Disinfection by-products(DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. T...Disinfection by-products(DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. The relatively low concentration of DBPs in finished water(low μg/L or even ng/L levels) and the interference from water matrix inhibited in situ determination of DBPs. Moreover, the further formation and degradation of DBPs by disinfectants during the holding time(several hours to several days) from sample collection to analysis could adversely affect the determination of DBPs. To obtain accurate, precise and reliable data of DBP occurrence and formation, robust and reliable sample preservation is indispensable. However, the commonly used quenching agents(e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid) for sample preservation can decompose reactive DBPs by reductive dehalogenation. This study evaluated the performance of N-acetylcysteine(NAC) and glutathione(GSH) as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated DBPs by investigating the stoichiometry of the disinfectant-quenching agent reaction, the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination of NAC or GSH, and the effects of NAC or GSH on the stability of 18 individual DBPs and total organic halogen(TOX). Based on the results of this study, NAC and GSH were considered to be ideal quenching agents for the analysis of most DBPs and TOX, except halonitromethanes.展开更多
Artificial optical microfingerprints,known as physically unclonable functions(PUFs)offer a groundbreaking approach for anti-counterfeiting.However,these PUFs artificial optical microfingerprints suffer from a limited ...Artificial optical microfingerprints,known as physically unclonable functions(PUFs)offer a groundbreaking approach for anti-counterfeiting.However,these PUFs artificial optical microfingerprints suffer from a limited number of challenge-response pairs,making them vulnerable to machine learning(ML)attacks when additional error-correcting units are introduced.This study presents a pioneering demonstration of artificial optical microfingerprints that combine the advantages of PUFs,a large encoding capacity algorithm,and reliable deep learning authentication against ML attacks.Our approach utilizes the triple-mode PUFs,incorporating bright-field,multicolor fluorescence wrinkles,and the topography of surface enhanced Raman scattering in the mechanical and optical layers.Notably,the quaternary encoding of these PUFs artificial microfingerprints allows for an encoding capacity of 6.43×10^(24082) and achieves 100%deep learning recognition accuracy.Furthermore,the PUFs artificial optical microfingerprints exhibit high resilience against ML attacks,facilitated by generative adversarial networks(GAN)(with mean prediction accuracy of~85.0%).The results of this study highlight the potential of utilizing up to three PUFs in conjunction with a GAN training system,paving the way for achieving encoded information that remains resilient to ML attacks.展开更多
Regulatory T cells(Tregs)establish dominant immune tolerance but obstruct tumor immune surveillance,warranting context-specific mechanistic insights into the functions of tumor-infiltrating Tregs(TIL-Tregs).We show th...Regulatory T cells(Tregs)establish dominant immune tolerance but obstruct tumor immune surveillance,warranting context-specific mechanistic insights into the functions of tumor-infiltrating Tregs(TIL-Tregs).We show that enhanced posttranslational O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification(O-GlcNAcylation)of cellular factors is a molecular feature that promotes a tumor-specific gene expression signature and distinguishes TIL-Tregs from their systemic counterparts.We found that altered glucose utilization through the glucose transporter Glut3 is a major facilitator of this process.Treg-specific deletion of Glut3 abrogates tumor immune tolerance,while steady-state immune homeostasis remains largely unaffected in mice.Furthermore,by employing mouse tumor models and human clinical data,we identified the NF-κB subunit c-Rel as one such factor that,through Glut3-dependent O-GlcNAcylation,functionally orchestrates gene expression in Tregs at tumor sites.Together,these results not only identify immunometabolic alterations and molecular events contributing to fundamental aspects of Treg biology,specifically at tumor sites but also reveal tumor-specific cellular properties that can aid in the development of Treg-targeted cancer immunotherapies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 5217000952091542)+6 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC3200702)Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (No. 21DZ1202203)Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (No. 21XD1424000)International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (No. 20230714100)Shanghai Soft Science Project (No. 20692113900)Tongji University Youth 100 Programsupported by Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program (No. 2021327)。
文摘Disinfection by-products(DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. The relatively low concentration of DBPs in finished water(low μg/L or even ng/L levels) and the interference from water matrix inhibited in situ determination of DBPs. Moreover, the further formation and degradation of DBPs by disinfectants during the holding time(several hours to several days) from sample collection to analysis could adversely affect the determination of DBPs. To obtain accurate, precise and reliable data of DBP occurrence and formation, robust and reliable sample preservation is indispensable. However, the commonly used quenching agents(e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid) for sample preservation can decompose reactive DBPs by reductive dehalogenation. This study evaluated the performance of N-acetylcysteine(NAC) and glutathione(GSH) as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated DBPs by investigating the stoichiometry of the disinfectant-quenching agent reaction, the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination of NAC or GSH, and the effects of NAC or GSH on the stability of 18 individual DBPs and total organic halogen(TOX). Based on the results of this study, NAC and GSH were considered to be ideal quenching agents for the analysis of most DBPs and TOX, except halonitromethanes.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21825402,22204116,22074101)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Nos.BK20191417,BK20200851)+1 种基金the Program for Jiangsu Specially Appointed Professors to Prof.Y.H.,a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the 111 Project and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology(NANO-CIC).
文摘Artificial optical microfingerprints,known as physically unclonable functions(PUFs)offer a groundbreaking approach for anti-counterfeiting.However,these PUFs artificial optical microfingerprints suffer from a limited number of challenge-response pairs,making them vulnerable to machine learning(ML)attacks when additional error-correcting units are introduced.This study presents a pioneering demonstration of artificial optical microfingerprints that combine the advantages of PUFs,a large encoding capacity algorithm,and reliable deep learning authentication against ML attacks.Our approach utilizes the triple-mode PUFs,incorporating bright-field,multicolor fluorescence wrinkles,and the topography of surface enhanced Raman scattering in the mechanical and optical layers.Notably,the quaternary encoding of these PUFs artificial microfingerprints allows for an encoding capacity of 6.43×10^(24082) and achieves 100%deep learning recognition accuracy.Furthermore,the PUFs artificial optical microfingerprints exhibit high resilience against ML attacks,facilitated by generative adversarial networks(GAN)(with mean prediction accuracy of~85.0%).The results of this study highlight the potential of utilizing up to three PUFs in conjunction with a GAN training system,paving the way for achieving encoded information that remains resilient to ML attacks.
基金YC was financially supported by the Dissertation Completion Award of the University of Georgia and American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities(ALSAC)at St.Jude Children’s Research HospitalAG acknowledges support by the High Performance and Cloud Computing Group at the Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung of the University of Tübingen,the state of Baden-Württemberg through bwHPC and the German Research Foundation(DFG)through grant no INST 37/935-1 FUGG,and the de.NBI Cloud within the German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure(de.NBI)and ELIXIR-DE(Forschungszentrum Jülich and W-de.NBI-001,W-de.NBI-004,W-de.NBI-008,W-de.NBI-010,W-de.NBI-013,W-de.NBI-014,W-de.NBI-016,W-de.NBI-022)for supporting the computational analysis carried out in this work.AS was supported by BrainKorea21 Plus scholarship from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)+1 种基金This research,in part,was supported by the Basic Science Research Program(grant#4.24643.01)funded by the Ministry of Education,Korea,and NRF grants#RS-2023-00260454(AS)and RS-2024-00345575(SHI)funded by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)DR is recipient of National Natural Science Foundation of China grant#32470980.
文摘Regulatory T cells(Tregs)establish dominant immune tolerance but obstruct tumor immune surveillance,warranting context-specific mechanistic insights into the functions of tumor-infiltrating Tregs(TIL-Tregs).We show that enhanced posttranslational O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification(O-GlcNAcylation)of cellular factors is a molecular feature that promotes a tumor-specific gene expression signature and distinguishes TIL-Tregs from their systemic counterparts.We found that altered glucose utilization through the glucose transporter Glut3 is a major facilitator of this process.Treg-specific deletion of Glut3 abrogates tumor immune tolerance,while steady-state immune homeostasis remains largely unaffected in mice.Furthermore,by employing mouse tumor models and human clinical data,we identified the NF-κB subunit c-Rel as one such factor that,through Glut3-dependent O-GlcNAcylation,functionally orchestrates gene expression in Tregs at tumor sites.Together,these results not only identify immunometabolic alterations and molecular events contributing to fundamental aspects of Treg biology,specifically at tumor sites but also reveal tumor-specific cellular properties that can aid in the development of Treg-targeted cancer immunotherapies.
