),four NADES significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from apple pomace.Notably,NADES 1(betaine:urea=1:1,30% water)and NADES 2(betaine:malic acid=1:1,30% water)exhibited superior extraction capabilities,with maximum values reaching 5.245±0.124 mg GAE/g pomace and 5.157±0.164 mg GAE/g pomace,respectively,in Qinguan apple pomace.Both solvents reached their maximum extraction efficiency within 120 min,with NADES 1 achieving a maximum extraction amount of 4.8325 mg GAE/g and NADES 2 achieving 5.3039 mg GAE/g from Fuji apple pomace.NADES 1 and NADES 2 were more efficient in extracting monophenols such as quercetin,rutin,gallic acid,and procyanidin,whereas organic solvents(methanol and ethanol)were more effective for monophenols like methyl gallate and phlorizin.Furthermore,polyphenol extracts obtained using NADES from Fuji apple pomace displayed varying levels of antibacterial effectiveness,with NADES 4(glucose:lactic acid=1:5,60% water)and NADES 2 showing superior efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.This comprehensive study not only demonstrated the potential of NADES in extracting polyphenols from apple pomace but also highlighted their applicability as natural preservatives in the food industry.展开更多
This paper used Active Radio Frequency Identification （Active RFID） technology to identify in which rooms fathers and their chitd tend to stay together and talk, and in which rooms they stay separately in seven one-...This paper used Active Radio Frequency Identification （Active RFID） technology to identify in which rooms fathers and their chitd tend to stay together and talk, and in which rooms they stay separately in seven one-child families living in Chinese urban apartment houses. The father was found to stay together with the child 0.5%-25% of the time when both father and chitd stayed at home. The use of the living room as the place in which the child stays with the father and tatks was found to be highest （five out of seven families）, fotlowed by the dining room and the child＇s room. In over half of the cases when the child stays with,the father in the living room or dining room and either of them tatk, the chitd spoke over 1.6 times more than the father. However, in the child＇s room, the child always spoke tess than the father, and the duration of the child＇s speech was less than 70% of that of the father. Findings showed that the instances in which child and father stay in different rooms fell into two groups. First, five of the seven subject fathers tended to stay in the living room, whereas the children stayed either in their room or in their parents＇ room to use the PC. Second, two fathers stayed in the studio or dining room to work, while their chitdren stayed in the living room or their own rooms. For both groups, the duration展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1606701)。
文摘Plant-based fermentations provide an untapped source for novel biotechnological applications.In this study,a probiotic named Lactobacillus fermentum 21828 was introduced to ferment Lentinus edodes.Polysaccharides were extracted from fermented and non-fermented L.edodes and purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100.The components designated F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a were analyzed by FT-IR,HPGPC,HPAEC,SEM,GC-MS and NMR.The results revealed that probiotic fermentation increased the molecular weight from 1.16×10^(4) Da to 1.87×10^(4) Da and altered the proportions of glucose,galactose and mannose,in which glucose increased from 45.94%to 48.16%.Methylation analysis and NMR spectra indicated that F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a had similar linkage patterns.Furthermore,their immunomodulatory activities were evaluated with immunosuppressive mice.NF-LEP and F-LEP improved immune organ indices,immunoglobulin(Ig G and Ig M)and cytokines concentrations;restored the antioxidation capacity of liver;and maintained the balance of gut microbiota.F-LEP displayed better moderating effects on the spleen index,immunoglobulin,cytokines and the diversity of gut microbiota than NF-LEP(200,400 mg/kg).Our study provides an efficient and environment-friendly way for the structural modification of polysaccharides,which helps to enhance their biological activity and promote their wide application in food,medicine and other fields.
基金supported by grants from The National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF130510403).
文摘Inactivated probiotics,due to their high safety,effectiveness,stability,and resilience,are increasingly used for treating various diseases.To assess the efficacy of inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3 in alleviating dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS)-induced colitis,we compared the effects of live probiotics and inactivated probiotics at different concentrations on colitis in male C57BL/6J mice.Additionally,we explored potential mechanisms by analyzing changes in gut microbiota composition,tryptophan metabolites,and the AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway.Our study demonstrated that administering high doses(2×10^(9)CFU/mL)of heat-inactivated probiotics by gavage for 14 days effectively alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice,with effects comparable to those of live probiotics.This effect was attributed to the modulation of gut microbiota,with an increase in beneficial bacteria like Muribaculaceae,Alistipes,and Ruminococcaceae,and a reduction in harmful microbes such as Escherichia/Shigella spp.Additionally,the inactivated probiotics enhanced tryptophan metabolism,leading to elevated levels of metabolites including indole-3-lactic acid,indole-3-propionic acid,indole acrylic acid,and indole,which subsequently activated the AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway.Our results confirmed the effectiveness of heatinactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3 in alleviating colitis,demonstrating a dose-dependent response.The soluble capsular polysaccharides in the bacterial lysate supernatant are the potentially effective components of Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3.This finding provides a theoretical basis for developing novel probiotic products containing heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum M1-3.
基金supported by grants from the Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province,China(2024NC-ZDCYL-04-23,2024NC-ZDCYL-04-07)Xianyang Key R&D Project(L2024-ZDYF-ZDYF-NY-0006).
文摘This study explores the potential of microorganisms and active ingredients in Fu brick tea(FBT)to degrade mycotoxins.Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)and Ochratoxin A(OTA)were individually introduced into raw dark tea,which was then subjected to natural flowering fermentation.To better monitor the natural degradation of these mycotoxins and their effects on the tea’s microbiota and metabolites,samples were collected at 0 days,6 days,12 days,and from the final FBT product.The changes in mycotoxin levels,metabolites,and microbial composition during the fermentation process were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS),non-targeted metabolomics,16 S ribosomal RNA(16 S rRNA),and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequencing.Excitingly,compared with the initial stages of fermentation,the levels of AFB1 and OTA in the final FBT product significantly decreased by 53.78%and 56.75%,respectively.Findings indicate that raw dark tea and FBT present significantly distinct microbial compositions and nutritional contents.The study identified 187 crucial metabolites and used the Mantel test to reveal significant correlations between these metabolites and key microbial taxa during FBT fermentation,highlighting Aspergillus’s dominant role and interspecies interactions in shaping the metabolic profile.Furthermore,correlation analysis revealed that AFB1 and OTA degradation rates negatively correlated with the total amino acid content but significantly positively correlated with the abundance of Aspergillus,suggesting Aspergillus may be a natural mycotoxin degrader,which improves FBT safety.This study supports FBT safety and lays the foundation for future research on beneficial microbes/components for mycotoxin degradation.
基金supported by grants from The National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF130510403).
文摘To effectively utilize apple pomace resources,we extracted apple pomace polyphenols using natural deep eutectic solvent(NADES)as the medium,with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50 mL/g,for a duration of 120 min.Compared to conventional extraction solvents(ethanol and methanol),four NADES significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from apple pomace.Notably,NADES 1(betaine:urea=1:1,30% water)and NADES 2(betaine:malic acid=1:1,30% water)exhibited superior extraction capabilities,with maximum values reaching 5.245±0.124 mg GAE/g pomace and 5.157±0.164 mg GAE/g pomace,respectively,in Qinguan apple pomace.Both solvents reached their maximum extraction efficiency within 120 min,with NADES 1 achieving a maximum extraction amount of 4.8325 mg GAE/g and NADES 2 achieving 5.3039 mg GAE/g from Fuji apple pomace.NADES 1 and NADES 2 were more efficient in extracting monophenols such as quercetin,rutin,gallic acid,and procyanidin,whereas organic solvents(methanol and ethanol)were more effective for monophenols like methyl gallate and phlorizin.Furthermore,polyphenol extracts obtained using NADES from Fuji apple pomace displayed varying levels of antibacterial effectiveness,with NADES 4(glucose:lactic acid=1:5,60% water)and NADES 2 showing superior efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.This comprehensive study not only demonstrated the potential of NADES in extracting polyphenols from apple pomace but also highlighted their applicability as natural preservatives in the food industry.
文摘This paper used Active Radio Frequency Identification （Active RFID） technology to identify in which rooms fathers and their chitd tend to stay together and talk, and in which rooms they stay separately in seven one-child families living in Chinese urban apartment houses. The father was found to stay together with the child 0.5%-25% of the time when both father and chitd stayed at home. The use of the living room as the place in which the child stays with the father and tatks was found to be highest （five out of seven families）, fotlowed by the dining room and the child＇s room. In over half of the cases when the child stays with,the father in the living room or dining room and either of them tatk, the chitd spoke over 1.6 times more than the father. However, in the child＇s room, the child always spoke tess than the father, and the duration of the child＇s speech was less than 70% of that of the father. Findings showed that the instances in which child and father stay in different rooms fell into two groups. First, five of the seven subject fathers tended to stay in the living room, whereas the children stayed either in their room or in their parents＇ room to use the PC. Second, two fathers stayed in the studio or dining room to work, while their chitdren stayed in the living room or their own rooms. For both groups, the duration
