Methane(CH4)is a very potent greenhouse gas with a globalwarming potential of approximately 80 times that of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))on a decadal scale[1].By November 2024,159 countrieshave signed the Global Methane Ple...Methane(CH4)is a very potent greenhouse gas with a globalwarming potential of approximately 80 times that of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))on a decadal scale[1].By November 2024,159 countrieshave signed the Global Methane Pledge,committing to reduceanthropogenic emissions by at least 30%by 2030 relative to the 2020 level(https://www.globalmethanepledge.org).In November2023,the Chinese government released an action plan dedicatedto methane emission control,including specific targets in differentsource sectors(https://www.mee.gov.cn/).However,large discrepancies still exist in China’s current methane inventories,hinderingthe setting of mitigation goals.By now,the national anthropogenicmethane emission estimates still vary by at least 30%,and sectoralemission estimates may differ by a factor of 2–5(Fig.1).To supportChina’s methane emission control plan,a key priority is to determine the emission baselines,which this work aims to address.展开更多
In this paper,we consider the jump and variational inequalities of truncated singular integral operator with rough kernel TΩ,β,εf(x)=∫_(|y|>ε)Ω(y)/|y|^(n−β)f(x−y)dy,where the kernelΩ∈(L(log+L)^(2))n/(n−β)...In this paper,we consider the jump and variational inequalities of truncated singular integral operator with rough kernel TΩ,β,εf(x)=∫_(|y|>ε)Ω(y)/|y|^(n−β)f(x−y)dy,where the kernelΩ∈(L(log+L)^(2))n/(n−β)(S^(n−1))satisfies the vanishing condition and the homogeneous condition of degree 0.This kind of singular integral appears in the approximation of the surface quasigeostrophic(SQG)equation from the generalized SQG equation.We establish the(L^(p),L^(q))estimate of the jump and variational inequalities of the families{T_(Ω,β,ε)}ε>0 for 1/q=1/ p−β/n and 0<β<1.Moreover,one can get the L^(p) boundedness of the Calder´on–Zygmund operator with the same kernel by lettingβ→0^(+).展开更多
The Enterovirus 71(EV71)VP4 is co-translationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue.However,the role of this myristoylation in the EV71 life cycle remains largely unknown.To investigate thi...The Enterovirus 71(EV71)VP4 is co-translationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue.However,the role of this myristoylation in the EV71 life cycle remains largely unknown.To investigate this issue,we developed a myristoylation-deficient virus and reporter(luciferase)pseudovirus with a Gly-to-Ala mutation(G2A)on EV71 VP4.When transfecting the EV71-G2 A genome encoding plasmid in cells,the loss of myristoylation on VP4 did not affect the expression of viral proteins and the virus morphology,however,it did significantly influence viral infectivity.Further,in myristoylation-deficient reporter pseudovirus-infected cells,the luciferase activity and viral genome RNA decreased significantly as compared to that of wild type virus;however,cytopathic effect and viral capsid proteins were not detected in myristoylation-deficient virus-infected cells.Also,although myristoylation-deficient viral RNA and proteins were detected in the second blind passage of infection,they were much fewer in number compared to that of the wild type virus.The replication of genomic RNA and negative-strand viral RNA were both blocked in myristoylation-deficient viruses,suggesting that myristoylation affects viral genome RNA release from capsid to cytoplasm.Besides,loss of myristoylation on VP4 altered the distribution of VP4-green fluorescent protein protein,which disappeared from the membrane structure fraction.Finally,a liposome leakage assay showed that EV71 myristoylation mediates the permeability of the model membrane.Hence,the amino-terminal myristoylation of VP4 is pivotal to EV71 infection and capsidmembrane structure interaction.This study provides novel molecular mechanisms regarding EV71 infection and potential molecular targets for antiviral drug design.展开更多
In this paper, we will prove the boundedness of Hardy type operators Hβ（x） and Hβ^＊（x） of variable order β（x） on Herz spaces Kp（·）^α（·）q and Kp（·）^α（·）q′,where α（·） an...In this paper, we will prove the boundedness of Hardy type operators Hβ（x） and Hβ^＊（x） of variable order β（x） on Herz spaces Kp（·）^α（·）q and Kp（·）^α（·）q′,where α（·） and p（·）are both variable.展开更多
Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with ...Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.展开更多
Parabolic sections were introduced by Huang[1]to study the parabolic Monge Ampere equation. In this note, we introduce the generalized parabolic sections P and define BMO^qp spaces related to these sections. We then e...Parabolic sections were introduced by Huang[1]to study the parabolic Monge Ampere equation. In this note, we introduce the generalized parabolic sections P and define BMO^qp spaces related to these sections. We then establish the John-Nirenberg type inequality and verify that all BMO^qp are equivalent for q ≥ 1.展开更多
Background: There is very limited data available about the epidemiology trial on chronic diseases comprehensive intervention. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of comprehensive intervention on chronic dis...Background: There is very limited data available about the epidemiology trial on chronic diseases comprehensive intervention. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of comprehensive intervention on chronic diseases in Baoji and provide basis for the improvement of chronic diseases intervention measures. Methods: Using four stages stratified random sampling method, comprehensive intervention measures were implemented on intervention group (575 individuals) respectively aimed at three crowds of whole population, high risk population and chronic diseases patients. The control group (782 individuals) did not receive special treatment. Two groups were evaluated effect after one year observation. Results: The chronic diseases prevalence rate of whole population in intervention group was lower than that in control group (P < 0.05), the blood pressure level and smoking proportion of high risk population in intervention group were lower than in control group (P < 0.05), and the blood pressure, blood glucose control rate of chronic diseases patients in intervention group were higher than in control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Comprehensive intervention could prevent the rise of chronic diseases prevalence. The intervention is effective in reducing or halting risk factors of high risk population, particularly in controlling blood pressure, blood glucose of patients. We should establish government leading, department cooperation, social participation, longtime and classified comprehensive intervention mechanism of chronic diseases. We believe that whole population should control the risk factors, high risk population should early diagnosis and treatment, chronic diseases patients should normalized management, and it could be applied in other counties.展开更多
Dear Editor,Coral reefs sustain high biodiversity and have been referred to as the rainforests of the ocean.However,anthropogenic stressors have led to a global decline of coral reefs,partly due to the increasing scal...Dear Editor,Coral reefs sustain high biodiversity and have been referred to as the rainforests of the ocean.However,anthropogenic stressors have led to a global decline of coral reefs,partly due to the increasing scale,frequency,and intensity of coral bleaching events driven by global warming(Henley et al.,2024;Hughes et al.,2018).展开更多
The leafy seadragon certainly is among evolution’s most“beautiful and wonderful”species aptly named for its extraordinary camouflage mimicking its coastal seaweed habitat.However,limited information is known about ...The leafy seadragon certainly is among evolution’s most“beautiful and wonderful”species aptly named for its extraordinary camouflage mimicking its coastal seaweed habitat.However,limited information is known about the genetic basis of its phenotypes and conspicuous camouflage.Here,we revealed genomic signatures of rapid evolution and positive selection in core genes related to its camouflage,which allowed us to predict population dynamics for this species.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that seadragons have the smallest olfactory repertoires among all ray-finned fishes,suggesting adaptations to the highly specialized habitat.Other positively selected and rapidly evolving genes that serve in bone development and coloration are highly expressed in the leaf-like appendages,supporting a recent adaptive shift in camouflage appendage formation.Knock-out of bmp6 results in dysplastic intermuscular bones with a significantly reduced number in zebrafish,implying its important function in bone formation.Global climate change-induced loss of seagrass beds now severely threatens the continued existence of this enigmatic species.The leafy seadragon has a historically small population size likely due to its specific habitat requirements that further exacerbate its vulnerability to climate change.Therefore,taking climate change-induced range shifts into account while developing future protection strategies.展开更多
Few fishes have evolved elevated body temperatures compared with ambient temperatures,and only in opah(Lampris spp)is the entire body affected.To understand the molecular basis of endothermy,we analyzed the opah genom...Few fishes have evolved elevated body temperatures compared with ambient temperatures,and only in opah(Lampris spp)is the entire body affected.To understand the molecular basis of endothermy,we analyzed the opah genome and identified 23 genes with convergent amino acid substitutions across fish,birds,and mammals,including slc8b1,which encodes the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+exchanger and is essential for heart function andmetabolic heat production.Among endothermic fishes,44 convergent genes with suggestive metabolic functions were identified,such as glrx3,encoding a crucial protein for hemoglobin maturation.Numerous genes involved in the production and retention of metabolic heat were also found to be under positive selection.Analyses of opah’s unique inner-heat-producing pectoral muscle layer(PMI),an evolutionary key innovation,revealed that many proteins were co-opted from dorsal swimming muscles for thermogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation.Thus,the opah genome provides valuable resources and opportunities to uncover the genetic basis of thermal adaptations in fish.展开更多
Sea ice surface temperature(IST)is an important indicator of environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean.In this study,the relative performance of four mainstream IST records,i.e.airborne IST,infrared radiometer measure...Sea ice surface temperature(IST)is an important indicator of environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean.In this study,the relative performance of four mainstream IST records,i.e.airborne IST,infrared radiometer measured IST(IR IST),longwave radiation derived IST(LWR IST),and snow and ice mass balance array buoy derived IST(Buoy IST),were evaluated against the MODIS IST product.Bias,standard deviation(STD),and root mean square error(RMSE)were used to evaluate the data quality.Results revealed that airborne IST had the best accuracy,which was 0.21 K colder than MODIS IST,with STD of 1.46 K and RMSE of 1.47 K.Ground-based ISTs were biased with each other but all warmer than the MODIS IST.The IR IST had the best overall accuracy(bias=0.55 K;STD=1.52 K;RMSE=1.61 K),while the LWR IST was the noisiest measurement with the largest outlier data percent.Besides,co-located IR and LWR ISTs were more consistent than any type of evaluated IST against MODIS IST(correlation coefficient=0.99).Airborne and IR ISTs are thus the premier choice for monitoring the rapidly changing Arctic sea ice,together with satellite observations.展开更多
Seahorses epitomize the exuberance of evolution.They have the unique characteristic of male pregnancy,which includes the carrying of many embryos in a brood pouch that incubates and nourishes the embryos,similar to th...Seahorses epitomize the exuberance of evolution.They have the unique characteristic of male pregnancy,which includes the carrying of many embryos in a brood pouch that incubates and nourishes the embryos,similar to the mammalian placenta.However,the regulatory networks underlying brood pouch formation and pregnancy remain largely unknown.In this study,comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling on the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus,with unformed,newly formed,and pregnant brood pouches identified a total of 141 and 2,533 differentially expressed genes together with 73 and 121 significantly differential metabolites related to brood pouch formation and pregnancy,respectively.Specifically,integrative omics analysis revealed that retinoic acid(RA)synthesis and signaling pathway played essential roles in the formation of the brood pouch and pregnancy.RA might function upstream of testosterone and progesterone,thereby directly influencing brood pouch formation by regulating the expression of fshr and cyp7a1.Our results also revealed that RA regulates antioxidant defenses,particularly during male pregnancy.Alternatively,pregnancy caused a consistent decrease in RA,canthaxanthin,astaxanthin,and glutathione synthetase,and an increase in susceptibility to oxidative stress,which may balance brood pouch development and reproduction in seahorses and pave the way to successful gestation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42275194)the National Key Research andDevelopment Program of China(2023YFC3707404)Westlake University for the fruitful discussionof this work.We thank the technical support of the National LargeScientific and Technological Infrastructure‘Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility’(https://cstr.cn/31134.02.EL).
文摘Methane(CH4)is a very potent greenhouse gas with a globalwarming potential of approximately 80 times that of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))on a decadal scale[1].By November 2024,159 countrieshave signed the Global Methane Pledge,committing to reduceanthropogenic emissions by at least 30%by 2030 relative to the 2020 level(https://www.globalmethanepledge.org).In November2023,the Chinese government released an action plan dedicatedto methane emission control,including specific targets in differentsource sectors(https://www.mee.gov.cn/).However,large discrepancies still exist in China’s current methane inventories,hinderingthe setting of mitigation goals.By now,the national anthropogenicmethane emission estimates still vary by at least 30%,and sectoralemission estimates may differ by a factor of 2–5(Fig.1).To supportChina’s methane emission control plan,a key priority is to determine the emission baselines,which this work aims to address.
基金Supported by the national Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12371092,12326366)。
文摘In this paper,we consider the jump and variational inequalities of truncated singular integral operator with rough kernel TΩ,β,εf(x)=∫_(|y|>ε)Ω(y)/|y|^(n−β)f(x−y)dy,where the kernelΩ∈(L(log+L)^(2))n/(n−β)(S^(n−1))satisfies the vanishing condition and the homogeneous condition of degree 0.This kind of singular integral appears in the approximation of the surface quasigeostrophic(SQG)equation from the generalized SQG equation.We establish the(L^(p),L^(q))estimate of the jump and variational inequalities of the families{T_(Ω,β,ε)}ε>0 for 1/q=1/ p−β/n and 0<β<1.Moreover,one can get the L^(p) boundedness of the Calder´on–Zygmund operator with the same kernel by lettingβ→0^(+).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31770184)
文摘The Enterovirus 71(EV71)VP4 is co-translationally linked to myristic acid at its amino-terminal glycine residue.However,the role of this myristoylation in the EV71 life cycle remains largely unknown.To investigate this issue,we developed a myristoylation-deficient virus and reporter(luciferase)pseudovirus with a Gly-to-Ala mutation(G2A)on EV71 VP4.When transfecting the EV71-G2 A genome encoding plasmid in cells,the loss of myristoylation on VP4 did not affect the expression of viral proteins and the virus morphology,however,it did significantly influence viral infectivity.Further,in myristoylation-deficient reporter pseudovirus-infected cells,the luciferase activity and viral genome RNA decreased significantly as compared to that of wild type virus;however,cytopathic effect and viral capsid proteins were not detected in myristoylation-deficient virus-infected cells.Also,although myristoylation-deficient viral RNA and proteins were detected in the second blind passage of infection,they were much fewer in number compared to that of the wild type virus.The replication of genomic RNA and negative-strand viral RNA were both blocked in myristoylation-deficient viruses,suggesting that myristoylation affects viral genome RNA release from capsid to cytoplasm.Besides,loss of myristoylation on VP4 altered the distribution of VP4-green fluorescent protein protein,which disappeared from the membrane structure fraction.Finally,a liposome leakage assay showed that EV71 myristoylation mediates the permeability of the model membrane.Hence,the amino-terminal myristoylation of VP4 is pivotal to EV71 infection and capsidmembrane structure interaction.This study provides novel molecular mechanisms regarding EV71 infection and potential molecular targets for antiviral drug design.
基金supported by NSFC (No. 11201003)Education Committee of Anhui Province (No. KJ2012A133)
文摘In this paper, we will prove the boundedness of Hardy type operators Hβ（x） and Hβ^＊（x） of variable order β（x） on Herz spaces Kp（·）^α（·）q and Kp（·）^α（·）q′,where α（·） and p（·）are both variable.
基金mainly supported by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31625024)a grant (2008DP173354) from the Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation funds youth project 10701010the Young Teachers Program of Anhui province (2006jql042)+1 种基金Young Teachers Program of Anhui Normal Universiy(2006xqn48)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities
文摘Parabolic sections were introduced by Huang[1]to study the parabolic Monge Ampere equation. In this note, we introduce the generalized parabolic sections P and define BMO^qp spaces related to these sections. We then establish the John-Nirenberg type inequality and verify that all BMO^qp are equivalent for q ≥ 1.
文摘Background: There is very limited data available about the epidemiology trial on chronic diseases comprehensive intervention. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of comprehensive intervention on chronic diseases in Baoji and provide basis for the improvement of chronic diseases intervention measures. Methods: Using four stages stratified random sampling method, comprehensive intervention measures were implemented on intervention group (575 individuals) respectively aimed at three crowds of whole population, high risk population and chronic diseases patients. The control group (782 individuals) did not receive special treatment. Two groups were evaluated effect after one year observation. Results: The chronic diseases prevalence rate of whole population in intervention group was lower than that in control group (P < 0.05), the blood pressure level and smoking proportion of high risk population in intervention group were lower than in control group (P < 0.05), and the blood pressure, blood glucose control rate of chronic diseases patients in intervention group were higher than in control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Comprehensive intervention could prevent the rise of chronic diseases prevalence. The intervention is effective in reducing or halting risk factors of high risk population, particularly in controlling blood pressure, blood glucose of patients. We should establish government leading, department cooperation, social participation, longtime and classified comprehensive intervention mechanism of chronic diseases. We believe that whole population should control the risk factors, high risk population should early diagnosis and treatment, chronic diseases patients should normalized management, and it could be applied in other counties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42122045,U23A2036)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022-24,2023YFC3108800)。
文摘Dear Editor,Coral reefs sustain high biodiversity and have been referred to as the rainforests of the ocean.However,anthropogenic stressors have led to a global decline of coral reefs,partly due to the increasing scale,frequency,and intensity of coral bleaching events driven by global warming(Henley et al.,2024;Hughes et al.,2018).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41825013,42230409,42006108,42276126)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS (ZDBS-LY-DQC004)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFF0502803)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42030204)South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SCSIO202208)。
文摘The leafy seadragon certainly is among evolution’s most“beautiful and wonderful”species aptly named for its extraordinary camouflage mimicking its coastal seaweed habitat.However,limited information is known about the genetic basis of its phenotypes and conspicuous camouflage.Here,we revealed genomic signatures of rapid evolution and positive selection in core genes related to its camouflage,which allowed us to predict population dynamics for this species.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that seadragons have the smallest olfactory repertoires among all ray-finned fishes,suggesting adaptations to the highly specialized habitat.Other positively selected and rapidly evolving genes that serve in bone development and coloration are highly expressed in the leaf-like appendages,supporting a recent adaptive shift in camouflage appendage formation.Knock-out of bmp6 results in dysplastic intermuscular bones with a significantly reduced number in zebrafish,implying its important function in bone formation.Global climate change-induced loss of seagrass beds now severely threatens the continued existence of this enigmatic species.The leafy seadragon has a historically small population size likely due to its specific habitat requirements that further exacerbate its vulnerability to climate change.Therefore,taking climate change-induced range shifts into account while developing future protection strategies.
基金supported by the Key ResearchProgramof Frontier Sciences ofCAS(ZDBS-LY-DQC004)the Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China(2018FY100100)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41825013)the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0407)the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0401)the Guangdong Special Support Program of Leading Scientific and Technological Innovation(2017 T X04N442)the Grants by the German Science Foundation(DFG)。
文摘Few fishes have evolved elevated body temperatures compared with ambient temperatures,and only in opah(Lampris spp)is the entire body affected.To understand the molecular basis of endothermy,we analyzed the opah genome and identified 23 genes with convergent amino acid substitutions across fish,birds,and mammals,including slc8b1,which encodes the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+exchanger and is essential for heart function andmetabolic heat production.Among endothermic fishes,44 convergent genes with suggestive metabolic functions were identified,such as glrx3,encoding a crucial protein for hemoglobin maturation.Numerous genes involved in the production and retention of metabolic heat were also found to be under positive selection.Analyses of opah’s unique inner-heat-producing pectoral muscle layer(PMI),an evolutionary key innovation,revealed that many proteins were co-opted from dorsal swimming muscles for thermogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation.Thus,the opah genome provides valuable resources and opportunities to uncover the genetic basis of thermal adaptations in fish.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2021YFC2801300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 41876223)+1 种基金the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(grant number 311021008)the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(grant number 22YF1453600).
文摘Sea ice surface temperature(IST)is an important indicator of environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean.In this study,the relative performance of four mainstream IST records,i.e.airborne IST,infrared radiometer measured IST(IR IST),longwave radiation derived IST(LWR IST),and snow and ice mass balance array buoy derived IST(Buoy IST),were evaluated against the MODIS IST product.Bias,standard deviation(STD),and root mean square error(RMSE)were used to evaluate the data quality.Results revealed that airborne IST had the best accuracy,which was 0.21 K colder than MODIS IST,with STD of 1.46 K and RMSE of 1.47 K.Ground-based ISTs were biased with each other but all warmer than the MODIS IST.The IR IST had the best overall accuracy(bias=0.55 K;STD=1.52 K;RMSE=1.61 K),while the LWR IST was the noisiest measurement with the largest outlier data percent.Besides,co-located IR and LWR ISTs were more consistent than any type of evaluated IST against MODIS IST(correlation coefficient=0.99).Airborne and IR ISTs are thus the premier choice for monitoring the rapidly changing Arctic sea ice,together with satellite observations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41825013,41806189),Chinathe K.C.Wong Education Foundation,China+2 种基金the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Teamof SouthernMarine Science and EngineeringGuangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0407),Chinathe Guangdong Special Support Program of Youth Scientific and Technological Innovation(2017TQ04Z269),Chinathe ChinaPostdoctoral Science Foundation grant(2019M663151),China.
文摘Seahorses epitomize the exuberance of evolution.They have the unique characteristic of male pregnancy,which includes the carrying of many embryos in a brood pouch that incubates and nourishes the embryos,similar to the mammalian placenta.However,the regulatory networks underlying brood pouch formation and pregnancy remain largely unknown.In this study,comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling on the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus,with unformed,newly formed,and pregnant brood pouches identified a total of 141 and 2,533 differentially expressed genes together with 73 and 121 significantly differential metabolites related to brood pouch formation and pregnancy,respectively.Specifically,integrative omics analysis revealed that retinoic acid(RA)synthesis and signaling pathway played essential roles in the formation of the brood pouch and pregnancy.RA might function upstream of testosterone and progesterone,thereby directly influencing brood pouch formation by regulating the expression of fshr and cyp7a1.Our results also revealed that RA regulates antioxidant defenses,particularly during male pregnancy.Alternatively,pregnancy caused a consistent decrease in RA,canthaxanthin,astaxanthin,and glutathione synthetase,and an increase in susceptibility to oxidative stress,which may balance brood pouch development and reproduction in seahorses and pave the way to successful gestation.
