It is essential to understand how adaptation needs and options differ among stakeholders in protected areas(PAs)to effectively implement climate change(CC)adaptation strategies.Using the Qiangtang PA in Xizang as a ca...It is essential to understand how adaptation needs and options differ among stakeholders in protected areas(PAs)to effectively implement climate change(CC)adaptation strategies.Using the Qiangtang PA in Xizang as a case study,this research examines CC adaptation needs and options from the perspectives of stakeholders across multiple administrative levels,including provincial,prefectural,county authorities,73 protection stations,and 13364 pastoralists residing within the PA.The findings show that stakeholders at the provincial level,as well as those from the Ali and Naqu prefectures and six counties,place greater emphasis on institutional and resource-related needs than on other categories(attention score:7.0-9.3 vs.5.0-7.0).In contrast,stakeholders from the 73 protection stations prioritize technological and capacity-building needs more strongly than other types(attention score:8.0-9.0 vs.4.0-8.0).The 13364 pastoralists assign the highest importance to social needs relative to other categories(attention score:9.0-9.5 vs.3.0-8.0).Most of the eight existing protection measures were found to indirectly support broader climate adaptation efforts.In particular,protective actions addressing fire,pests,and weather-related disasters can be classified as autonomous adaptation,while other measures generate outcomes that enhance adaptation capacity under specific conditions.Adaptation options,grouped into three main types and 13 subcategories,differ across stakeholder groups,although substantial overlap exists between these options and current protective actions,including ecosystem based adaptation strategies,adaptation-related practices,autonomous adaptation measures,and emergency interventions.Overall,these findings highlight the critical role of all stakeholders-especially staff from the 73 protection stations and the 13364 pastoralists-in the effective implementation of adaptation actions within the PA.展开更多
Nuclear lamins are involved in multiple biological processes in metazoan cells. The proteins of the CROWDED NUCLEI （CRWN） family are considered lamin-like candidates in Arabidopsis, although the functions of these p...Nuclear lamins are involved in multiple biological processes in metazoan cells. The proteins of the CROWDED NUCLEI （CRWN） family are considered lamin-like candidates in Arabidopsis, although the functions of these proteins are largely unknown. In this article we show that crwnl crwn2 double mutant displays an enhanced resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens, and both virulent bacteria and salicylic acid （SA） induce transcription of CRWN1 gene as well as proteasome-mediated degradation of CRWN1 protein. We also show that CRWN1 interacts with NAC WITH TRANSMEMBRANE MOTIF1 -LIKE9 （NTL9）, a NAC transcription factor involved in plant immunity. The interaction between CRWN1 and NTL9 enhances the binding of NTL9 to the promoter of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 （PR1） gene, and inhibits PR1 expression. Further genetic experiments indicated that the defense-related phenotypes of crwnl crwn2 double mutant are dependent on NONEXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 （NPR1）, a transcriptional cofactor of PRI. These findings revealed a regulatory network composed of lamin-like protein CRWN1, NTL9, and NPR1 for the regulation of PR1 expression.展开更多
Most legume plants can associate with diazotrophic soil bacteria called rhizobia,resulting in new root organs called nodules that enable N2 fixation.Nodulation is an energy-consuming process,and nodule number is tight...Most legume plants can associate with diazotrophic soil bacteria called rhizobia,resulting in new root organs called nodules that enable N2 fixation.Nodulation is an energy-consuming process,and nodule number is tightly regulated by independent systemic signaling pathways controlled by CLE/SUNN and CEP/CRA2.Moreover,nitrate inhibits legume nodulation via local and systemic regulatory pathways.In Medicago truncatula,NLP1 plays important roles in nitrate-induced inhibition of nodulation,but the relationship between systemic and local pathways in mediating nodulation inhibition by nitrate is poorly understood.In this study,we found that nitrate induces CLE35 expression in an NLP1-dependent manner and that NLP1 binds directly to the CLE35 promoter to activate its expression.Grafting experiments revealed that the systemic control of nodule number involves negative regulation by SUNN and positive regulation by CRA2 in the shoot,and that NLP1’s control of the inhibition of rhizobial infection,nodule development,and nitrogenase activity in response to nitrate is determined by the root.Unexpectedly,grafting experiments showed that loss of CRA2 in the root increases nodule number at inhibitory nitrate levels,probably because of CEP1/2 upregulation in the cra2 mutants,suggesting that CRA2 exerts active negative feedback regulation in the root.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project[Grand No.2022YFF0802304]Key Research and Development and Transformation Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region[Grand No.XZ202501ZY0119].
文摘It is essential to understand how adaptation needs and options differ among stakeholders in protected areas(PAs)to effectively implement climate change(CC)adaptation strategies.Using the Qiangtang PA in Xizang as a case study,this research examines CC adaptation needs and options from the perspectives of stakeholders across multiple administrative levels,including provincial,prefectural,county authorities,73 protection stations,and 13364 pastoralists residing within the PA.The findings show that stakeholders at the provincial level,as well as those from the Ali and Naqu prefectures and six counties,place greater emphasis on institutional and resource-related needs than on other categories(attention score:7.0-9.3 vs.5.0-7.0).In contrast,stakeholders from the 73 protection stations prioritize technological and capacity-building needs more strongly than other types(attention score:8.0-9.0 vs.4.0-8.0).The 13364 pastoralists assign the highest importance to social needs relative to other categories(attention score:9.0-9.5 vs.3.0-8.0).Most of the eight existing protection measures were found to indirectly support broader climate adaptation efforts.In particular,protective actions addressing fire,pests,and weather-related disasters can be classified as autonomous adaptation,while other measures generate outcomes that enhance adaptation capacity under specific conditions.Adaptation options,grouped into three main types and 13 subcategories,differ across stakeholder groups,although substantial overlap exists between these options and current protective actions,including ecosystem based adaptation strategies,adaptation-related practices,autonomous adaptation measures,and emergency interventions.Overall,these findings highlight the critical role of all stakeholders-especially staff from the 73 protection stations and the 13364 pastoralists-in the effective implementation of adaptation actions within the PA.
文摘Nuclear lamins are involved in multiple biological processes in metazoan cells. The proteins of the CROWDED NUCLEI （CRWN） family are considered lamin-like candidates in Arabidopsis, although the functions of these proteins are largely unknown. In this article we show that crwnl crwn2 double mutant displays an enhanced resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens, and both virulent bacteria and salicylic acid （SA） induce transcription of CRWN1 gene as well as proteasome-mediated degradation of CRWN1 protein. We also show that CRWN1 interacts with NAC WITH TRANSMEMBRANE MOTIF1 -LIKE9 （NTL9）, a NAC transcription factor involved in plant immunity. The interaction between CRWN1 and NTL9 enhances the binding of NTL9 to the promoter of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 （PR1） gene, and inhibits PR1 expression. Further genetic experiments indicated that the defense-related phenotypes of crwnl crwn2 double mutant are dependent on NONEXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 （NPR1）, a transcriptional cofactor of PRI. These findings revealed a regulatory network composed of lamin-like protein CRWN1, NTL9, and NPR1 for the regulation of PR1 expression.
基金supported by grants from The National Key Research&Development Program of China(2016YFA0500500 and 2016YFD0100702)the NSFC(31670242)to F.X.
文摘Most legume plants can associate with diazotrophic soil bacteria called rhizobia,resulting in new root organs called nodules that enable N2 fixation.Nodulation is an energy-consuming process,and nodule number is tightly regulated by independent systemic signaling pathways controlled by CLE/SUNN and CEP/CRA2.Moreover,nitrate inhibits legume nodulation via local and systemic regulatory pathways.In Medicago truncatula,NLP1 plays important roles in nitrate-induced inhibition of nodulation,but the relationship between systemic and local pathways in mediating nodulation inhibition by nitrate is poorly understood.In this study,we found that nitrate induces CLE35 expression in an NLP1-dependent manner and that NLP1 binds directly to the CLE35 promoter to activate its expression.Grafting experiments revealed that the systemic control of nodule number involves negative regulation by SUNN and positive regulation by CRA2 in the shoot,and that NLP1’s control of the inhibition of rhizobial infection,nodule development,and nitrogenase activity in response to nitrate is determined by the root.Unexpectedly,grafting experiments showed that loss of CRA2 in the root increases nodule number at inhibitory nitrate levels,probably because of CEP1/2 upregulation in the cra2 mutants,suggesting that CRA2 exerts active negative feedback regulation in the root.
