The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases presents a growing need for innovation in relation to recent evidence in the field of reconstructive therapy using stem cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underly...The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases presents a growing need for innovation in relation to recent evidence in the field of reconstructive therapy using stem cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders, and the advent of methods able to induce neuronal stem cell differentiation allowed to develop innovative therapeutic approaches offering the prospect of healthy and perfectly functional cell transplants, able to replace the sick ones. Hence the importance of deepening the state of the art regarding the clinical applications of advanced cell therapy products for the regeneration of nerve tissue. Besides representing a promising area of tissue transplant surgery and a great achievement in the field of neurodegenerative disease, stem cell research presents certain critical issues that need to be carefully examined from the ethical perspective. In fact, a subject so complex and not entirely explored requires a detailed scientific and ethical evaluation aimed at avoiding improper and ineffective use, rather than incorrect indications, technical inadequacies, and incongruous expectations. In fact, the clinical usefulness of stem cells will only be certain if able to provide the patient with safe, long-term and substantially more effective strategies than any other treatment available.The present paper provides an ethical assessment of tissue regeneration through mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases with the aim to rule out the fundamental issues related to research and clinical translation.展开更多
Oxidative stress is considered the principal mediator of myocardial injury under pathological conditions.It is well known that reactive oxygen(ROS)or nitrogen species(RNS)are involved in myocardial injury and repair a...Oxidative stress is considered the principal mediator of myocardial injury under pathological conditions.It is well known that reactive oxygen(ROS)or nitrogen species(RNS)are involved in myocardial injury and repair at the same time and that cellular damage is generally due to an unbalance between generation and elimination of the free radicals due to an inad-equate mechanism of antioxidant defense or to an increase in ROS and RNS.Major adverse cardiovascular events are often asso-ciated with drugs with associated findings such as fibrosis or inflammation of the myocardium.Despite efforts in the preclinical phase of the development of drugs,cardiotoxicity still remains a great concern.Cardiac toxicity due to second-generation anti-psychotics(clozapine,olanzapine,quetiapine)has been observed in preclinical studies and described in patients affected with mental disorders.A role of oxidative stress has been hypothesized but more evidence is needed to confirm a causal relationship.A better knowledge of cardiotoxicity mechanisms should address in the future to establish the right dose and length of treatment without impacting the physical health of the patients.展开更多
Ethical concerns about stem cell-based research have delayed important advances in many areas of medicine,including cardiology.The introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)has supplanted the need to use hu...Ethical concerns about stem cell-based research have delayed important advances in many areas of medicine,including cardiology.The introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)has supplanted the need to use human stem cells for most purposes,thus eliminating all ethical controversies.Since then,many new avenues have been opened in cardiology research,not only in approaches to tissue replacement but also in the design and testing of antiarrhythmic drugs.This methodology has advanced to the point where induced human cardiomyocyte cell lines can now also be obtained from commercial sources or tissue banks.Initial studies with readily available iPSCs have generally confirmed that their behavioral characteristics accurately predict the behavior of beating cardiomyocytes in vivo.As a result,iPSCs can provide new ways to study arrhythmias and heart disease in general,accelerating the development of new,more effective antiarrhythmic drugs,clinical diagnoses,and personalized medical care.The focus on producing cardiomyocytes that can be used to replace damaged heart tissue has somewhat diverted interest in a host of other applications.This manuscript is intended to provide non-specialists with a brief introduction and overview of the research carried out in the field of heart rhythm disorders.展开更多
The latest achievements in the field of pancreas transplantation and stem cell therapy require an effort by the scientific community to clarify the ethical implications of pioneering treatments,often characterized by ...The latest achievements in the field of pancreas transplantation and stem cell therapy require an effort by the scientific community to clarify the ethical implications of pioneering treatments,often characterized by high complexity from a surgical point of view,due to transplantation of multiple organs at the same time or at different times,and from an immunological point of view for stem cell therapy.The fundamental value in the field of organ transplants is,of course,a solidarity principle,namely that of protecting the health and life of people for whom transplantation is a condition of functional recovery,or even of survival.The nature of this value is that of a concept to which the legal discipline of transplants entrusts its own ethical dignity and for which it has ensured a constitutional recognition in different systems.The general principle of respect for human life,both of the donor and of the recipient,evokes the need not to put oneself and one’s neighbor in dangerous conditions.The present ethical reflection aims to find a balance between the latest therapeutic advances and several concepts including the idea of the person,the respect due to the dead,the voluntary nature of the donation and the consent to the same,the gratuitousness of the donation,the scientific progress and the development of surgical techniques,and the policies of health promotion.展开更多
文摘The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases presents a growing need for innovation in relation to recent evidence in the field of reconstructive therapy using stem cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders, and the advent of methods able to induce neuronal stem cell differentiation allowed to develop innovative therapeutic approaches offering the prospect of healthy and perfectly functional cell transplants, able to replace the sick ones. Hence the importance of deepening the state of the art regarding the clinical applications of advanced cell therapy products for the regeneration of nerve tissue. Besides representing a promising area of tissue transplant surgery and a great achievement in the field of neurodegenerative disease, stem cell research presents certain critical issues that need to be carefully examined from the ethical perspective. In fact, a subject so complex and not entirely explored requires a detailed scientific and ethical evaluation aimed at avoiding improper and ineffective use, rather than incorrect indications, technical inadequacies, and incongruous expectations. In fact, the clinical usefulness of stem cells will only be certain if able to provide the patient with safe, long-term and substantially more effective strategies than any other treatment available.The present paper provides an ethical assessment of tissue regeneration through mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases with the aim to rule out the fundamental issues related to research and clinical translation.
文摘Oxidative stress is considered the principal mediator of myocardial injury under pathological conditions.It is well known that reactive oxygen(ROS)or nitrogen species(RNS)are involved in myocardial injury and repair at the same time and that cellular damage is generally due to an unbalance between generation and elimination of the free radicals due to an inad-equate mechanism of antioxidant defense or to an increase in ROS and RNS.Major adverse cardiovascular events are often asso-ciated with drugs with associated findings such as fibrosis or inflammation of the myocardium.Despite efforts in the preclinical phase of the development of drugs,cardiotoxicity still remains a great concern.Cardiac toxicity due to second-generation anti-psychotics(clozapine,olanzapine,quetiapine)has been observed in preclinical studies and described in patients affected with mental disorders.A role of oxidative stress has been hypothesized but more evidence is needed to confirm a causal relationship.A better knowledge of cardiotoxicity mechanisms should address in the future to establish the right dose and length of treatment without impacting the physical health of the patients.
文摘Ethical concerns about stem cell-based research have delayed important advances in many areas of medicine,including cardiology.The introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)has supplanted the need to use human stem cells for most purposes,thus eliminating all ethical controversies.Since then,many new avenues have been opened in cardiology research,not only in approaches to tissue replacement but also in the design and testing of antiarrhythmic drugs.This methodology has advanced to the point where induced human cardiomyocyte cell lines can now also be obtained from commercial sources or tissue banks.Initial studies with readily available iPSCs have generally confirmed that their behavioral characteristics accurately predict the behavior of beating cardiomyocytes in vivo.As a result,iPSCs can provide new ways to study arrhythmias and heart disease in general,accelerating the development of new,more effective antiarrhythmic drugs,clinical diagnoses,and personalized medical care.The focus on producing cardiomyocytes that can be used to replace damaged heart tissue has somewhat diverted interest in a host of other applications.This manuscript is intended to provide non-specialists with a brief introduction and overview of the research carried out in the field of heart rhythm disorders.
文摘The latest achievements in the field of pancreas transplantation and stem cell therapy require an effort by the scientific community to clarify the ethical implications of pioneering treatments,often characterized by high complexity from a surgical point of view,due to transplantation of multiple organs at the same time or at different times,and from an immunological point of view for stem cell therapy.The fundamental value in the field of organ transplants is,of course,a solidarity principle,namely that of protecting the health and life of people for whom transplantation is a condition of functional recovery,or even of survival.The nature of this value is that of a concept to which the legal discipline of transplants entrusts its own ethical dignity and for which it has ensured a constitutional recognition in different systems.The general principle of respect for human life,both of the donor and of the recipient,evokes the need not to put oneself and one’s neighbor in dangerous conditions.The present ethical reflection aims to find a balance between the latest therapeutic advances and several concepts including the idea of the person,the respect due to the dead,the voluntary nature of the donation and the consent to the same,the gratuitousness of the donation,the scientific progress and the development of surgical techniques,and the policies of health promotion.
