Sumithion is widely used to control brittle in paddy fields and tiger bug in fish larval rearing ponds. The objective of this study was to elucidate the toxic effects of sumithion on larval stages of stinging catfish ...Sumithion is widely used to control brittle in paddy fields and tiger bug in fish larval rearing ponds. The objective of this study was to elucidate the toxic effects of sumithion on larval stages of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Larvae were exposed to two concentrations(150 and 250 μg/L) of sumithion with one control in three replicates of each. Larvae samples were collected at 20- and 24-h intervals followed by observation under a digital microscope. Exposures of stinging catfish larvae to sumithion produced deformities including irregular head shape, lordosis, yolk sac edema, body arcuation, tissue ulceration, etc. The mortality rates of larvae were significantly increased in response to increase in sumithion concentrations. Furthermore, around 30% of the total adult stinging catfish reared in sumithiontreated aquaculture ponds were found to be deformed permanently. These findings highlight that exposure of stinging catfish to sumithion at the critical and sensitive stages in their life cycle may significantly reduce the number of returning adults. Therefore, the use of sumithion for crop protection needs to be considered carefully and alternatives to sumithion should to be developed for controlling aquatic insects in aqua-ponds during larval rearing.展开更多
The rapid advancements in large language models(LLMs)have led to an ex-ponential increase in survey papers,making it challenging to systematically track and analyze their evolving taxonomy.This study employs graph rep...The rapid advancements in large language models(LLMs)have led to an ex-ponential increase in survey papers,making it challenging to systematically track and analyze their evolving taxonomy.This study employs graph repre-sentation learning combined with classical machine learning techniques to model and interpret the structural evolution of LLM-related survey papers.By constructing attributed graphs that capture topic distributions and intercon-nections,we provide a data-driven framework to explore research trends in this domain.A dataset of 241 survey papers published between July 2021 and January 2024 is analyzed to identify thematic developments and interdiscipli-nary relationships.The results highlight key areas of specialization,including the emergence of prompting science,multimodal models,and domain-spe-cific applications in finance,education,and law.Co-occurrence analysis of survey topics reveals strong interconnections between core LLM research and fields such as software engineering,hardware architecture,and evaluation methodologies.These findings demonstrate the increasing specialization of LLM research and its growing integration across multiple disciplines.By lev-eraging graph-based methodologies,this study offers a structured approach to understanding the LLM survey landscape,facilitating efficient navigation of existing literature and identification of emerging research directions.The in-sights presented contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the field’s trajectory,assisting researchers and practitioners in engaging with the latest developments in LLM research.展开更多
文摘Sumithion is widely used to control brittle in paddy fields and tiger bug in fish larval rearing ponds. The objective of this study was to elucidate the toxic effects of sumithion on larval stages of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Larvae were exposed to two concentrations(150 and 250 μg/L) of sumithion with one control in three replicates of each. Larvae samples were collected at 20- and 24-h intervals followed by observation under a digital microscope. Exposures of stinging catfish larvae to sumithion produced deformities including irregular head shape, lordosis, yolk sac edema, body arcuation, tissue ulceration, etc. The mortality rates of larvae were significantly increased in response to increase in sumithion concentrations. Furthermore, around 30% of the total adult stinging catfish reared in sumithiontreated aquaculture ponds were found to be deformed permanently. These findings highlight that exposure of stinging catfish to sumithion at the critical and sensitive stages in their life cycle may significantly reduce the number of returning adults. Therefore, the use of sumithion for crop protection needs to be considered carefully and alternatives to sumithion should to be developed for controlling aquatic insects in aqua-ponds during larval rearing.
文摘The rapid advancements in large language models(LLMs)have led to an ex-ponential increase in survey papers,making it challenging to systematically track and analyze their evolving taxonomy.This study employs graph repre-sentation learning combined with classical machine learning techniques to model and interpret the structural evolution of LLM-related survey papers.By constructing attributed graphs that capture topic distributions and intercon-nections,we provide a data-driven framework to explore research trends in this domain.A dataset of 241 survey papers published between July 2021 and January 2024 is analyzed to identify thematic developments and interdiscipli-nary relationships.The results highlight key areas of specialization,including the emergence of prompting science,multimodal models,and domain-spe-cific applications in finance,education,and law.Co-occurrence analysis of survey topics reveals strong interconnections between core LLM research and fields such as software engineering,hardware architecture,and evaluation methodologies.These findings demonstrate the increasing specialization of LLM research and its growing integration across multiple disciplines.By lev-eraging graph-based methodologies,this study offers a structured approach to understanding the LLM survey landscape,facilitating efficient navigation of existing literature and identification of emerging research directions.The in-sights presented contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the field’s trajectory,assisting researchers and practitioners in engaging with the latest developments in LLM research.
