Graphene’s unparalleled strength,chemical stability,ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro-and nanoelectromechanical syste...Graphene’s unparalleled strength,chemical stability,ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS).However,the integration of graphene into MEMS or NEMS devices and suspended structures such as proof masses on graphene membranes raises several technological challenges,including collapse and rupture of the graphene.We have developed a robust route for realizing membranes made of double-layer CVD graphene and suspending large silicon proof masses on membranes with high yields.We have demonstrated the manufacture of square graphene membranes with side lengths from 7µm to 110µm,and suspended proof masses consisting of solid silicon cubes that are from 5µm×5µm×16.4µm to 100µm×100µm×16.4µm in size.Our approach is compatible with wafer-scale MEMS and semiconductor manufacturing technologies,and the manufacturing yields of the graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were>90%,with>70%of the graphene membranes having>90%graphene area without visible defects.The measured resonance frequencies of the realized structures ranged from tens to hundreds of kHz,with quality factors ranging from 63 to 148.The graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were extremely robust,and were able to withstand indentation forces from an atomic force microscope(AFM)tip of up to~7000nN.The proposed approach for the reliable and large-scale manufacture of graphene membranes with suspended proof masses will enable the development and study of innovative NEMS devices with new functionalities and improved performances.展开更多
The unique properties and atomic thickness of two-dimensional(2D)materials enable smaller and better nanoelectromechanical sensors with novel functionalities.During the last decade,many studies have successfully shown...The unique properties and atomic thickness of two-dimensional(2D)materials enable smaller and better nanoelectromechanical sensors with novel functionalities.During the last decade,many studies have successfully shown the feasibility of using suspended membranes of 2D materials in pressure sensors,microphones,accelerometers,and mass and gas sensors.In this review,we explain the different sensing concepts and give an overview of the relevant material properties,fabrication routes,and device operation principles.Finally,we discuss sensor readout and integration methods and provide comparisons against the state of the art to show both the challenges and promises of 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical sensing.展开更多
基金We acknowledge support through a scholarship from China Scholarship Council,the Starting Grants M&M’s(277879)and InteGraDe(307311)as well as Graphene Flagship(785219)from the European Research Council,the Swedish Research Council(GEMS,2015-05112)+2 种基金the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(NanoGraM,BMBF,03XP0006C)the German Research Foundation(DFG,LE 2440/1-2)the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF:NanoGraM,03XP0006 and GIMMIK,03XP0210)。
文摘Graphene’s unparalleled strength,chemical stability,ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS).However,the integration of graphene into MEMS or NEMS devices and suspended structures such as proof masses on graphene membranes raises several technological challenges,including collapse and rupture of the graphene.We have developed a robust route for realizing membranes made of double-layer CVD graphene and suspending large silicon proof masses on membranes with high yields.We have demonstrated the manufacture of square graphene membranes with side lengths from 7µm to 110µm,and suspended proof masses consisting of solid silicon cubes that are from 5µm×5µm×16.4µm to 100µm×100µm×16.4µm in size.Our approach is compatible with wafer-scale MEMS and semiconductor manufacturing technologies,and the manufacturing yields of the graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were>90%,with>70%of the graphene membranes having>90%graphene area without visible defects.The measured resonance frequencies of the realized structures ranged from tens to hundreds of kHz,with quality factors ranging from 63 to 148.The graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were extremely robust,and were able to withstand indentation forces from an atomic force microscope(AFM)tip of up to~7000nN.The proposed approach for the reliable and large-scale manufacture of graphene membranes with suspended proof masses will enable the development and study of innovative NEMS devices with new functionalities and improved performances.
基金This work was financially supported by the European Commission under the project Graphene Flagship(785219 and 881603)and ULISSES(825272)the German Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)under the project GIMMIK(03XP0210)and NobleNEMS(16ES1121)+4 种基金the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy(BMWi)and the European Social Fund in Germany under the project AachenCarbon(03EFLNW199)the Swedish Research Foundation(VR)(2015-05112)the FLAG-ERA project CO2DETECT funded by Vinnova(2017-05108)the Dutch 4 TU Federation project High Tech for a Sustainable Future and the FLAG-ERA project 2DNEMS funded by the Swedish Research Foundation(VR)(2019-03412)the German Research Foundation(DFG)(LE 2441/11-1).
文摘The unique properties and atomic thickness of two-dimensional(2D)materials enable smaller and better nanoelectromechanical sensors with novel functionalities.During the last decade,many studies have successfully shown the feasibility of using suspended membranes of 2D materials in pressure sensors,microphones,accelerometers,and mass and gas sensors.In this review,we explain the different sensing concepts and give an overview of the relevant material properties,fabrication routes,and device operation principles.Finally,we discuss sensor readout and integration methods and provide comparisons against the state of the art to show both the challenges and promises of 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical sensing.
