Aflatoxin contamination of crops is frequent in warm regions across the globe, including large areas in sub-Saharan Africa and Burkina Faso. A?atoxins and fumonisins are among the mycotoxins that have been increasingl...Aflatoxin contamination of crops is frequent in warm regions across the globe, including large areas in sub-Saharan Africa and Burkina Faso. A?atoxins and fumonisins are among the mycotoxins that have been increasingly reported to affect health and productivity of livestock globally. It cuts across the value chain, affecting farmers, markets, and finally consumers. However, a?atoxin contamination is a threatening issue in these staples and its negative effects on human health, most especially on infants and young children, are very alarming. Among the cereals in Burkina Faso, the maize is more vulnerable to contamination by Aspergillus sp. The contamination of maize by the aflatoxin is the main cause affecting production of agricultural sector, food security and regularity. Many factors are responsible for its proliferating. Therefore aflatoxins reduction in cereals such as maize is a serious concern for quality and safety. This review aimed to highlight the factors influencing a?atoxins contamination, and methods of reduction.展开更多
Production and quality of vinegar from mango juice was evaluated using a two steps production procedure. The first step of fermentation was done using Saccharomyces cerevisae KVL013 for 7 days. The second step, an ace...Production and quality of vinegar from mango juice was evaluated using a two steps production procedure. The first step of fermentation was done using Saccharomyces cerevisae KVL013 for 7 days. The second step, an acetic fermentation was realized using two acetic acid bacteria: A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVA1 and A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVK2 for 21 days. Several parameters of the vinegar produced such as physico-chemical and sensory properties were determined. Microbial density during each step was monitored. Results showed that pH, alcoholic and acetic acid contents of vinegar were respectively 2.97%, 7% and 4.54% g/ml respectively by using A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVA1 and 3.02%, 7% and 4.32% g/ml with A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVK2. Sensory evaluation revealed that the vinegar was acceptable to the panellists. Results of microbial density showed that the maximum concentration of cell biomass produced was 4.32 × 10<sup>8</sup> and 4.25 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/ml respectively for CRSBAN-BVA1 and CRSBAN-BVK2.展开更多
The use in agriculture of excreta from urine-diversion toilets can be an alternative solution to the lack of sanitation and high costs of mineral fertilizers inherent to developing countries. The objective of this stu...The use in agriculture of excreta from urine-diversion toilets can be an alternative solution to the lack of sanitation and high costs of mineral fertilizers inherent to developing countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of urine used as fertilizer through an ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou peri-urban areas. Chemical and microbiological analyses were performed in urine samples taken before and after thirty (30) days of storage in jerry cans exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of 7.0 g/l;3.5 and 9.6 g/l of ammonia nitrogen for mean, minimum and maximum respectively, are obtained in unstored urine samples. These concentrations did not practically vary with the storage. On average, values of other chemical parameters analyzed in stored urine were as follows: pH, 8.8;phosphorus (P), 0.3 g/l;potassium (K), 1.9 g/l;total dissolved solids (TDS), 21.0 g/l;cadmium (Cd), 154.3 μg/l;copper (Cu), 5.2 μg/l;lead (Pb), 15.2 μg/l;chromium (Cr), 6.1 μg/l;nickel (Ni), 154.0 μg/l. Escherichia coli, staphylococci, enterococci, Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were detected in unstored urine samples, with 26% of fecal contamination rate. The time of storage (30 days) under sunlight was enough for almost all bacteria removal in urine samples. Although the fertilizing value of urine was confirmed, it would be important to take account of the best practices on applying in soils, because of the high TDS contents. Also, the risk linked to micropollutants in urine-based fertilizers could be negligible in view of low quantities. The results obtained in this study prove that after 30 days of exposure to sunlight urine collected via eco-toilet becomes bacteriologically sanitized, and can therefore be used to fertilize soils. However, it is necessary to demonstrate the inactivation of other groups of enteric microorganisms in human urine during storage.展开更多
Malnutrition and food insecurity are major concerns for the Malian</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""> authorities. The objective of this study was to strengthen the knowledg...Malnutrition and food insecurity are major concerns for the Malian</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""> authorities. The objective of this study was to strengthen the knowledge about the <span>nutritional and physicochemical values of four underutilized edible wild </span>fruits picked at two cities belonging to different bioclimatic zones of Mali. The physicochemical and nutritional parameters were performed using standard methods. The findings revealed that all these parameters varied from one fruit to <span>another, this outcome could be associated </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">with</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""> the provenances of the wild</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""> fruits (p-value < 0.05). The protein contents varied from 4.53 g/100g by dry matter (DM) for <i>R</i>. <i>sudanica</i> fruits to 5.34 g/100g DM for those of <i>B</i>. <i>aegyptiaca</i>, all these samples </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">were </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">being harvested from Sikasso. The highest concentrations of vitamins </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">are </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">C (150,800 to 151,000 μg/100g DM), E (1</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">310 to 1</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">350 μg/100g DM) and A (38 to 40 μg/100g DM) respectively for the fruits <span>of </span><i><span>Z</span></i><span>. <i>mauritiana</i>, </span><i><span>B</span></i><span>. <i>aegyptiaca</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>senegalensis</i>. In addition, these fruits would constitute a</span><span> potential source of minerals such as iron, phosphorus and calcium. Thereby,</span> these fruits are promising raw materials to be used against the <span>malnutrition linked to the micronutrients deficiencies and the management</span> of certain pathologies related to oxidative stress.展开更多
Biomethane potential production from cashew nut hulls, an agricultural waste, was carried out using old and fresh hulls as substrates. Samples were taken from old hulls (around 8 years old) and fresh hulls produced in...Biomethane potential production from cashew nut hulls, an agricultural waste, was carried out using old and fresh hulls as substrates. Samples were taken from old hulls (around 8 years old) and fresh hulls produced in cashew scale transformation units at Bobo Dioulasso/Burkina Faso. Physicochemical parameters showed that cashew hulls can be </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">good candidate for anaerobic digestion. But high acidity, total phenols and lignin tenor could be a constraint for anaerobic bacteria. Theoretical biochemical methane potential showed high value of 666</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">937 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VS)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 526</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">206 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VS)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for crushed fresh and powdered old hulls, respectively. Experimental biochemical methane potential showed significantly low potential of</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.982 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VM)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 46.840 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VM)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fresh </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and hold hulls</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, respectively</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Pretreatment for optimization, chemical composition and co-digestion system must be expected for a better anaerobic digestion performance.展开更多
This study is a contribution to the optimization of organic fraction of municipal waste bioconversion into biomethane, by activated sludge production as inoculum for digesters. The wastewater (WW) and cow dung (CD) sa...This study is a contribution to the optimization of organic fraction of municipal waste bioconversion into biomethane, by activated sludge production as inoculum for digesters. The wastewater (WW) and cow dung (CD) samples were taken from the slaughterhouse of Ouagadougou town, Burkina Faso. Different mixtures were made, enriched with mineral solution and cellulose at 5% (w/v) as: 10% CD + 90% WW (C7), 30% CD + 70% WW (C6), 50% CD + 50% WW (C5), 70% CD + 30% WW (C4), 90% CD + 10% WW (C3), 100% CD (C2) and 100% WW (C1). The pH evolution and biogas (CH4 and CO2) production were followed for 25 days. Cultures tend to acidify with increase in cow dung proportion. Biogas production was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in C5 (880.0 mL), C6 (862.0 10 mL) and C7 (772.0 mL). Mixture C5 had a highest level of CO2 production (40%). Also C7 and C6 retained in the experiment contained respectively organic matter, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total alkalinity (TAC) as 41.06%, 47.02%, 1320 mg acetic acid/L, 3036 mg Acetic acid/L and 520 mg CaCO3/L, 1310 mg CaCO3/L. Mixture C6 was the best medium for microorganism proliferation stability with 3.5 × 105 UFC/ml of methanogens bacteria. It also possessed buffering capacity, which prevents acidification of medium during VFAs production.展开更多
文摘Aflatoxin contamination of crops is frequent in warm regions across the globe, including large areas in sub-Saharan Africa and Burkina Faso. A?atoxins and fumonisins are among the mycotoxins that have been increasingly reported to affect health and productivity of livestock globally. It cuts across the value chain, affecting farmers, markets, and finally consumers. However, a?atoxin contamination is a threatening issue in these staples and its negative effects on human health, most especially on infants and young children, are very alarming. Among the cereals in Burkina Faso, the maize is more vulnerable to contamination by Aspergillus sp. The contamination of maize by the aflatoxin is the main cause affecting production of agricultural sector, food security and regularity. Many factors are responsible for its proliferating. Therefore aflatoxins reduction in cereals such as maize is a serious concern for quality and safety. This review aimed to highlight the factors influencing a?atoxins contamination, and methods of reduction.
文摘Production and quality of vinegar from mango juice was evaluated using a two steps production procedure. The first step of fermentation was done using Saccharomyces cerevisae KVL013 for 7 days. The second step, an acetic fermentation was realized using two acetic acid bacteria: A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVA1 and A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVK2 for 21 days. Several parameters of the vinegar produced such as physico-chemical and sensory properties were determined. Microbial density during each step was monitored. Results showed that pH, alcoholic and acetic acid contents of vinegar were respectively 2.97%, 7% and 4.54% g/ml respectively by using A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVA1 and 3.02%, 7% and 4.32% g/ml with A. tropicalis CRSBAN-BVK2. Sensory evaluation revealed that the vinegar was acceptable to the panellists. Results of microbial density showed that the maximum concentration of cell biomass produced was 4.32 × 10<sup>8</sup> and 4.25 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/ml respectively for CRSBAN-BVA1 and CRSBAN-BVK2.
文摘The use in agriculture of excreta from urine-diversion toilets can be an alternative solution to the lack of sanitation and high costs of mineral fertilizers inherent to developing countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of urine used as fertilizer through an ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou peri-urban areas. Chemical and microbiological analyses were performed in urine samples taken before and after thirty (30) days of storage in jerry cans exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of 7.0 g/l;3.5 and 9.6 g/l of ammonia nitrogen for mean, minimum and maximum respectively, are obtained in unstored urine samples. These concentrations did not practically vary with the storage. On average, values of other chemical parameters analyzed in stored urine were as follows: pH, 8.8;phosphorus (P), 0.3 g/l;potassium (K), 1.9 g/l;total dissolved solids (TDS), 21.0 g/l;cadmium (Cd), 154.3 μg/l;copper (Cu), 5.2 μg/l;lead (Pb), 15.2 μg/l;chromium (Cr), 6.1 μg/l;nickel (Ni), 154.0 μg/l. Escherichia coli, staphylococci, enterococci, Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were detected in unstored urine samples, with 26% of fecal contamination rate. The time of storage (30 days) under sunlight was enough for almost all bacteria removal in urine samples. Although the fertilizing value of urine was confirmed, it would be important to take account of the best practices on applying in soils, because of the high TDS contents. Also, the risk linked to micropollutants in urine-based fertilizers could be negligible in view of low quantities. The results obtained in this study prove that after 30 days of exposure to sunlight urine collected via eco-toilet becomes bacteriologically sanitized, and can therefore be used to fertilize soils. However, it is necessary to demonstrate the inactivation of other groups of enteric microorganisms in human urine during storage.
文摘Malnutrition and food insecurity are major concerns for the Malian</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""> authorities. The objective of this study was to strengthen the knowledge about the <span>nutritional and physicochemical values of four underutilized edible wild </span>fruits picked at two cities belonging to different bioclimatic zones of Mali. The physicochemical and nutritional parameters were performed using standard methods. The findings revealed that all these parameters varied from one fruit to <span>another, this outcome could be associated </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">with</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""> the provenances of the wild</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""> fruits (p-value < 0.05). The protein contents varied from 4.53 g/100g by dry matter (DM) for <i>R</i>. <i>sudanica</i> fruits to 5.34 g/100g DM for those of <i>B</i>. <i>aegyptiaca</i>, all these samples </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">were </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">being harvested from Sikasso. The highest concentrations of vitamins </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">are </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">C (150,800 to 151,000 μg/100g DM), E (1</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">310 to 1</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">350 μg/100g DM) and A (38 to 40 μg/100g DM) respectively for the fruits <span>of </span><i><span>Z</span></i><span>. <i>mauritiana</i>, </span><i><span>B</span></i><span>. <i>aegyptiaca</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>senegalensis</i>. In addition, these fruits would constitute a</span><span> potential source of minerals such as iron, phosphorus and calcium. Thereby,</span> these fruits are promising raw materials to be used against the <span>malnutrition linked to the micronutrients deficiencies and the management</span> of certain pathologies related to oxidative stress.
文摘Biomethane potential production from cashew nut hulls, an agricultural waste, was carried out using old and fresh hulls as substrates. Samples were taken from old hulls (around 8 years old) and fresh hulls produced in cashew scale transformation units at Bobo Dioulasso/Burkina Faso. Physicochemical parameters showed that cashew hulls can be </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">good candidate for anaerobic digestion. But high acidity, total phenols and lignin tenor could be a constraint for anaerobic bacteria. Theoretical biochemical methane potential showed high value of 666</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">937 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VS)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 526</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">206 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VS)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for crushed fresh and powdered old hulls, respectively. Experimental biochemical methane potential showed significantly low potential of</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.982 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VM)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 46.840 CH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. (Kg VM)</span><sup><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fresh </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and hold hulls</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, respectively</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Pretreatment for optimization, chemical composition and co-digestion system must be expected for a better anaerobic digestion performance.
文摘This study is a contribution to the optimization of organic fraction of municipal waste bioconversion into biomethane, by activated sludge production as inoculum for digesters. The wastewater (WW) and cow dung (CD) samples were taken from the slaughterhouse of Ouagadougou town, Burkina Faso. Different mixtures were made, enriched with mineral solution and cellulose at 5% (w/v) as: 10% CD + 90% WW (C7), 30% CD + 70% WW (C6), 50% CD + 50% WW (C5), 70% CD + 30% WW (C4), 90% CD + 10% WW (C3), 100% CD (C2) and 100% WW (C1). The pH evolution and biogas (CH4 and CO2) production were followed for 25 days. Cultures tend to acidify with increase in cow dung proportion. Biogas production was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in C5 (880.0 mL), C6 (862.0 10 mL) and C7 (772.0 mL). Mixture C5 had a highest level of CO2 production (40%). Also C7 and C6 retained in the experiment contained respectively organic matter, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total alkalinity (TAC) as 41.06%, 47.02%, 1320 mg acetic acid/L, 3036 mg Acetic acid/L and 520 mg CaCO3/L, 1310 mg CaCO3/L. Mixture C6 was the best medium for microorganism proliferation stability with 3.5 × 105 UFC/ml of methanogens bacteria. It also possessed buffering capacity, which prevents acidification of medium during VFAs production.
