Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,has long been visible in East Asia,and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe.This article maps the phenomenon,showing varia...Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,has long been visible in East Asia,and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe.This article maps the phenomenon,showing variations within Europe and analyzing its growth,underlying forces,and policy implications.Design/Approach/Methods:The article assembles a regional picture from available national sources.It focuses on the 28 members of the European Union.Findings:Within Europe,four subregions may be identified.Most prominent for the longest duration has been Southern Europe,pushed by political forces and cultural factors.In Eastern Europe,shadow education became prominent following the collapse of the Soviet Union and accompanying economic and social structures during which teachers and others had to earn extra incomes.In Western Europe,the advent of marketization alongside government schooling has fueled the growth of shadow education.Only in Northern Europe does shadow education remain modest in scale,but it is growing there too.Originality/Value:The article identifies forces underlying the growth of shadow education in Europe and highlights policy implications.By contributing this regional perspective to the wider literature on shadow education,the article permits juxtaposition with patterns in East Asia and elsewhere.展开更多
The focus of this special issue of the journal,Private Supplementary Tutoring,has growing importance not only in China but also globally.The research community has arguably been slow to catch up with reality insofar a...The focus of this special issue of the journal,Private Supplementary Tutoring,has growing importance not only in China but also globally.The research community has arguably been slow to catch up with reality insofar as private supplementary tutoring has for several decades been a major feature in the lives of many students and their families but has only recently become a significant component of the literature.展开更多
Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the pheno...Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature.This article maps some key features of shadow education,identifying ways in which contextual forces have shaped it.Design/Approach/Methods:The article focuses on patterns across and within the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC),namely Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,and the United Arab Emirates.It draws on literature in both Arabic and English and shows the value of multipleunits of comparison.Findings:Private tutoring has a long history as a significant phenomenon in some GCC countries,but in others developed more recently.Some governments have had active policies to dampen the phenomenon,but with little success.Factors in the complex dynamics include social,economic andcultural forces.OriginalityValue:The article assembles literature from around the region,noting both commonalities and diversities among GCC members.It contributes to the global literature by providing the regional mapping from this specific part of the world and by showing comparisons with other world regions.展开更多
Purpose:The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,addresses multiple dimensions and roles.However,many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of dif...Purpose:The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,addresses multiple dimensions and roles.However,many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of different forms of tutoring.This paper examines these matters in Myanmar,highlighting complexities and ambiguities in descriptors and in the nature of provision.Design/Approach/Methods:Using a mixed-methods design,this study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State.The data were obtained from interviews with I10 Grade II students,34 high school teachers,30 parents,29 private tutoring providers,and two private school owners.Findings:The article categorizes tutoring forms based on their styles and orientations,particularly lecture-type teaching and homework supervision by guides,class sizes,durations of fee-charging(e.g,annually),the number of subjects taught per tutor,and tutoring locations.The study brings the topic out of the shadows for clearer analysis of the phenomenon and thus for assessment of its implications.OriginalityNalue:The study makes a methodological contribution to the wider picture by demonstrating the need for greater clarity and precision in the national and international comparative literatures.It also underscores shortcomings of predetermined categories in questionnaires and the value of qualitative interviews.展开更多
文摘Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,has long been visible in East Asia,and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe.This article maps the phenomenon,showing variations within Europe and analyzing its growth,underlying forces,and policy implications.Design/Approach/Methods:The article assembles a regional picture from available national sources.It focuses on the 28 members of the European Union.Findings:Within Europe,four subregions may be identified.Most prominent for the longest duration has been Southern Europe,pushed by political forces and cultural factors.In Eastern Europe,shadow education became prominent following the collapse of the Soviet Union and accompanying economic and social structures during which teachers and others had to earn extra incomes.In Western Europe,the advent of marketization alongside government schooling has fueled the growth of shadow education.Only in Northern Europe does shadow education remain modest in scale,but it is growing there too.Originality/Value:The article identifies forces underlying the growth of shadow education in Europe and highlights policy implications.By contributing this regional perspective to the wider literature on shadow education,the article permits juxtaposition with patterns in East Asia and elsewhere.
基金The author(s)disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article:Research of this work was supported by General Research Fund(GRF)of the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(RGC)[project number 17902815].
文摘The focus of this special issue of the journal,Private Supplementary Tutoring,has growing importance not only in China but also globally.The research community has arguably been slow to catch up with reality insofar as private supplementary tutoring has for several decades been a major feature in the lives of many students and their families but has only recently become a significant component of the literature.
基金supported by the Chinese Ministry of Education Project for the Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities,entitled"Cross-Boundary Curriculum Partnerships Between Schooling and Shadow Education"(Project number:22JJD880028).
文摘Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature.This article maps some key features of shadow education,identifying ways in which contextual forces have shaped it.Design/Approach/Methods:The article focuses on patterns across and within the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC),namely Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,and the United Arab Emirates.It draws on literature in both Arabic and English and shows the value of multipleunits of comparison.Findings:Private tutoring has a long history as a significant phenomenon in some GCC countries,but in others developed more recently.Some governments have had active policies to dampen the phenomenon,but with little success.Factors in the complex dynamics include social,economic andcultural forces.OriginalityValue:The article assembles literature from around the region,noting both commonalities and diversities among GCC members.It contributes to the global literature by providing the regional mapping from this specific part of the world and by showing comparisons with other world regions.
基金The authors received participants'active and passive written consent to use information that the participants provided to the authors for research purposes.Reference Number from HKU's Human Research Ethics Committeewas EA1808004.
文摘Purpose:The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,addresses multiple dimensions and roles.However,many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of different forms of tutoring.This paper examines these matters in Myanmar,highlighting complexities and ambiguities in descriptors and in the nature of provision.Design/Approach/Methods:Using a mixed-methods design,this study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State.The data were obtained from interviews with I10 Grade II students,34 high school teachers,30 parents,29 private tutoring providers,and two private school owners.Findings:The article categorizes tutoring forms based on their styles and orientations,particularly lecture-type teaching and homework supervision by guides,class sizes,durations of fee-charging(e.g,annually),the number of subjects taught per tutor,and tutoring locations.The study brings the topic out of the shadows for clearer analysis of the phenomenon and thus for assessment of its implications.OriginalityNalue:The study makes a methodological contribution to the wider picture by demonstrating the need for greater clarity and precision in the national and international comparative literatures.It also underscores shortcomings of predetermined categories in questionnaires and the value of qualitative interviews.
