Anthocyanins are the most widely produced secondary metabolites in plants,and they play an important role in plant growth and reproduction.The nitrogen source is an important factor affecting anthocyanin production,bu...Anthocyanins are the most widely produced secondary metabolites in plants,and they play an important role in plant growth and reproduction.The nitrogen source is an important factor affecting anthocyanin production,but the nitrogen concentrations on metabolism and the underlying genetic basis remain unclear.In this study,in vitro anthocyanin induction was conducted on Malus spectabilis.The leaf explants were cultivated in media containing different nitrogen concentrations.The results suggested that when the nitrogen contents decreased in limit,the color of leaf explants turned from green to red,and increased anthocyanin accumulation led to a change in phenotype.Furthermore,the content of other flavonoids,such as dihydroquercetin,epicatechin,and catechin,increased under low nitrogen conditions.The transcription levels of the general flavonoid pathway genes,from phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)to anthocyanidin synthase(ANS),were associated with the concentration of corresponding flavonoid compounds and phenotype changes.In particular,the expression level of ANS increased substantially under a low nitrogen treatment,which was significantly and positively correlated with the anthocyanin levels(R2=0.72,P<0.05).The increased expression patterns of anthocyanin pathway genes were similar to that of the transcription factor MYB10.We further verified MYB10 played an important role in the anthocyanin pathway in leaves of Malus spectabilis.These results suggested that we can improve the desirable ornamental plant phenotypes by controlling nitrogen content.This process may offer clues to further development of new agricultural practices.展开更多
To explore the potential of crabapples as functional food, polyphenols in crabapples and ‘Fuji’ apples were extracted, and the phenolic profile,total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity...To explore the potential of crabapples as functional food, polyphenols in crabapples and ‘Fuji’ apples were extracted, and the phenolic profile,total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity against several human cancer cells were determined. The results indicated that crabapple extracts have more abundant phenols and higher total polyphenols(from 4.46 to 46.63 mg GAE·g-1 DW) compared to ‘Fuji’ apples.Crabapple extracts possessed higher antioxidant activity than apple by DPPH and ABTS analysis. All fruit extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on proliferation in different cancer cells;however, crabapple extracts performed significantly better, with half inhibitory concentration(IC50)values varied from 48.34 μg·m L-1 to 974.81 μg·m L-1 for colon cancer cells SW480, 64.67–1 466.35 μg·m L-1 for stomach cancer cells BGC-803,78.88–910.64 μg·m L-1 for esophageal cancer cells CaEs-17. Besides, the red crabapples had higher antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity than yellow fruits. These results showed that crabapples, especially red crabapples, have great potential as a healthy food, as they are rich in phenolic compounds with high antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities to cancer cells.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31570697)Central Financial Appropriation for Forestry Promotion and Assistance Projects(Grant No.[2016]03).
文摘Anthocyanins are the most widely produced secondary metabolites in plants,and they play an important role in plant growth and reproduction.The nitrogen source is an important factor affecting anthocyanin production,but the nitrogen concentrations on metabolism and the underlying genetic basis remain unclear.In this study,in vitro anthocyanin induction was conducted on Malus spectabilis.The leaf explants were cultivated in media containing different nitrogen concentrations.The results suggested that when the nitrogen contents decreased in limit,the color of leaf explants turned from green to red,and increased anthocyanin accumulation led to a change in phenotype.Furthermore,the content of other flavonoids,such as dihydroquercetin,epicatechin,and catechin,increased under low nitrogen conditions.The transcription levels of the general flavonoid pathway genes,from phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)to anthocyanidin synthase(ANS),were associated with the concentration of corresponding flavonoid compounds and phenotype changes.In particular,the expression level of ANS increased substantially under a low nitrogen treatment,which was significantly and positively correlated with the anthocyanin levels(R2=0.72,P<0.05).The increased expression patterns of anthocyanin pathway genes were similar to that of the transcription factor MYB10.We further verified MYB10 played an important role in the anthocyanin pathway in leaves of Malus spectabilis.These results suggested that we can improve the desirable ornamental plant phenotypes by controlling nitrogen content.This process may offer clues to further development of new agricultural practices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570697)Basic Research Foundation of Northwest A&F University (Z109021563)
文摘To explore the potential of crabapples as functional food, polyphenols in crabapples and ‘Fuji’ apples were extracted, and the phenolic profile,total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity against several human cancer cells were determined. The results indicated that crabapple extracts have more abundant phenols and higher total polyphenols(from 4.46 to 46.63 mg GAE·g-1 DW) compared to ‘Fuji’ apples.Crabapple extracts possessed higher antioxidant activity than apple by DPPH and ABTS analysis. All fruit extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on proliferation in different cancer cells;however, crabapple extracts performed significantly better, with half inhibitory concentration(IC50)values varied from 48.34 μg·m L-1 to 974.81 μg·m L-1 for colon cancer cells SW480, 64.67–1 466.35 μg·m L-1 for stomach cancer cells BGC-803,78.88–910.64 μg·m L-1 for esophageal cancer cells CaEs-17. Besides, the red crabapples had higher antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity than yellow fruits. These results showed that crabapples, especially red crabapples, have great potential as a healthy food, as they are rich in phenolic compounds with high antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities to cancer cells.
