As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase,their safety has become a great concern for further practical large-scale applications.One of the ultimate solution of the safety issue is to...As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase,their safety has become a great concern for further practical large-scale applications.One of the ultimate solution of the safety issue is to develop intrinsically safe battery components,where the battery separators and liquid electrolytes are critical for the battery thermal runaway process.In this review,we summarize recent progress in the rational materials design on battery separators and liquid electrolyte towards the goal of improving the safety of LIBs.Also,some strategies for further improving safety of LIBs are also briefly outlooked.展开更多
Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale...Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale battery pack applications,the possibility of LIBs fire significantly increases.Because of the fast burning and the easy re-ignition characteristics of LIBs,achieving an efficient and prompt LIBs fire suppression is critical for minimizing the fire hazards.Different from conventional fire hazards,the LIBs fire shows complicated and comprehensive characteristics,and an effective and suitable fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs is highly desirable.Considerable efforts have been devoted to this topic,to the best of our knowledge,a comprehensive review on this regard is still rare.Moreover,in practice,a guidance for the design and selections of a proper fire-extinguishing agent for LIBs is urgently needed.Herein,the special mechanisms and characteristics for LIBs fire and the corresponding design principles for LIBs fire-extinguishing agent were introduced.It is revealed that a fire-extinguishing agent developed for LIBs fire will most likely need a high heat capacity,high wetting,low viscosity and low electrical conductivity.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents in terms of these performances,water-based fire-extinguishing agents show best.Several typical fire-extinguishing agents such as gaseous agents,dry powders,water-based and aerosol fire-extinguishing agents were then introduced,and their fire extinguishment mechanisms were presented.Finally,their effectiveness in suppressing the fire were summarized.Water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess high cooling capacity and excellent anti-reflash performance for the fire.We believe this review could shed light on developing an efficient fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs.展开更多
A honeycomb structure with a negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)was designed,fabricated,and analyzed for utilization in personal protective clothing(PPC).The mechanical properties were investigated using a quasi-static mec...A honeycomb structure with a negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)was designed,fabricated,and analyzed for utilization in personal protective clothing(PPC).The mechanical properties were investigated using a quasi-static mechanical testing and the Hopkinson pressure bar experimental system,and results were compared with similar samples containing regular hexagonal and regular quadrilateral honeycomb structures.The experimental results showed that under quasi-static loadings,the concave honeycomb structure had the highest compressive modulus and yield strength,which produced the highest strain absorption energy,anti-deformation performance and energy absorption.When exposed to a dynamic load at a high strain rate,the concave honeycomb also exhibited the highest dynamic compression modulus,the best impact resistance and best energy absorption among the three structures.In summary,the concave honeycomb structure was more resistant to deformation and had higher impact resistance than the regular hexagonal and regular quadrilateral honeycombs,and exhibited better energy absorption,which makes it a good candidate for application as a personal safety protection material.展开更多
The high variability of shock in terrorist attacks poses a threat to people's lives and properties,necessitating the development of more effective protective structures.This study focuses on the angle gradient and...The high variability of shock in terrorist attacks poses a threat to people's lives and properties,necessitating the development of more effective protective structures.This study focuses on the angle gradient and proposes four different configurations of concave hexagonal honeycomb structures.The structures'macroscopic deformation behavior,stress-strain relationship,and energy dissipation characteristics are evaluated through quasi-static compression and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experiments.The study reveals that,under varying strain rates,the structures deform starting from the weak layer and exhibit significant interlayer separation.Additionally,interlayer shear slip becomes more pronounced with increasing strain rate.In terms of quasi-static compression,symmetric gradient structures demonstrate superior energy absorption,particularly the symmetric negative gradient structure(SNG-SMS)with a specific energy absorption of 13.77 J/cm~3.For dynamic impact,unidirectional gradient structures exhibit exceptional energy absorption,particularly the unidirectional positive gradient honeycomb structure(UPG-SML)with outstanding mechanical properties.The angle gradient design plays a crucial role in determining the structure's stability and deformation mode during impact.Fewer interlayer separations result in a more pronounced negative Poisson's ratio effect and enhance the structure's energy absorption capacity.These findings provide a foundation for the rational design and selection of seismic protection structures in different strain rate impact environments.展开更多
Stab resistance body armor（SRBA）is essential in protecting people from knife injuries.The protective parts of traditional SRBA are made of multi-layered ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene（UHMWPE）,which cause...Stab resistance body armor（SRBA）is essential in protecting people from knife injuries.The protective parts of traditional SRBA are made of multi-layered ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene（UHMWPE）,which causes heavy heat stress for people wearing it.The protective parts of SRBA manufactured using laser sintering（LS）3D printing technology provide high manufacturing flexibility and low weight.Two different structures,plain plate and pyramid-structured plate,were investigated.The pyramid structure showed much higher stab resistance property then the plain plate,because of the angle and thickness effects.This is the first effort applying the LS technology and polyamide（PA）material（PA3200）on SRBA.By applying the pyramid structure on the protective layer of the SRBA,the total weight could reduce 30%-40%.展开更多
Decompensated liver cirrhosis(DLC)is characterized by severe liver dysfunction and immune dysregulation,posing significant treatment challenges.Mesenchymal stromal cell(MSC)therapy has shown promise in DLC treatment,b...Decompensated liver cirrhosis(DLC)is characterized by severe liver dysfunction and immune dysregulation,posing significant treatment challenges.Mesenchymal stromal cell(MSC)therapy has shown promise in DLC treatment,but the optimal dosing strategies and dose-dependent therapeutic mechanisms in humans remain unclear,limiting its clinical application.We conducted sequential Phase Ia/Ib trials using a single-arm,dose-escalation design to evaluate the safety and tolerability of MSC therapy in DLC patients while also exploring its immunomodulatory effects and gathering preliminary therapeutic signals.展开更多
In this study,an inverse design framework was established to find lightweight honeycomb structures(HCSs)with high impact resistance.The hybrid HCS,composed of re-entrant(RE)and elliptical annular re-entrant(EARE)honey...In this study,an inverse design framework was established to find lightweight honeycomb structures(HCSs)with high impact resistance.The hybrid HCS,composed of re-entrant(RE)and elliptical annular re-entrant(EARE)honeycomb cells,was created by constructing arrangement matrices to achieve structural lightweight.The machine learning(ML)framework consisted of a neural network(NN)forward regression model for predicting impact resistance and a multi-objective optimization algorithm for generating high-performance designs.The surrogate of the local design space was initially realized by establishing the NN in the small sample dataset,and the active learning strategy was used to continuously extended the local optimal design until the model converged in the global space.The results indicated that the active learning strategy significantly improved the inference capability of the NN model in unknown design domains.By guiding the iteration direction of the optimization algorithm,lightweight designs with high impact resistance were identified.The energy absorption capacity of the optimal design reached 94.98%of the EARE honeycomb,while the initial peak stress and mass decreased by 28.85%and 19.91%,respectively.Furthermore,Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)for global explanation of the NN indicated a strong correlation between the arrangement mode of HCS and its impact resistance.By reducing the stiffness of the cells at the top boundary of the structure,the initial impact damage sustained by the structure can be significantly improved.Overall,this study proposed a general lightweight design method for array structures under impact loads,which is beneficial for the widespread application of honeycomb-based protective structures.展开更多
This study involved the construction and explosion of a large-scale(80-meter-long)underdrain and detailed investigations of the damaging impacts of a gas explosion to provide an experimental foundation for similarity ...This study involved the construction and explosion of a large-scale(80-meter-long)underdrain and detailed investigations of the damaging impacts of a gas explosion to provide an experimental foundation for similarity modeling and infrastructural designs.The experiment vividly recreated the scene and explosion damage of the"11.22″explosion accident in Qingdao,China,thus allowing for evaluations of the movements and destruction of the cover plates.The damage mechanism was determined by analyzing the overpressure curves inside and outside the underground canal.It was determined that the cover plates were first lifted by the precursor wave,which induced a maximum overpressure of 0.06 MPa and resulted in explosion venting.The pressure entered the deflagration stage at the end of the explosion.The combustion wave overpressure reached 3.115 MPa close to the initiation point,and had a significant influence on the projectile energy of the cover plates there.Overall,64%of the cover plates were only affected by the precursor wave,while 36%of the cover plates were subjected to both the precursor wave and the combustion wave;these cover plates were severely damaged.The results of this study provide fundamental insights relevant to the prevention and control of underdrain gas explosions.展开更多
As humans continue to develop COVID-19 widely,numerous novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged[1,2].These variants,which may possess enhanced transmissibility and often result in breakthrough infections in the vacci...As humans continue to develop COVID-19 widely,numerous novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged[1,2].These variants,which may possess enhanced transmissibility and often result in breakthrough infections in the vaccinated population,pose great challenges to the current vaccine strategies targeting the immunodominance of the receptor-binding domain(RBD)of the spike(S)protein[2].展开更多
This article introduces industrial safety issues encountered in the towns of China,points out the importance of damage control of industrial explosions and disaster management,and puts forward suggestions on safety de...This article introduces industrial safety issues encountered in the towns of China,points out the importance of damage control of industrial explosions and disaster management,and puts forward suggestions on safety design and management intended to reduce the frequency and impact of industrial explosions in Chinese town areas.展开更多
Potent neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)against SARS-CoV-2 are a promising therapeutic against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.However,the continuous emergence of neutralizing antibody escape variants makes it challenging f...Potent neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)against SARS-CoV-2 are a promising therapeutic against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.However,the continuous emergence of neutralizing antibody escape variants makes it challenging for antibody therapeutics based on monospecific nAbs.Here,we generated an IgG-like bispecific antibody(bsAb),Bi-Nab,based on a pair of human neutralizing antibodies targeting multiple and invariant sites of the spike receptor binding domain(RBD):35B5 and 32C7.We demonstrated that Bi-Nab exhibited higher binding affinity to the Delta spike protein than its parental antibodies and presented an extended inhibition breadth of preventing RBD binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2),the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2.In addition,pseudovirus neutralization results showed that Bi-Nab improved the neutralization potency and breadth with a lower half maximum inhibitory concentration(IC50)against wild-type SARS-CoV-2,variants being monitored(VBMs)and variants of concern(VOCs).Notably,the IgG-like Bi-Nab enhanced the neutralizing activity against Omicron variants with potent capabilities for transmission and immune evasion in comparison with its parental monoclonal antibody(mAb)32C7 and a cocktail(with the lowest IC50 values of 31.6 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.1 and 399.2 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.2),showing evidence of synergistic neutralization potency of Bi-Nab against the Omicron variants.Thus,Bi-Nab represents a feasible and effective strategy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.展开更多
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(General Program no.51874041)。
文摘As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase,their safety has become a great concern for further practical large-scale applications.One of the ultimate solution of the safety issue is to develop intrinsically safe battery components,where the battery separators and liquid electrolytes are critical for the battery thermal runaway process.In this review,we summarize recent progress in the rational materials design on battery separators and liquid electrolyte towards the goal of improving the safety of LIBs.Also,some strategies for further improving safety of LIBs are also briefly outlooked.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2017YFC0804700)the National Key Research and Development Program(2019YFC0810703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 51874041).
文摘Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale battery pack applications,the possibility of LIBs fire significantly increases.Because of the fast burning and the easy re-ignition characteristics of LIBs,achieving an efficient and prompt LIBs fire suppression is critical for minimizing the fire hazards.Different from conventional fire hazards,the LIBs fire shows complicated and comprehensive characteristics,and an effective and suitable fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs is highly desirable.Considerable efforts have been devoted to this topic,to the best of our knowledge,a comprehensive review on this regard is still rare.Moreover,in practice,a guidance for the design and selections of a proper fire-extinguishing agent for LIBs is urgently needed.Herein,the special mechanisms and characteristics for LIBs fire and the corresponding design principles for LIBs fire-extinguishing agent were introduced.It is revealed that a fire-extinguishing agent developed for LIBs fire will most likely need a high heat capacity,high wetting,low viscosity and low electrical conductivity.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents in terms of these performances,water-based fire-extinguishing agents show best.Several typical fire-extinguishing agents such as gaseous agents,dry powders,water-based and aerosol fire-extinguishing agents were then introduced,and their fire extinguishment mechanisms were presented.Finally,their effectiveness in suppressing the fire were summarized.Water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess high cooling capacity and excellent anti-reflash performance for the fire.We believe this review could shed light on developing an efficient fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51606011)。
文摘A honeycomb structure with a negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)was designed,fabricated,and analyzed for utilization in personal protective clothing(PPC).The mechanical properties were investigated using a quasi-static mechanical testing and the Hopkinson pressure bar experimental system,and results were compared with similar samples containing regular hexagonal and regular quadrilateral honeycomb structures.The experimental results showed that under quasi-static loadings,the concave honeycomb structure had the highest compressive modulus and yield strength,which produced the highest strain absorption energy,anti-deformation performance and energy absorption.When exposed to a dynamic load at a high strain rate,the concave honeycomb also exhibited the highest dynamic compression modulus,the best impact resistance and best energy absorption among the three structures.In summary,the concave honeycomb structure was more resistant to deformation and had higher impact resistance than the regular hexagonal and regular quadrilateral honeycombs,and exhibited better energy absorption,which makes it a good candidate for application as a personal safety protection material.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,China (Grant No.52022012)National Key R&D Program for Young Scientists of China,China (Grant No.2022YFC3080900)。
文摘The high variability of shock in terrorist attacks poses a threat to people's lives and properties,necessitating the development of more effective protective structures.This study focuses on the angle gradient and proposes four different configurations of concave hexagonal honeycomb structures.The structures'macroscopic deformation behavior,stress-strain relationship,and energy dissipation characteristics are evaluated through quasi-static compression and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experiments.The study reveals that,under varying strain rates,the structures deform starting from the weak layer and exhibit significant interlayer separation.Additionally,interlayer shear slip becomes more pronounced with increasing strain rate.In terms of quasi-static compression,symmetric gradient structures demonstrate superior energy absorption,particularly the symmetric negative gradient structure(SNG-SMS)with a specific energy absorption of 13.77 J/cm~3.For dynamic impact,unidirectional gradient structures exhibit exceptional energy absorption,particularly the unidirectional positive gradient honeycomb structure(UPG-SML)with outstanding mechanical properties.The angle gradient design plays a crucial role in determining the structure's stability and deformation mode during impact.Fewer interlayer separations result in a more pronounced negative Poisson's ratio effect and enhance the structure's energy absorption capacity.These findings provide a foundation for the rational design and selection of seismic protection structures in different strain rate impact environments.
基金Supported by the Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(YBKT16-13)Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(2-205205-2014)National Key Rsearch Program(2016YFC0802801-4)
文摘Stab resistance body armor（SRBA）is essential in protecting people from knife injuries.The protective parts of traditional SRBA are made of multi-layered ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene（UHMWPE）,which causes heavy heat stress for people wearing it.The protective parts of SRBA manufactured using laser sintering（LS）3D printing technology provide high manufacturing flexibility and low weight.Two different structures,plain plate and pyramid-structured plate,were investigated.The pyramid structure showed much higher stab resistance property then the plain plate,because of the angle and thickness effects.This is the first effort applying the LS technology and polyamide（PA）material（PA3200）on SRBA.By applying the pyramid structure on the protective layer of the SRBA,the total weight could reduce 30%-40%.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1105604,2022YFC2304400)the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(YSPTZX202216)the National Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases,PLA General Hospital(NCRC-ID202105,413FZT6).
文摘Decompensated liver cirrhosis(DLC)is characterized by severe liver dysfunction and immune dysregulation,posing significant treatment challenges.Mesenchymal stromal cell(MSC)therapy has shown promise in DLC treatment,but the optimal dosing strategies and dose-dependent therapeutic mechanisms in humans remain unclear,limiting its clinical application.We conducted sequential Phase Ia/Ib trials using a single-arm,dose-escalation design to evaluate the safety and tolerability of MSC therapy in DLC patients while also exploring its immunomodulatory effects and gathering preliminary therapeutic signals.
基金the financial supports from National Key R&D Program for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.2022YFC3080900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52374181)+1 种基金BIT Research and Innovation Promoting Project(Grant No.2024YCXZ017)supported by Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing institute of technology under Grant No.2022CX01025。
文摘In this study,an inverse design framework was established to find lightweight honeycomb structures(HCSs)with high impact resistance.The hybrid HCS,composed of re-entrant(RE)and elliptical annular re-entrant(EARE)honeycomb cells,was created by constructing arrangement matrices to achieve structural lightweight.The machine learning(ML)framework consisted of a neural network(NN)forward regression model for predicting impact resistance and a multi-objective optimization algorithm for generating high-performance designs.The surrogate of the local design space was initially realized by establishing the NN in the small sample dataset,and the active learning strategy was used to continuously extended the local optimal design until the model converged in the global space.The results indicated that the active learning strategy significantly improved the inference capability of the NN model in unknown design domains.By guiding the iteration direction of the optimization algorithm,lightweight designs with high impact resistance were identified.The energy absorption capacity of the optimal design reached 94.98%of the EARE honeycomb,while the initial peak stress and mass decreased by 28.85%and 19.91%,respectively.Furthermore,Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)for global explanation of the NN indicated a strong correlation between the arrangement mode of HCS and its impact resistance.By reducing the stiffness of the cells at the top boundary of the structure,the initial impact damage sustained by the structure can be significantly improved.Overall,this study proposed a general lightweight design method for array structures under impact loads,which is beneficial for the widespread application of honeycomb-based protective structures.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support given by the National 135 Key R and D Projects(Grant Nos.2018YFF0301000)as well as from the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71861167002,51834007).
文摘This study involved the construction and explosion of a large-scale(80-meter-long)underdrain and detailed investigations of the damaging impacts of a gas explosion to provide an experimental foundation for similarity modeling and infrastructural designs.The experiment vividly recreated the scene and explosion damage of the"11.22″explosion accident in Qingdao,China,thus allowing for evaluations of the movements and destruction of the cover plates.The damage mechanism was determined by analyzing the overpressure curves inside and outside the underground canal.It was determined that the cover plates were first lifted by the precursor wave,which induced a maximum overpressure of 0.06 MPa and resulted in explosion venting.The pressure entered the deflagration stage at the end of the explosion.The combustion wave overpressure reached 3.115 MPa close to the initiation point,and had a significant influence on the projectile energy of the cover plates there.Overall,64%of the cover plates were only affected by the precursor wave,while 36%of the cover plates were subjected to both the precursor wave and the combustion wave;these cover plates were severely damaged.The results of this study provide fundamental insights relevant to the prevention and control of underdrain gas explosions.
基金This study was supported by the Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors(Animal Origin)for Agrifood Safety and Quality(26116120)Social Development Project of the Yangzhou Science and Technology(YZ2020122),the Research Foundation for Talented Scholars in Yangzhou University and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘As humans continue to develop COVID-19 widely,numerous novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged[1,2].These variants,which may possess enhanced transmissibility and often result in breakthrough infections in the vaccinated population,pose great challenges to the current vaccine strategies targeting the immunodominance of the receptor-binding domain(RBD)of the spike(S)protein[2].
基金The national Twelfth Five-Year Science and Technology Support Plan project entitled Integrated Technology of the Town Emergency Disaster and Risk Assessment and Early Warning(2015BAK10B00)
文摘This article introduces industrial safety issues encountered in the towns of China,points out the importance of damage control of industrial explosions and disaster management,and puts forward suggestions on safety design and management intended to reduce the frequency and impact of industrial explosions in Chinese town areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32192453)the Chinese Universities Scientific Funds(2022RC019 and 2022TC163)+1 种基金the China Agricultural University Graduate Independent Innovation Research Fund(2022TC163)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘Potent neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)against SARS-CoV-2 are a promising therapeutic against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.However,the continuous emergence of neutralizing antibody escape variants makes it challenging for antibody therapeutics based on monospecific nAbs.Here,we generated an IgG-like bispecific antibody(bsAb),Bi-Nab,based on a pair of human neutralizing antibodies targeting multiple and invariant sites of the spike receptor binding domain(RBD):35B5 and 32C7.We demonstrated that Bi-Nab exhibited higher binding affinity to the Delta spike protein than its parental antibodies and presented an extended inhibition breadth of preventing RBD binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2),the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2.In addition,pseudovirus neutralization results showed that Bi-Nab improved the neutralization potency and breadth with a lower half maximum inhibitory concentration(IC50)against wild-type SARS-CoV-2,variants being monitored(VBMs)and variants of concern(VOCs).Notably,the IgG-like Bi-Nab enhanced the neutralizing activity against Omicron variants with potent capabilities for transmission and immune evasion in comparison with its parental monoclonal antibody(mAb)32C7 and a cocktail(with the lowest IC50 values of 31.6 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.1 and 399.2 ng/mL against the Omicron BA.2),showing evidence of synergistic neutralization potency of Bi-Nab against the Omicron variants.Thus,Bi-Nab represents a feasible and effective strategy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
