Pelvic radiation is a commonly utilized treatment for malignancy of the genitourinary and lower gastrointestinal tract. Radiation proctitis and the resultant clinical picture varies from asymptomatic to potentially li...Pelvic radiation is a commonly utilized treatment for malignancy of the genitourinary and lower gastrointestinal tract. Radiation proctitis and the resultant clinical picture varies from asymptomatic to potentially life threatening. Similarly, treatment options also vary greatly, from medical therapy to surgical intervention. Commonly utilized medical therapy includes sucralfate enemas, antibiotics, 5-aminosalicylic acid derivatives, probiotics, antioxidants, short-chain fatty acids, formalin instillation and fractionated hyperbaric oxygen. More invasive treatments include endoscopic-based, focally ablative interventions such as dilation, heater and bipolar cautery, neodymium/yttrium aluminum garnet argon laser, radiofrequency ablation or argon plasma coagulation. Despite its relatively common frequency, there is a dearth of existing literature reporting headto-head comparisons of the various treatment options via a randomized controlled approach. The purpose of our review was to present the reader a consolidation of the existing evidence-based literature with the goal of highlighting the comparative effectiveness and risks of the various treatment approaches. Finally, we outline a pragmatic approach to the treatment of radiation proctitis. In light of the lack of randomized data, our goal is to pursue as least invasive an approach as possible, with escalation of care tailored to the severity of the patient's symptoms. For those cases that are clinicallyasymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic, observation or medical management can be considered. Once a patient fails such management or symptoms become more severe, invasive procedures such as endoscopically based focal ablation or surgical intervention can be considered. Although not all recommendations are supported by level I evidence, reported case series and single-institutional studies in the literature suggest that successful treatment with cessation of symptoms can be obtained in the majority of cases.展开更多
对于建筑物而言,除了大部分雷击浪涌的引流之外,针对残留雷电的内部设备保护也变得越来越为重要。雷电具有直接和间接影响建筑物、家庭及城市内电子系统的风险。直接雷击不但可以摧毁人的生命,而且其导致的瞬态巨大电流所产生的电磁场...对于建筑物而言,除了大部分雷击浪涌的引流之外,针对残留雷电的内部设备保护也变得越来越为重要。雷电具有直接和间接影响建筑物、家庭及城市内电子系统的风险。直接雷击不但可以摧毁人的生命,而且其导致的瞬态巨大电流所产生的电磁场可对设备造成永久性伤害。平均而言,雷电电压几乎可在瞬间向地表施加50万焦耳的能量,而且地球每年遭受10亿次以上的雷击,因此避雷防护极为重要。基站与数据中心所采用的避雷防护措施及下游浪涌保护技术可大为不同。下文主要对采用同轴和以太网互连器件的系统所使用的浪涌保护器件进行描述。避雷防护标准IEC/BS EN 62305避雷防护标准将雷击风险分为以下三类:直接雷击,间接雷击,雷击造成的电磁能量。如表1所示,在避雷防护规划中,需要将各区域划分为高风险区域(或称避雷防护区域),以及雷击潜在损害区域。上述标准将雷击可能导致的损害分为以下三类:(1)活体伤害;(2)结构的物理性损坏;(3)内部系统的失效。一般而言,对于任何可能给人类造成伤害的事物,均须设置层层预防措施。举例而言,为了保障内部人员的生命安全,医院需要在外部结构和内部设备两个层面设置大量的缓冲设施。展开更多
Plants experience different abiotic/biotic stresses,which trigger their molecular machinery to cope with them. Besides general mechanisms prompted by many stresses, specific mechanisms have been introduced to optimize...Plants experience different abiotic/biotic stresses,which trigger their molecular machinery to cope with them. Besides general mechanisms prompted by many stresses, specific mechanisms have been introduced to optimize the response to individual threats. However, these key mechanisms are difficult to identify. Here, we introduce an in-depth species-specific transcriptomic analysis and conduct an extensive meta-analysis of the responses to related species to gain more knowledge about plant responses. The spider mite Tetranychus urticae was used as the individual species, several arthropod herbivores as the related species for meta-analysis, and Arabidopsis thaliana plants as the common host. The analysis of the transcriptomic data showed typical common responses to herbivory, such as jasmonate signaling or glucosinolate biosynthesis. Also, a specific set of genes likely involved in the particularities of the Arabidopsis-spider mite interaction was discovered. The new findings have determined a prominent role in this interaction of the jasmonateinduced pathways leading to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and tocopherols. Therefore, tandem individual/general transcriptomic profiling has been revealed as an effective method to identify novel relevant processes and specificities in the plant response to environmental stresses.展开更多
文摘Pelvic radiation is a commonly utilized treatment for malignancy of the genitourinary and lower gastrointestinal tract. Radiation proctitis and the resultant clinical picture varies from asymptomatic to potentially life threatening. Similarly, treatment options also vary greatly, from medical therapy to surgical intervention. Commonly utilized medical therapy includes sucralfate enemas, antibiotics, 5-aminosalicylic acid derivatives, probiotics, antioxidants, short-chain fatty acids, formalin instillation and fractionated hyperbaric oxygen. More invasive treatments include endoscopic-based, focally ablative interventions such as dilation, heater and bipolar cautery, neodymium/yttrium aluminum garnet argon laser, radiofrequency ablation or argon plasma coagulation. Despite its relatively common frequency, there is a dearth of existing literature reporting headto-head comparisons of the various treatment options via a randomized controlled approach. The purpose of our review was to present the reader a consolidation of the existing evidence-based literature with the goal of highlighting the comparative effectiveness and risks of the various treatment approaches. Finally, we outline a pragmatic approach to the treatment of radiation proctitis. In light of the lack of randomized data, our goal is to pursue as least invasive an approach as possible, with escalation of care tailored to the severity of the patient's symptoms. For those cases that are clinicallyasymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic, observation or medical management can be considered. Once a patient fails such management or symptoms become more severe, invasive procedures such as endoscopically based focal ablation or surgical intervention can be considered. Although not all recommendations are supported by level I evidence, reported case series and single-institutional studies in the literature suggest that successful treatment with cessation of symptoms can be obtained in the majority of cases.
文摘对于建筑物而言,除了大部分雷击浪涌的引流之外,针对残留雷电的内部设备保护也变得越来越为重要。雷电具有直接和间接影响建筑物、家庭及城市内电子系统的风险。直接雷击不但可以摧毁人的生命,而且其导致的瞬态巨大电流所产生的电磁场可对设备造成永久性伤害。平均而言,雷电电压几乎可在瞬间向地表施加50万焦耳的能量,而且地球每年遭受10亿次以上的雷击,因此避雷防护极为重要。基站与数据中心所采用的避雷防护措施及下游浪涌保护技术可大为不同。下文主要对采用同轴和以太网互连器件的系统所使用的浪涌保护器件进行描述。避雷防护标准IEC/BS EN 62305避雷防护标准将雷击风险分为以下三类:直接雷击,间接雷击,雷击造成的电磁能量。如表1所示,在避雷防护规划中,需要将各区域划分为高风险区域(或称避雷防护区域),以及雷击潜在损害区域。上述标准将雷击可能导致的损害分为以下三类:(1)活体伤害;(2)结构的物理性损坏;(3)内部系统的失效。一般而言,对于任何可能给人类造成伤害的事物,均须设置层层预防措施。举例而言,为了保障内部人员的生命安全,医院需要在外部结构和内部设备两个层面设置大量的缓冲设施。
基金supported by the Ministerio de Economía, Industriay Competitividad (MEIC, grants BIO2017-83472R, RED2018-102407-T, and Ry C17MESFB)by the Convenio Plurianual between Comunidad de Madrid (CM) and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) through the Programa de Apoyo a la Realización de Proyectos de I+D para Jóvenes Investigadores (APOYO-JOVENES-SUR6Q9-22-Y)+4 种基金Ry C grant (Ry C2017-21814) from the MEICPlan Propio from the UPM financed MESMEIC to I.R-D (PRE2018083375)Comunidad de Madrid to G.R-H (PEJD-2019-PRE/ BIO-15882)Programa Propio UPM to A.G。
文摘Plants experience different abiotic/biotic stresses,which trigger their molecular machinery to cope with them. Besides general mechanisms prompted by many stresses, specific mechanisms have been introduced to optimize the response to individual threats. However, these key mechanisms are difficult to identify. Here, we introduce an in-depth species-specific transcriptomic analysis and conduct an extensive meta-analysis of the responses to related species to gain more knowledge about plant responses. The spider mite Tetranychus urticae was used as the individual species, several arthropod herbivores as the related species for meta-analysis, and Arabidopsis thaliana plants as the common host. The analysis of the transcriptomic data showed typical common responses to herbivory, such as jasmonate signaling or glucosinolate biosynthesis. Also, a specific set of genes likely involved in the particularities of the Arabidopsis-spider mite interaction was discovered. The new findings have determined a prominent role in this interaction of the jasmonateinduced pathways leading to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and tocopherols. Therefore, tandem individual/general transcriptomic profiling has been revealed as an effective method to identify novel relevant processes and specificities in the plant response to environmental stresses.
