Viral diseases have been studied in-depth for reducing quality,yield,health and longevity of the fruit,to highlight the economic losses.Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more devastating among all viruses...Viral diseases have been studied in-depth for reducing quality,yield,health and longevity of the fruit,to highlight the economic losses.Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more devastating among all viruses that infect fruit trees.One of the best examples is papaya ringspot virus(PRSV).It belongs to the genus Potyvirus and it is limited to cause diseases on the family Chenopodiaceae,Cucurbitaceae and Caricaceae.This virus has a serious threat to the production of papaya,which is famous for its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values.The plant parts such as leaves,latex,seeds,fruits,bark,peel and roots may contain the biological compound that can be isolated and used in pharmaceutical industries as a disease control.Viral disease symptoms consist of vein clearing and yellowing of young leaves.Distinctive ring spot patterns with concentric rings and spots on fruit reduce its quality and taste.The virus has two major strains P and W.The former cause disease in papaya and cucurbits while the later one in papaya.Virion comprises 94.4%protein,including a 36 kDa coat protein which is a component responsible for a non-persistent transmission through aphids,and 5.5%nucleic acid.Cross protection,development of transgenic crops,exploring the resistant sources and induction of pathogen derived resistance have been recorded as effective management of PRSV.Along with these practices reduced aphid population through insecticides and plant extracts have been found ecofriendly approaches to minimize the disease incidence.Adoption of transgenic crops is a big challenge for the success of disease resistant papaya crops.The aim of this review is to understand the genomic nature of PRSV,detection methods and the different advanced control methods.This review article will be helpful in developing the best management strategies for controlling PRSV.展开更多
Since the 19th century to date,the fungal pathogens have been involved in causing devastating diseases in plants.All types of fungal pathogens have been observed in important agricultural crops that lead to significan...Since the 19th century to date,the fungal pathogens have been involved in causing devastating diseases in plants.All types of fungal pathogens have been observed in important agricultural crops that lead to significant pre and postharvest losses.The application of synthetic fungicide against the fungal plant pathogens(FPP)is a traditional management practice but at the same time these fungicides kill other beneficial microbes,insects,animal,and humans and are harmful to environment.The antagonistic microorganism such as bacteria are being used as an alternate strategy to control the FPP.These antagonistic species are cost-effective and eco-friendly in nature.These biocontrol bacteria have a broad mechanism against fungal pathogens present in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the plant.The antagonistic bacteria have different strategies against the FPP,by producing siderophore,biofilm,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),through parasitism,antibiosis,competition for limited resources and induce systemic resistance(ISR)in the host plant by activating the immune systems.The commercial bio-products synthesized by the major bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae,Burkholderia cepacia,Streptomyces griseoviridis,Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis are used to control Fusarium,Pythium,Rhizoctonia,Penicillium,Alternaria,and Geotrichum.The commercial bio-formulations of bacteria act as both antifungal and plant growth regulators.The Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)played a significant role in improving plant health by nitrogen-fixing,phosphorus solubilization,phytohormones production,minimizing soil metal contamination,and by ACC deaminase antifungal activities.Different articles are available on the specific antifungal activity of bacteria in plant diseases.Therefore,this review article has summarized the information on biocontrol activity of bacteria against the FPP and the role of PGPR in plant growth promotion.This review also provided a complete picture of scattered information regarding antifungal activities of bacteria and the role of PGPR.展开更多
Rhizosphere bacteria that colonize plant roots and confer beneficial effects are referred as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR).Among all PGPR,some rhizobacteria have an ability to produce ACC deaminase enzyme...Rhizosphere bacteria that colonize plant roots and confer beneficial effects are referred as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR).Among all PGPR,some rhizobacteria have an ability to produce ACC deaminase enzyme.This enzyme catalyzes stress ACC into a-ketobutyrate and ammonia instead of letting it to be converted to ethylene.Ethylene level rises in plants under stress conditions i.e.,drought,salinity,poor soil fertility etc.As poor soil fertility is a big hurdle to achieve the optimum yield of crops,inoculation of ACC deaminase PGPR can overcome this problem to some extent.The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of multi-strain and single-strain inoculation of different ACC deaminase producing PGPR on wheat growth and yield.There were three PGPR strains,Enterobacter cloacae,Serratia ficaria and Burkholderia phytofirmans which were used as consortia and single-strain inoculations.The results showed that inoculation of E.cloacae+S.ficaria+B.phytofirmans significantly increased plant height(63%),spike length(61%),number of spikelets spike-1(61%),number of grains spike-1(131%),1000 grains weight(33%),grains yield(71%),straw yield(71%)and biological yield(68%)of wheat as compared to control.A significant improvement in N(37 and 200%),P(46 and 166%)and K(39 and 61%)of seeds and shoot respectively,validated the efficacious and more effective role of multi-strain(E.cloacae+S.ficaria+B.phytofirmans)inoculation over control.It is obviously concluded that multi-strain ACC deaminase producing PGPR inoculation is a better approach as compared to single-strain inoculation for the improvement in growth and yield of wheat.展开更多
Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)belongs to the Malvaceae family and is one of the most essential and popular vegetables globally.It is rich in proteins,carbohydrates,and vitamins.Abiotic and biotic factors threaten okr...Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)belongs to the Malvaceae family and is one of the most essential and popular vegetables globally.It is rich in proteins,carbohydrates,and vitamins.Abiotic and biotic factors threaten okra productivity.Okra yellow vein mosaic disease(OYVMD)is the most destructive disease of okra.The causal agent,[i.e.,Okra yellow vein mosaic virus(OYVMV)]of this disease belongs to the family Geminiviridae and genus Begomovirus.OYVMV is a monopartite with additional ssDNA molecule.This virus has two components DNA-A for protein coding and DNA-B for symptoms induction.Whitefly transmits OYVMV in persistent manner.Characteristic symptoms of OYVMV infected okra plants are chlorosis,dwarfing,and yellowing of veins and fruits.High temperatures with moderate rainfall enhance the development of OYVMV disease and the whitefly population.However,high humidity with low temperature and rainfall has no significant role in developing the OYVMD and whitefly population.Moreover,the virus also affects the secondary metabolites in the infected okra plants.The virus can be managed through various strategies including the application of plant defense activators,the development of resistant varieties and by controlling its vector via pesticides and plant extracts.Various plant defense activators such as monopotassium phosphate(KH2PO),salicylic acid,benzoic acid,and citric acid enhance resistance in okra against OYMVD.In addition,the resistance to OYMVD can also be achieved by successfully incorporating high yielding but resistant cultivars of acceptable quality.In this review,we have discussed history,economic impact,symptomology,disease development under a natural environment,genetics and management of OYVMV.展开更多
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is declared global pandemic.The virus owing high resemblance with SARS-CoVand MERS-CoV has been placed in family of beta-coronavirus.However,transmission and infectivity rate of COVID-19 ...COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is declared global pandemic.The virus owing high resemblance with SARS-CoVand MERS-CoV has been placed in family of beta-coronavirus.However,transmission and infectivity rate of COVID-19 is quite higher as compared to other members of family.Effective management strategy with potential drug availability will break the virus transmission chain subsequently reduce the pressure on the healthcare system.Extensive research trials are underway to develop novel efficient therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.In this review,we have discussed the origin and family of coronavirus,structure,genome and pathogenesis of virus SARS-CoV-2 inside human host cell;comparison among SARS,MERS,SARS-CoV-2 and common flu;effective management practices;treatment with immunity boosters;available medication with ongoing clinical trials.We suggest medicinal plants could serve as potential candidates for drug development against COVID-19 infection.展开更多
Tristeza is a devastating viral disease in all the citrus growing countries throughout the world and has killed millions of citrus trees in severely affected orchards.The citrus species grafted on sour orange rootstoc...Tristeza is a devastating viral disease in all the citrus growing countries throughout the world and has killed millions of citrus trees in severely affected orchards.The citrus species grafted on sour orange rootstock are affected by this disease.Predominantly,the sweet orange,grapefruit and lime trees grafted on sour orange exhibit severe symptoms like quick decline,vein clearing,pin holing,bark scaling and degeneration leading to variable symptoms.Symptomatic expression of Citrus tristeza virus(CTV)in different hosts has been attributed to virus isolates which are from severe to mild.Different serological and molecular assays have been deployed to differentiate the strains of CTV.Citrus tristeza virus is diversified towards its strains on the basis of biological,serological and molecular characterization.Phenotypic expression is due to genetic alteration and different molecular basis have now been adopted for strain differentiation.This review will give a brief idea about the different CTV isolates,their characterization based on nucleic acid and serological assays.Different methods along with salient features for strain characterization has also been reviewed.This review will also open the new aspects towards formulation of management strategies through different detection techniques.展开更多
Processing improves the visual quality of food;however,the ingredient and nutritional values may alter.In present study,the sugar samples(refined,raw,gur(Jaggery/jaggeree)and molasses)were collected from 20 different ...Processing improves the visual quality of food;however,the ingredient and nutritional values may alter.In present study,the sugar samples(refined,raw,gur(Jaggery/jaggeree)and molasses)were collected from 20 different agro-climatic regions of Pakistan and analyzed for the chromium concentration,total phenolic and antioxidant activity,in order to evaluate the processing effect.The concentration of Cr was determined by digestion method using atomic absorption spectrophotometer,while antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)and reducing power.It was observed that chromium content in Jaggery was 74%higher than raw sugar,while molasses showed 21.27%higher concentration versus jaggery.The total phenolic contents were found considerably higher in molasses(3751 lg GAE/g)followed by Jaggery(3285 lg GAE/g),raw sugar(27.75 lg GAE/g)and refined sugar(23.81 lg GAE/g).The DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power was also found dependent to sugar type.Form results,it can be concluded that processing significantly affected the chromium contents,total phenolics and antioxidant activity.展开更多
The amino acids are one of the major cellular components of plants,which are involved in different metabolic pathways.In present study,effect of artificial gravistimulation on amino acid profiles of pea,rice,corn,whea...The amino acids are one of the major cellular components of plants,which are involved in different metabolic pathways.In present study,effect of artificial gravistimulation on amino acid profiles of pea,rice,corn,wheat during early growth stages was investigated.One-axis clinostat was used for gravistimulation application,which was applied at embryonic stage.Amino acid profile was measured in 10-days old seedlings of pea,rice,corn and wheat cultivars.The effect of clinostat rotation was also evaluated under salt stress and MS medium supplement.Germinated pea,rice,corn and wheat seedlings were grown under the gravity condition for specific time interval.Corn and wheat seeds showed slowgermination as compared to pea and rice cultivars.The rate of amino acid formation under gravity condition was significantly higher than control(un-treated seedling).The variation in amino acid profile of pea,rice,corn and wheat cultivars vary deferentially.Results revealed that gravistimulation applied through clinostat has positive effect on amino acid profile in plant tissue and future studies should be focused on growth,biochemical,physiological at lateral stages of growth.展开更多
In present investigation,organic manure was produced and characterized from liquorice residues using activated Effective Microoganism(AEM).The liquorice waste residues were fermented for the period of 6 months in the ...In present investigation,organic manure was produced and characterized from liquorice residues using activated Effective Microoganism(AEM).The liquorice waste residues were fermented for the period of 6 months in the presence of activated AEM at the rate of 2.5%and 5%of total fermented mixture.Nitrogen(62.5 g)was used per 10 kg of liquorice and moister was maintained at 55–60%during fermentation.The AEM manure production efficiency was evaluated on the basis of pH,C/N ratio,electrical conductivity(EC)and mineral contents.The final pH of organic manure was 6.2,C/N ratio reduced from 13.5 to 6.5,EC and the mineral contents were increased of composted liquorice.Results revealed that the AEM are effective to produce organic manure from agricultural waste matter since the organic manure physico-chemical properties were within the permissible limit and AEM could be used for the production of compost liquorice.Moreover,this technique can also be extended to other agricultural waste materials for the production of organic manure.展开更多
文摘Viral diseases have been studied in-depth for reducing quality,yield,health and longevity of the fruit,to highlight the economic losses.Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more devastating among all viruses that infect fruit trees.One of the best examples is papaya ringspot virus(PRSV).It belongs to the genus Potyvirus and it is limited to cause diseases on the family Chenopodiaceae,Cucurbitaceae and Caricaceae.This virus has a serious threat to the production of papaya,which is famous for its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values.The plant parts such as leaves,latex,seeds,fruits,bark,peel and roots may contain the biological compound that can be isolated and used in pharmaceutical industries as a disease control.Viral disease symptoms consist of vein clearing and yellowing of young leaves.Distinctive ring spot patterns with concentric rings and spots on fruit reduce its quality and taste.The virus has two major strains P and W.The former cause disease in papaya and cucurbits while the later one in papaya.Virion comprises 94.4%protein,including a 36 kDa coat protein which is a component responsible for a non-persistent transmission through aphids,and 5.5%nucleic acid.Cross protection,development of transgenic crops,exploring the resistant sources and induction of pathogen derived resistance have been recorded as effective management of PRSV.Along with these practices reduced aphid population through insecticides and plant extracts have been found ecofriendly approaches to minimize the disease incidence.Adoption of transgenic crops is a big challenge for the success of disease resistant papaya crops.The aim of this review is to understand the genomic nature of PRSV,detection methods and the different advanced control methods.This review article will be helpful in developing the best management strategies for controlling PRSV.
文摘Since the 19th century to date,the fungal pathogens have been involved in causing devastating diseases in plants.All types of fungal pathogens have been observed in important agricultural crops that lead to significant pre and postharvest losses.The application of synthetic fungicide against the fungal plant pathogens(FPP)is a traditional management practice but at the same time these fungicides kill other beneficial microbes,insects,animal,and humans and are harmful to environment.The antagonistic microorganism such as bacteria are being used as an alternate strategy to control the FPP.These antagonistic species are cost-effective and eco-friendly in nature.These biocontrol bacteria have a broad mechanism against fungal pathogens present in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the plant.The antagonistic bacteria have different strategies against the FPP,by producing siderophore,biofilm,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),through parasitism,antibiosis,competition for limited resources and induce systemic resistance(ISR)in the host plant by activating the immune systems.The commercial bio-products synthesized by the major bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae,Burkholderia cepacia,Streptomyces griseoviridis,Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis are used to control Fusarium,Pythium,Rhizoctonia,Penicillium,Alternaria,and Geotrichum.The commercial bio-formulations of bacteria act as both antifungal and plant growth regulators.The Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)played a significant role in improving plant health by nitrogen-fixing,phosphorus solubilization,phytohormones production,minimizing soil metal contamination,and by ACC deaminase antifungal activities.Different articles are available on the specific antifungal activity of bacteria in plant diseases.Therefore,this review article has summarized the information on biocontrol activity of bacteria against the FPP and the role of PGPR in plant growth promotion.This review also provided a complete picture of scattered information regarding antifungal activities of bacteria and the role of PGPR.
文摘Rhizosphere bacteria that colonize plant roots and confer beneficial effects are referred as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR).Among all PGPR,some rhizobacteria have an ability to produce ACC deaminase enzyme.This enzyme catalyzes stress ACC into a-ketobutyrate and ammonia instead of letting it to be converted to ethylene.Ethylene level rises in plants under stress conditions i.e.,drought,salinity,poor soil fertility etc.As poor soil fertility is a big hurdle to achieve the optimum yield of crops,inoculation of ACC deaminase PGPR can overcome this problem to some extent.The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of multi-strain and single-strain inoculation of different ACC deaminase producing PGPR on wheat growth and yield.There were three PGPR strains,Enterobacter cloacae,Serratia ficaria and Burkholderia phytofirmans which were used as consortia and single-strain inoculations.The results showed that inoculation of E.cloacae+S.ficaria+B.phytofirmans significantly increased plant height(63%),spike length(61%),number of spikelets spike-1(61%),number of grains spike-1(131%),1000 grains weight(33%),grains yield(71%),straw yield(71%)and biological yield(68%)of wheat as compared to control.A significant improvement in N(37 and 200%),P(46 and 166%)and K(39 and 61%)of seeds and shoot respectively,validated the efficacious and more effective role of multi-strain(E.cloacae+S.ficaria+B.phytofirmans)inoculation over control.It is obviously concluded that multi-strain ACC deaminase producing PGPR inoculation is a better approach as compared to single-strain inoculation for the improvement in growth and yield of wheat.
文摘Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)belongs to the Malvaceae family and is one of the most essential and popular vegetables globally.It is rich in proteins,carbohydrates,and vitamins.Abiotic and biotic factors threaten okra productivity.Okra yellow vein mosaic disease(OYVMD)is the most destructive disease of okra.The causal agent,[i.e.,Okra yellow vein mosaic virus(OYVMV)]of this disease belongs to the family Geminiviridae and genus Begomovirus.OYVMV is a monopartite with additional ssDNA molecule.This virus has two components DNA-A for protein coding and DNA-B for symptoms induction.Whitefly transmits OYVMV in persistent manner.Characteristic symptoms of OYVMV infected okra plants are chlorosis,dwarfing,and yellowing of veins and fruits.High temperatures with moderate rainfall enhance the development of OYVMV disease and the whitefly population.However,high humidity with low temperature and rainfall has no significant role in developing the OYVMD and whitefly population.Moreover,the virus also affects the secondary metabolites in the infected okra plants.The virus can be managed through various strategies including the application of plant defense activators,the development of resistant varieties and by controlling its vector via pesticides and plant extracts.Various plant defense activators such as monopotassium phosphate(KH2PO),salicylic acid,benzoic acid,and citric acid enhance resistance in okra against OYMVD.In addition,the resistance to OYMVD can also be achieved by successfully incorporating high yielding but resistant cultivars of acceptable quality.In this review,we have discussed history,economic impact,symptomology,disease development under a natural environment,genetics and management of OYVMV.
文摘COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is declared global pandemic.The virus owing high resemblance with SARS-CoVand MERS-CoV has been placed in family of beta-coronavirus.However,transmission and infectivity rate of COVID-19 is quite higher as compared to other members of family.Effective management strategy with potential drug availability will break the virus transmission chain subsequently reduce the pressure on the healthcare system.Extensive research trials are underway to develop novel efficient therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.In this review,we have discussed the origin and family of coronavirus,structure,genome and pathogenesis of virus SARS-CoV-2 inside human host cell;comparison among SARS,MERS,SARS-CoV-2 and common flu;effective management practices;treatment with immunity boosters;available medication with ongoing clinical trials.We suggest medicinal plants could serve as potential candidates for drug development against COVID-19 infection.
文摘Tristeza is a devastating viral disease in all the citrus growing countries throughout the world and has killed millions of citrus trees in severely affected orchards.The citrus species grafted on sour orange rootstock are affected by this disease.Predominantly,the sweet orange,grapefruit and lime trees grafted on sour orange exhibit severe symptoms like quick decline,vein clearing,pin holing,bark scaling and degeneration leading to variable symptoms.Symptomatic expression of Citrus tristeza virus(CTV)in different hosts has been attributed to virus isolates which are from severe to mild.Different serological and molecular assays have been deployed to differentiate the strains of CTV.Citrus tristeza virus is diversified towards its strains on the basis of biological,serological and molecular characterization.Phenotypic expression is due to genetic alteration and different molecular basis have now been adopted for strain differentiation.This review will give a brief idea about the different CTV isolates,their characterization based on nucleic acid and serological assays.Different methods along with salient features for strain characterization has also been reviewed.This review will also open the new aspects towards formulation of management strategies through different detection techniques.
文摘Processing improves the visual quality of food;however,the ingredient and nutritional values may alter.In present study,the sugar samples(refined,raw,gur(Jaggery/jaggeree)and molasses)were collected from 20 different agro-climatic regions of Pakistan and analyzed for the chromium concentration,total phenolic and antioxidant activity,in order to evaluate the processing effect.The concentration of Cr was determined by digestion method using atomic absorption spectrophotometer,while antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)and reducing power.It was observed that chromium content in Jaggery was 74%higher than raw sugar,while molasses showed 21.27%higher concentration versus jaggery.The total phenolic contents were found considerably higher in molasses(3751 lg GAE/g)followed by Jaggery(3285 lg GAE/g),raw sugar(27.75 lg GAE/g)and refined sugar(23.81 lg GAE/g).The DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power was also found dependent to sugar type.Form results,it can be concluded that processing significantly affected the chromium contents,total phenolics and antioxidant activity.
文摘The amino acids are one of the major cellular components of plants,which are involved in different metabolic pathways.In present study,effect of artificial gravistimulation on amino acid profiles of pea,rice,corn,wheat during early growth stages was investigated.One-axis clinostat was used for gravistimulation application,which was applied at embryonic stage.Amino acid profile was measured in 10-days old seedlings of pea,rice,corn and wheat cultivars.The effect of clinostat rotation was also evaluated under salt stress and MS medium supplement.Germinated pea,rice,corn and wheat seedlings were grown under the gravity condition for specific time interval.Corn and wheat seeds showed slowgermination as compared to pea and rice cultivars.The rate of amino acid formation under gravity condition was significantly higher than control(un-treated seedling).The variation in amino acid profile of pea,rice,corn and wheat cultivars vary deferentially.Results revealed that gravistimulation applied through clinostat has positive effect on amino acid profile in plant tissue and future studies should be focused on growth,biochemical,physiological at lateral stages of growth.
文摘In present investigation,organic manure was produced and characterized from liquorice residues using activated Effective Microoganism(AEM).The liquorice waste residues were fermented for the period of 6 months in the presence of activated AEM at the rate of 2.5%and 5%of total fermented mixture.Nitrogen(62.5 g)was used per 10 kg of liquorice and moister was maintained at 55–60%during fermentation.The AEM manure production efficiency was evaluated on the basis of pH,C/N ratio,electrical conductivity(EC)and mineral contents.The final pH of organic manure was 6.2,C/N ratio reduced from 13.5 to 6.5,EC and the mineral contents were increased of composted liquorice.Results revealed that the AEM are effective to produce organic manure from agricultural waste matter since the organic manure physico-chemical properties were within the permissible limit and AEM could be used for the production of compost liquorice.Moreover,this technique can also be extended to other agricultural waste materials for the production of organic manure.
