We investigated the morphology and germination of Tamarindus indica seeds in order to discover the ef- fects of variation in seed sources and pre-sowing treatments on germination. The experiment was carried out in the...We investigated the morphology and germination of Tamarindus indica seeds in order to discover the ef- fects of variation in seed sources and pre-sowing treatments on germination. The experiment was carried out in the nursery of the Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh. Seeds were collected from different but healthy trees from various locations in Bangladesh and subjected to four pre-sowing treatments, i.e., control, immersion in cold water （4℃ for 24 h）, immersion in hot water （80℃ for 10 min） and scarification with sand paper. Seed germination was carried out in poly-bags with a mixture of topsoil and cow dung in the ratio of 3：1. The average length of the fresh seeds was 1.35 ＋ 0.26 cm, their width 1.07 ＋ 0.20 cm and thickness 0.69 ＋ 0.11 cm. The results revealed that pre-sowing treatments affected the germination process of seeds, which significantly increased the germination percentage with the cold water （81.67%） and scarification with sand paper （82.33%） treatments, compared with those in the control （58.33%） and hot water treatment （59.00%）. In all treatments germination started on average within 5 to 7 days after the start of the treatments and were completed from 13 to 19 days later. The greatest success in germination （82.33%） was found in scarification with sand paper, followed with 81.67% in the cold water treatment. The results of analyses of variance （ANOVA） showed significant differences （p 〈 0.05） in germination closing dates, seed germination periods and germination percentages among the treatments but no significant difference among seed sources. However, the effect of the interaction between seed source variation and pre-treatment differed significantly in seed germination closing dates and germination percentages. We recommend cold water treatment （submersion of seed at a temperature of 4℃ for a 24-h period） for seed germination of T. indica in rural Bangladesh.展开更多
Bud flushing is very important for the survival and growth of trees, a phenomenon matched each year with the annual course of temperature and the timing of bud flushing in the spring. Essentially it represents a serio...Bud flushing is very important for the survival and growth of trees, a phenomenon matched each year with the annual course of temperature and the timing of bud flushing in the spring. Essentially it represents a serious ecological and evolutionary tradeoff between survival and growth. The most suitable timing of bud burst permits trees to begin growth sufficiently early to take advantage of favorable spring conditions, but late enough to decrease the risks of tissue damage from late frost. In the present study bud burst spring phenology of poplar （Populus tremula and P. tremuloides） from eight different provenances, originating from Eu- rope and the USA, was observed during March and April, 2009. The experimental plot was located at Solling, Germany （51~44＇0＂ N, 9036＇0＇＇ E）. A six stage subjective scoring system of bud burst phenology was used to identify the phenological stages of the seed- lings, where each plant was observed twice a week. The aim of the study was to predict phenotypic variation in poplar, originating from regions between 42~ and 60~ N latitude, growing in similar environments. Timing of bud flushing of poplar was recorded. It was found that seedlings of provenance 3, which originated from 42.35~ N latitude, started and completed flushing significantly earlier than those of other provenances, while seedlings of provenance 5, originating from 54.29~ N latitude, started flushing very late and only a few plants reached top scoring at the end of the experimental period. Analysis of variance showed statistically highly signifi- cant differences （p 〈 0.05） in bud flushing among the provenances. The correlation between scoring and flushing periods was very strong within provenances although the flushing pattern differed among provenances （origin of the planted seedlings）. Bud flushing showed a negative correlation with the origin of the planted seedlings. Given the field experience gained with this experiment, it is recommended that seedlings from provenances 5 and 8 could be used for future plantations where late frost may be a problem for the young shoots of seedlings.展开更多
文摘We investigated the morphology and germination of Tamarindus indica seeds in order to discover the ef- fects of variation in seed sources and pre-sowing treatments on germination. The experiment was carried out in the nursery of the Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh. Seeds were collected from different but healthy trees from various locations in Bangladesh and subjected to four pre-sowing treatments, i.e., control, immersion in cold water （4℃ for 24 h）, immersion in hot water （80℃ for 10 min） and scarification with sand paper. Seed germination was carried out in poly-bags with a mixture of topsoil and cow dung in the ratio of 3：1. The average length of the fresh seeds was 1.35 ＋ 0.26 cm, their width 1.07 ＋ 0.20 cm and thickness 0.69 ＋ 0.11 cm. The results revealed that pre-sowing treatments affected the germination process of seeds, which significantly increased the germination percentage with the cold water （81.67%） and scarification with sand paper （82.33%） treatments, compared with those in the control （58.33%） and hot water treatment （59.00%）. In all treatments germination started on average within 5 to 7 days after the start of the treatments and were completed from 13 to 19 days later. The greatest success in germination （82.33%） was found in scarification with sand paper, followed with 81.67% in the cold water treatment. The results of analyses of variance （ANOVA） showed significant differences （p 〈 0.05） in germination closing dates, seed germination periods and germination percentages among the treatments but no significant difference among seed sources. However, the effect of the interaction between seed source variation and pre-treatment differed significantly in seed germination closing dates and germination percentages. We recommend cold water treatment （submersion of seed at a temperature of 4℃ for a 24-h period） for seed germination of T. indica in rural Bangladesh.
基金supported by the Institute of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breedingthe Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University, Gttingen,Germanyprovided by the university and a scholarship from the European Union
文摘Bud flushing is very important for the survival and growth of trees, a phenomenon matched each year with the annual course of temperature and the timing of bud flushing in the spring. Essentially it represents a serious ecological and evolutionary tradeoff between survival and growth. The most suitable timing of bud burst permits trees to begin growth sufficiently early to take advantage of favorable spring conditions, but late enough to decrease the risks of tissue damage from late frost. In the present study bud burst spring phenology of poplar （Populus tremula and P. tremuloides） from eight different provenances, originating from Eu- rope and the USA, was observed during March and April, 2009. The experimental plot was located at Solling, Germany （51~44＇0＂ N, 9036＇0＇＇ E）. A six stage subjective scoring system of bud burst phenology was used to identify the phenological stages of the seed- lings, where each plant was observed twice a week. The aim of the study was to predict phenotypic variation in poplar, originating from regions between 42~ and 60~ N latitude, growing in similar environments. Timing of bud flushing of poplar was recorded. It was found that seedlings of provenance 3, which originated from 42.35~ N latitude, started and completed flushing significantly earlier than those of other provenances, while seedlings of provenance 5, originating from 54.29~ N latitude, started flushing very late and only a few plants reached top scoring at the end of the experimental period. Analysis of variance showed statistically highly signifi- cant differences （p 〈 0.05） in bud flushing among the provenances. The correlation between scoring and flushing periods was very strong within provenances although the flushing pattern differed among provenances （origin of the planted seedlings）. Bud flushing showed a negative correlation with the origin of the planted seedlings. Given the field experience gained with this experiment, it is recommended that seedlings from provenances 5 and 8 could be used for future plantations where late frost may be a problem for the young shoots of seedlings.
