Purpose: We compared efficacy and side effects of ropinirole implants with oral ropinirole in parkinsonian monkeys. Methods: Twenty monkeys received injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-hydrochlo...Purpose: We compared efficacy and side effects of ropinirole implants with oral ropinirole in parkinsonian monkeys. Methods: Twenty monkeys received injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-hydrochloride (MPTP) to render them parkinsonian. Monkeys were then placed into 3 groups based upon clinical rating scores (CRS). Group 1 received oral ropinirole and placebo implants. Group 2 receivedropinirole implants that released 1/9th of the animals’ optimal daily oral dose and oral placebo. Group 3 received placebo implants and oral placebo. Monkeys were assessed for pharmacokinetic data, CRS, Global Dyskinesia Rating Scale, and skin irritation. Results: For the ropinirole implant group, the activity pattern was similar to that seen pre-MPTP;which extended through the weekends and was greater than control treated parkinsonian monkeys. Oral ropinirole yielded a high degree of variability for activity, with values following oral dosing being higher than the pre-MPTP periodbut levels similar to placebo treated parkinsonian animals during weekends, which were excluded from oral dosing. Implants and oral treatment achieved significant improvement in CRS between 11 - 60 days and 4 - 60 days respectively. Conclusion: Low dose ropinirole implants have the potential to provide continuous clinical improvement in bradykinesia with fewer “off periods” and lower risk for medication-induced psychosis than oral medication.展开更多
Building a single family home in the United States typically produces between three to fi ve pounds of waste per square foot(SIH).Costs of disposing this waste are mounting throughout the country,and environmental asp...Building a single family home in the United States typically produces between three to fi ve pounds of waste per square foot(SIH).Costs of disposing this waste are mounting throughout the country,and environmental aspects of this issue are receiving heightened scrutiny.Although research on this topic has shown that 80 percent of waste generated during the construction of a home can be recycled(Laquatra and Pierce 2004;SBIC 2007),less than 30 percent actually is(Martin 2007).This is likely to change as state and local government regulations of construction waste increase,with some mandating waste recycling.In addition,builders who participate in green building programs are learning that reducing the amount of waste generated during construction,and recycling waste that is produced,earns points toward certifi cation.展开更多
文摘Purpose: We compared efficacy and side effects of ropinirole implants with oral ropinirole in parkinsonian monkeys. Methods: Twenty monkeys received injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-hydrochloride (MPTP) to render them parkinsonian. Monkeys were then placed into 3 groups based upon clinical rating scores (CRS). Group 1 received oral ropinirole and placebo implants. Group 2 receivedropinirole implants that released 1/9th of the animals’ optimal daily oral dose and oral placebo. Group 3 received placebo implants and oral placebo. Monkeys were assessed for pharmacokinetic data, CRS, Global Dyskinesia Rating Scale, and skin irritation. Results: For the ropinirole implant group, the activity pattern was similar to that seen pre-MPTP;which extended through the weekends and was greater than control treated parkinsonian monkeys. Oral ropinirole yielded a high degree of variability for activity, with values following oral dosing being higher than the pre-MPTP periodbut levels similar to placebo treated parkinsonian animals during weekends, which were excluded from oral dosing. Implants and oral treatment achieved significant improvement in CRS between 11 - 60 days and 4 - 60 days respectively. Conclusion: Low dose ropinirole implants have the potential to provide continuous clinical improvement in bradykinesia with fewer “off periods” and lower risk for medication-induced psychosis than oral medication.
文摘Building a single family home in the United States typically produces between three to fi ve pounds of waste per square foot(SIH).Costs of disposing this waste are mounting throughout the country,and environmental aspects of this issue are receiving heightened scrutiny.Although research on this topic has shown that 80 percent of waste generated during the construction of a home can be recycled(Laquatra and Pierce 2004;SBIC 2007),less than 30 percent actually is(Martin 2007).This is likely to change as state and local government regulations of construction waste increase,with some mandating waste recycling.In addition,builders who participate in green building programs are learning that reducing the amount of waste generated during construction,and recycling waste that is produced,earns points toward certifi cation.
