Patna is among the cities high populated at risk of ecological and environmental deterioration due to a variety of human activities,such as poor land cover management.One of the most crucial elements of a successful l...Patna is among the cities high populated at risk of ecological and environmental deterioration due to a variety of human activities,such as poor land cover management.One of the most crucial elements of a successful land resource management plan is the evaluation of Land Use Land Cover(LULC).Over the past 20 years,our planet’s land cover resources have undergone substantial changes due to rapid development.The Land Use Land Cover(LULC)categories of the Patna Urban Agglomeration(PUA),including water bodies,agricultural land,barren land,built-up areas,and vegetation,were identified using Geographic Information System(GIS)techniques.Three multi-temporal images were analyzed and classified through supervised classification using the maximum likelihood method.By comparing three separately created LULC categorized maps from 1990 and 2024,temporal changes were analyzed.In order to update land cover or manage natural resources,it is vital to use change detection as a tool to identify changes in LULC over time in PUA,Patna between 1990,2010 and 2024.According to their respective Kappa coefficients,the accuracy rates for 1990,2010 and 2024 LULC are 91.66 and 94.93,respectively.An accuracy evaluation was conducted to determine the correctness of the classification system and to determine the efficacy of the LULC classification maps.One hundred reference test pixels were identified.There have been found significant changes in the LULC were built up area has increased doubled in last thirty-four years of timeline.展开更多
BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neurons,affecting both their structure and function.It is driven by synaptic dysfunction,disruptions in neural networks,and the accumulation of abnormal p...BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neurons,affecting both their structure and function.It is driven by synaptic dysfunction,disruptions in neural networks,and the accumulation of abnormal protein variants.Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,caused by the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded protein,is a major contributor to neurodegeneration.Dithiothreitol(DTT)is a widely used redox reagent that disrupts the oxidative protein folding environment,inducing ER stress and leading to the imbalance in protein homeostasis can activate stress response pathway,potentially contributing to neurodegenerative processes.Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)is a widely used model organism for studying neurodegeneration due to its well-mapped nervous system,approximately onethird of neuron cells in their body,complete genome sequenced,and conserved stress response pathway.AIM To study the neurodegeneration in C.elegans caused by DTT-induced ER stress,assessed by behavioral,molecular,and lifespan changes.METHODS C.elegans were cultured on nematode growth medium plates with OP50,and ER stress was induced using DTT.Effects were assessed via behavioral assays such as locomotion,chemotaxis,lifespan assay,and molecular studies.RESULTS DTT exposure led to a significant decline in locomotion and chemotaxis response,indicating neurotoxicity.A reduction in lifespan was observed,suggesting an overall impact on health.Molecular analysis confirmed ER stress activation.DTT-induced ER stress negatively affects C.elegans,leading to behavioral impairments and molecular alterations associated with neurodegeneration.CONCLUSION These findings establish C.elegans as a potential model for studying ER stress-mediated neurotoxicity and its implications in neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geologi...As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geological sediments and added to agricultural soils so as to meet the critical requirements of crop plants for agronomic productivity.Phosphorus exists in soil in both organic and inorganic forms.The various inorganic forms of the element in soil are salts with calcium,iron,and aluminum,whereas the organic forms come from decaying vegetation and microbial residue.There is a huge diversity of plant microbiomes(epiphytic,endophytic,and rhizospheric)and soil microbiomes that have the capability to solubilize the insoluble P and make it available to plant.The main mechanism for the solubilization of inorganic P is by the production of organic acids,which lowers soil pH,or by the production of acid and alkaline phosphatases,which causes the mineralization of organic P.The P-solubilizing and-mobilizing microorganisms belong to all three domains,comprising archaea,bacteria,and eukarya.The strains belonging to the genera Arthrobacter,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Natrinema,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,and Serratia have been reported as efficient and potential P solubilizers.The use of P solubilizers,alone or in combination with other plant growth-promoting microbes as an eco-friendly microbial consortium,could increase the P uptake of crops,increasing their yields for agricultural and environmental sustainability.展开更多
The control of Leishmania infection relies primarily on chemotherapy till date.Resistance to pentavalent antimonials,which have been the recommended drugs to treat cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis,is now widesprea...The control of Leishmania infection relies primarily on chemotherapy till date.Resistance to pentavalent antimonials,which have been the recommended drugs to treat cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis,is now widespread in Indian subcontinents.New drug formulations like amphotericin B,its lipid formulations,and miltefosine have shown great efGcacy to treat leishmaniasis but their high cost and therapeutic complications limit their usefulness.In addition, irregular and inappropriate uses of these second line drugs in endemic regions like state of Bihar, India threaten resistance development in the parasite.In context to the limited drug options and unavailability of either preventive or prophylactic candidates,there is a pressing need to develop true antileishmanial drugs to reduce the disease burden of this debilitating endemic disease.Notwithstanding significant progress of leishmanial research during last few decades, identification and characterization of novel drugs and drug targets are far from satisfactory.This review will initially describe current drug regimens and later will provide an overview on few important biochemical and enzymatic machineries that could be utilized as putative drug targets for generation of true antileishmanial drugs.展开更多
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)and Unmanned Ground Vehicles(UGVs)have been used in research and development community due to their strong potential in high-risk missions.One of the most important civilian implementatio...Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)and Unmanned Ground Vehicles(UGVs)have been used in research and development community due to their strong potential in high-risk missions.One of the most important civilian implementations of UAV/UGV cooperative path planning is delivering medical or emergency supplies during disasters such as wildfires,the focus of this paper.However,wildfires themselves pose risk to the UAVs/UGVs and their paths should be planned to avert the risk as well as complete the mission.In this paper,wildfire growth is simulated using a coupled Partial Differential Equation(PDE)model,widely used in literature for modeling wildfires,in a grid environment with added process and measurement noise.Using principles of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD),and with an appropriate choice of decomposition modes,a low-dimensional equivalent fire growth model is obtained for the deployment of the space-time Kalman Filtering(KF)paradigm for estimation of wildfires using simulated data.The KF paradigm is then used to estimate and predict the propagation of wildfire based on local data obtained from a camera mounted on the UAV.This information is then used to obtain a safe path for the UGV that needs to travel from an initial location to the final position while the UAV’s path is planned to gather information on wildfire.Path planning of both UAV and UGV is carried out using a PDE based method that allows incorporation of threats due to wildfire and other obstacles in the form of risk function.The results from numerical simulation are presented to validate the proposed estimation and path planning methods.展开更多
This article addresses the synthesis of organically tailored Ni-A1 layered double hydroxide （ONi-A1 LDH） and its use in the fabrication of exfoliated poly（methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） nanocomposites. The pristine...This article addresses the synthesis of organically tailored Ni-A1 layered double hydroxide （ONi-A1 LDH） and its use in the fabrication of exfoliated poly（methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） nanocomposites. The pristine Ni-AI LDH was initially synthesized by co-precipitation method and subsequently modified using sodium dodecyl sulfate to obtain ONi-A1 LDH. Nanocomposites of PMMA containing various amounts of modified Ni-A1 LDH （3 wt%-7 wt%） were synthesized via solvent blending method to investigate the influence of LDH content on the properties of PMMA matrix. Several characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, rheological analysis, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and thermo gravimetric analysis （TGA）, were employed to examine the structural, viscoelastic and thermal properties of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites. The results of XRD and TEM examination confirm the formation of partially exfoliated PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites. The FTIR results elucidate that the characteristic bands for both pure PMMA and modified LDH are present in the spectra of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites. Rheological analyses were carried out to examine the adhesion between polymer matrix and fillers present in the nanocomposite sample. The TGA data indicate that the PMMA nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal stability when compared to pure PMMA. The thermal decomposition temperature of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites increases by 28 K compared to that of pure PMMA at 15% weight loss as a point of reference. In comparison with pure PMMA, the PMMA nanocomposite containing 7 wt% LDH demonstrates improved glass transition temperature （Tg） of around 3 K. The activation energy （Ea）, reaction orders （n） and reaction mechanism of thermal degradation of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites were evaluated using different kinetic models. Water uptake capacity of the PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites is less than that of the pure PMMA.展开更多
An antagonistic communication exists between adenosinergic and dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia,which suggests that the suppression of adenosine A2A receptors-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway may be a...An antagonistic communication exists between adenosinergic and dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia,which suggests that the suppression of adenosine A2A receptors-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway may be able to restore the disrupted dopamine transmission that results in motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease(PD).Arbutin is a natural glycoside that possesses antioxidant,antiinflammatory,and neuroprotective properties.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether arbutin could ameliorate the symptoms of PD and to examine the underlying mechanism.In this study,Swiss albino mouse models of PD were established by the intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine for 4 successive days,with the concurrent intraperitoneal administration of arbutin(50 and 100 mg/kg)for 7 days.The results showed that arbutin significantly reduced lipid peroxidation,total nitrite levels,and inflammation in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD mouse models.In addition,arbutin decreased the activity of endogenous antioxidants,reduced the levels of dopamine,3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,homovanillic acid,andγ-aminobutyric acid,and minimized neurodegeneration in the striatum.Arbutin also reduced the abnormal performance of PD mouse models in the open field test,bar test,pole test,and rotarod test.The therapeutic efficacy of arbutin was similar to that of madopar.The intraperitoneal injection of the A2AR agonist CGS21680(0.5 mg/kg)attenuated the therapeutic effects of arbutin,whereas the intraperitoneal injection of forskolin(3 mg/kg)enhanced arbutin-mediated improvements.These findings suggest that arbutin can improve the performance of PD mouse models by inhibiting the function of the A2AR and enhancing the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee(1616/PO/Re/S/12/CPCSEA)on November 17,2019(approval No.IAEC/2019/010).展开更多
Cancer and atrial fibrillation(AF)are common co-morbid conditions in older adults.Both cancer and cancer treatment increase the risk of developing new AF which increases morbidity and mortality.Heart rate and rhythm c...Cancer and atrial fibrillation(AF)are common co-morbid conditions in older adults.Both cancer and cancer treatment increase the risk of developing new AF which increases morbidity and mortality.Heart rate and rhythm control along with anticoagulation therapy remain the mainstay of treatment of AF in older adults with both cancer and AF.Adjustments to the treatment may be necessary because of drug interactions with concurrent chemotherapy.Cancer and old age increase the risk of both,thromboembolism and bleeding.The risk of these complications is further enhanced by concomitant cancer therapy,frailty,poor nutrition status and,coexisting geriatric syndromes.Therefore,careful attention needs to be given to the risks and benefits of using anticoagulant medications.This review focuses on the management of AF in older patients with cancer,including at the end-of-life care.展开更多
In this study, the factor analysis techniques is applied to water quality data sets obtained from the Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur District, Rajasthan (India). The data obtained were standardized and subjected to principal...In this study, the factor analysis techniques is applied to water quality data sets obtained from the Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur District, Rajasthan (India). The data obtained were standardized and subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) extraction to simplifying its interpretation and to define the parameters responsible for the main variability in water quality for Sanganer Tehsil in Jaipur District. The PCA analysis resulted in two factors explaining more than 94.5% of the total variation in water quality data set. The first factor indicates the variation in water quality is due to anthropogenic sources and second factor shows variation in water quality due to organic sources that are taking place in the system. Finally the results of PCA reflect a good look on the water quality monitoring and interpretation of the surface water.展开更多
Objectives: The main aim of the current study is to examine the influence of socio-economic status and environmental factors on serologically diagnosed Japanese encephalitis cases in the state of West Bengal, India du...Objectives: The main aim of the current study is to examine the influence of socio-economic status and environmental factors on serologically diagnosed Japanese encephalitis cases in the state of West Bengal, India during 2005-2010. Materials and methods: A total of 648 blood/CSF specimens were collected and/or referred from the suspected AES cases, admitted in the different medical colleges and hospitals of the state during the year of 2005-2010. These specimens were subjected to JE Mac ELISA to determine the actual JE case amongst these AES. The association of the socio-economic status and environmental factors with the serologically diagnosed JE positive cases was studied by a statistical analysis through Normal Deviate test or Z test. Result: Out of 648 specimens, only 175 (27.0%) specimens were reactive to JE IgM antibody, of which 60.0% were from the male individuals and 40.0% from the female population. Major cases were observed in the age group of 0 - 10 years;followed by 11 - 20 years. Regarding literacy, only 58.3% cases had no education and 41.7% were from the literate with varying level of education, i.e., from primary level to post gra- duate level. A total of 65.7% cases were from low income group where as only 34.3% cases were from high income group. Regarding house type, 62.3% cases lived in mud house and 37.7% cases lived in the brick house. In most of the cases (74.3%), persons were living in close proximity to rice fields/lakes/ponds. 69.7% cases were found to occur in the monsoon and post-monsoon period whereas 30.3% cases were reported in the pre-monsoon period. Conclusion: Our study concludes that socio-economic status and environmental conditions were statistically significant contextual risk factors for serologically diagnosed JE incidences in West Bengal where JE is proved to be endemic in nature and such study constitutes a new report of this kind in the region.展开更多
The pollution of aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious proportions due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The toxicity metal is dependent on its chemical form and therefore removal of metal i...The pollution of aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious proportions due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The toxicity metal is dependent on its chemical form and therefore removal of metal is more meaningful than the estimation of its concentrations. In this study, the batch experiments were carried out under 30℃ to study the effect of pH, initial Cr concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time on the removal of Cr （lII）. The maximum adsorption efficiency （99%） was observed when 1.5 g of pond mud was used for removal ofCr （Ⅲ） from test solution containing 150 mg·Cr / 100 ml. The optimal pH and contact time recorded during the study were 6 and 10.0, respectively.展开更多
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology is a very attractive option for implementing digital integrated circuits for low power applications. This paper presents migration of standby subthreshold leakage control tec...Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology is a very attractive option for implementing digital integrated circuits for low power applications. This paper presents migration of standby subthreshold leakage control technique from a bulk CMOS to SOI CMOS technology. An improved SOI CMOS technology based circuit technique for effective reduction of standby subthreshold leakage power dissipation is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique is validated through design and simulation of a one-bit full adder circuit at a temperature of 27℃, supply voltage, VDD of 0.90 V in 120 nm SOI CMOS technology. Existing standby subthreshold leakage control techniques in CMOS bulk technology are compared with the proposed technique in SOI CMOS technology. Both the proposed and existing techniques are also implemented in SOI CMOS technology and compared. Reduction in standby subthreshold leakage power dissipation by reduction factors of 54x and 45x foraone-bit full adder circuit was achieved using our proposed SOI CMOS technology based circuit technique in comparison with existing techniques such as MTCMOS technique and SCCMOS technique respectively in CMOS bulk technology. Dynamic power dissipation was also reduced significantly by using this proposed SOI CMOS technology based circuit technique. Standby subthreshold leakage power dissipation and dynamic power dissipation were also reduced significantly using the proposed circuit technique in comparison with other existing techniques, when all circuit techniques were implemented in SOI CMOS technology. All simulations were performed using Microwindver 3.1 EDA tool.展开更多
The production of cells capable of expressing gene(s) of interest is important for a variety of applications in biomedicine and biotechnology, including gene therapy and a novel method of stem cell therapy in the vari...The production of cells capable of expressing gene(s) of interest is important for a variety of applications in biomedicine and biotechnology, including gene therapy and a novel method of stem cell therapy in the various diseases. Achieving high levels of transgene expression for the longer period of time, without adversely affecting cell viability and differentiation capacity of the cells, is crucial. In the present study, we investigated the efficiency of plasmid vector for the production of transgenic cMSCs and examined any functional change of cells after transfection. To do so first we have collected bone marrows from the adult goats and cultured them for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (cBM-MSCs). These cells were characterized using MSC specific markers including differentiation into osteocytes and adipocytes. Transfection with plasmid vector did not adversely affect cBM-MSCs morphology, viability or differentiation potential, and transgene expression levels were unaffected beyond passage 12th. The results indicated that we have been able to generate transgenic caprine MSC (tcBM-MSC) and transfection of cBM-MSCs using plasmid vector resulted in very high and stable transfection efficiency. This finding may have considerable significance in improving the efficacy of MSC-based therapies and their tracking in animal model.展开更多
Increasing energy demands due to factors such as population,globalization,and industrialization has led to increased challenges for existing energy infrastructure.Efficient ways of energy generation and energy consump...Increasing energy demands due to factors such as population,globalization,and industrialization has led to increased challenges for existing energy infrastructure.Efficient ways of energy generation and energy consumption like smart grids and smart homes are implemented to face these challenges with reliable,cheap,and easily available sources of energy.Grid integration of renewable energy and other clean distributed generation is increasing continuously to reduce carbon and other air pollutants emissions.But the integration of distributed energy sources and increase in electric demand enhance instability in the grid.Short-term electrical load forecasting reduces the grid fluctuation and enhances the robustness and power quality of the grid.Electrical load forecasting in advance on the basic historical data modelling plays a crucial role in peak electrical demand control,reinforcement of the grid demand,and generation balancing with cost reduction.But accurate forecasting of electrical data is a very challenging task due to the nonstationary and nonlinearly nature of the data.Machine learning and artificial intelligence have recognized more accurate and reliable load forecastingmethods based on historical load data.The purpose of this study is to model the electrical load of Jajpur,Orissa Grid for forecasting of load using regression type machine learning algorithms Gaussian process regression(GPR).The historical electrical data and whether data of Jajpur is taken for modelling and simulation and the data is decided in such a way that the model will be considered to learn the connection among past,current,and future dependent variables,factors,and the relationship among data.Based on this modelling of data the network will be able to forecast the peak load of the electric grid one day ahead.The study is very helpful in grid stability and peak load control management.展开更多
Background： An oviduct-specific glycoprotein, OVGP1, is synthesized and secreted by non-ciliated epithelial cells of the mammalian oviduct which provides an essential milieu for reproductive functions. The present st...Background： An oviduct-specific glycoprotein, OVGP1, is synthesized and secreted by non-ciliated epithelial cells of the mammalian oviduct which provides an essential milieu for reproductive functions. The present study reports the effects of recombinant buffalo OVGP1 that lacks post-translational modifications, and native Buffalo OVGP1 isolated from oviductal tissue, on frozen-thawed sperm functions and in vitro embryo development.Results： The proportion of viable sperms was greater（P 〈 0.05） in the recombinant OVGP1-treated group compared to the native OVGP1-treated group at 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h of incubation. The proportion of motile sperms at3 h and 4 h of incubation; and membrane-intact sperms at 4 h was greater（P 〈 0.05） in the native OVGP1-treated group compared to the control and recombinant OVGP1-treated groups. The proportion of capacitated and acrosome-reacted sperms was greater（P 〈 0.05） in the native OVGP1-treated group compared to the recombinant OVGP1 group at 4 h. The rates of cleavage of embryos and their development to the blastocyst stage were greater（P 〈 0.05） in the presence of either native or recombinant OVGP1 in comparison to control at 10 μg/mL concentration as compared to 5 or 20 μg/mL.Conclusions： The study suggests that both native and recombinant OVGP1 impart a positive effect on various sperm features and in vitro embryo development. However, native OVGP1 was found to have a more pronounced effect in comparison to recombinant non-glycosylated OVGP1 on various sperm functions except viability. Hence,our current findings infer that glycosylation of OVGP1 might be essential in sustaining the sperm functions but not the in vitro embryo development.展开更多
Afghanistan has made strides in increasing access to health care services since 2001 however it is still battling with poor utilization of services. In order to enhance demand for services a study was conducted to exp...Afghanistan has made strides in increasing access to health care services since 2001 however it is still battling with poor utilization of services. In order to enhance demand for services a study was conducted to explore answers to the questions on knowledge, attitude and practices of communities in relation to healthcare services. The study design was cross-sectional qualitative spanning in six provinces representing geographical and ethno cultural regions of the country. In each of the six provinces, two districts were selected through mixed sampling technique representing urban-rural population. A total of 48 villages were selected in twelve districts. The study was conducted from September 2009 to March 2010. The study highlights poor heath seeking behavior associated with physical accessibility including high cost of transportation, socio-cultural barriers for women, awareness and trust for public health facilities. The system based issues adds to prevailing access related barriers such as privacy, efficiency and availability within health facilities;lack of female physicians and, aspects of behavior and attitude, and governance issues.展开更多
Process planning and scheduling are two major plann in g and control activities that consume significant part of the lead-time, theref ore all attempts are being made to reduce lead-time by automating them. Compute r ...Process planning and scheduling are two major plann in g and control activities that consume significant part of the lead-time, theref ore all attempts are being made to reduce lead-time by automating them. Compute r Aided Process Planning (CAPP) is a step in this direction. Most of the existin g CAPP systems do not consider scheduling while generating a process plan. Sched uling is done separately after the process plan has been generated and therefore , it is possible that a process plan so generated is either not optimal or feasi ble from scheduling point of view. As process plans are generated without consid eration of job shop status, many problems arise within the manufacturing environ ment. Investigations have shown that 20%～30% of all process plans generated are not valid and have to be altered or suffer production delays when production sta rts. There is thus a major need for integration of scheduling with computer aide d process planning for generating more realistic process plans. In doing so, eff iciency of the manufacturing system as a whole is expected to improve. Decision support system performs many functions such as selection of machine too ls, cutting tools, sequencing of operations, determination of optimum cutting pa rameters and checking availability of machine tool before allocating any operati on to a machine tool. The process of transforming component data, process capabi lity and decision rules into computer readable format is still a major obstacle. This paper proposes architecture of a system, which integrates computer aided p rocess-planning system with scheduling using decision support system. A decisio n support system can be defined as " an interactive system that provides the use rs with easy access to decision models in order to support semi-structured or u nstructured decision making tasks".展开更多
Revision knee arthroplasty is fraught with complications such as delayed wound healing, arthrofibrosis, increased chances of infection, instability and extensor mechanism disruption. The key to avoiding these complica...Revision knee arthroplasty is fraught with complications such as delayed wound healing, arthrofibrosis, increased chances of infection, instability and extensor mechanism disruption. The key to avoiding these complications is to handle the soft tissue with care and to have an adequate surgical exposure at the same time. As the number of revisions has gone up, there has been a renewed interest in getting the basics right to have an adequate surgical exposure. Numerous surgical approaches have been proposed and subsequently modified. We present a concise review of the various surgical approaches for a revision knee replacement.展开更多
Atomic energy is the source of power which is another form of electrical energy. This electrical energy is basically the fundamental energy which is the source of all other energy known to world. We can say that from ...Atomic energy is the source of power which is another form of electrical energy. This electrical energy is basically the fundamental energy which is the source of all other energy known to world. We can say that from the prediction of genius Albert Einstein for the unification of forces it is the electrical force that is the root cause of all other forces. When a charge particle moves it produces magnetic force i.e. electrical energy is converted to magnetic energy and charge particle has only electrical energy only. It is the movement of electrical energy that leads to generation of magnetic energy according to the Maxwell＇s law. Since these forces are long range forces so when they follow the Maxwell＇s law leads to generation of electromagnetic radiation. The weak and strong nuclear forces discovered which is the cause for binding sub-atomic particles into the nucleus is nothing but the electrical energy being converted into sub-atomic particles due to the conversion of electrical energy into mass with the electrical charge of positive and negative character depending upon the orientation of electrical energy into clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The packing of electrical energy into mass is governed by the anti-law that leads the conversion of mass into energy in the atomic energy given by Einstein＇s famous relation E = mc2.展开更多
文摘Patna is among the cities high populated at risk of ecological and environmental deterioration due to a variety of human activities,such as poor land cover management.One of the most crucial elements of a successful land resource management plan is the evaluation of Land Use Land Cover(LULC).Over the past 20 years,our planet’s land cover resources have undergone substantial changes due to rapid development.The Land Use Land Cover(LULC)categories of the Patna Urban Agglomeration(PUA),including water bodies,agricultural land,barren land,built-up areas,and vegetation,were identified using Geographic Information System(GIS)techniques.Three multi-temporal images were analyzed and classified through supervised classification using the maximum likelihood method.By comparing three separately created LULC categorized maps from 1990 and 2024,temporal changes were analyzed.In order to update land cover or manage natural resources,it is vital to use change detection as a tool to identify changes in LULC over time in PUA,Patna between 1990,2010 and 2024.According to their respective Kappa coefficients,the accuracy rates for 1990,2010 and 2024 LULC are 91.66 and 94.93,respectively.An accuracy evaluation was conducted to determine the correctness of the classification system and to determine the efficacy of the LULC classification maps.One hundred reference test pixels were identified.There have been found significant changes in the LULC were built up area has increased doubled in last thirty-four years of timeline.
文摘BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neurons,affecting both their structure and function.It is driven by synaptic dysfunction,disruptions in neural networks,and the accumulation of abnormal protein variants.Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,caused by the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded protein,is a major contributor to neurodegeneration.Dithiothreitol(DTT)is a widely used redox reagent that disrupts the oxidative protein folding environment,inducing ER stress and leading to the imbalance in protein homeostasis can activate stress response pathway,potentially contributing to neurodegenerative processes.Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)is a widely used model organism for studying neurodegeneration due to its well-mapped nervous system,approximately onethird of neuron cells in their body,complete genome sequenced,and conserved stress response pathway.AIM To study the neurodegeneration in C.elegans caused by DTT-induced ER stress,assessed by behavioral,molecular,and lifespan changes.METHODS C.elegans were cultured on nematode growth medium plates with OP50,and ER stress was induced using DTT.Effects were assessed via behavioral assays such as locomotion,chemotaxis,lifespan assay,and molecular studies.RESULTS DTT exposure led to a significant decline in locomotion and chemotaxis response,indicating neurotoxicity.A reduction in lifespan was observed,suggesting an overall impact on health.Molecular analysis confirmed ER stress activation.DTT-induced ER stress negatively affects C.elegans,leading to behavioral impairments and molecular alterations associated with neurodegeneration.CONCLUSION These findings establish C.elegans as a potential model for studying ER stress-mediated neurotoxicity and its implications in neurodegenerative diseases.
基金the Department of Biotechnology,Akal College of Agriculture,Eternal University and the Department of Environment,Science&Technology(DEST),India-funded project“Development of Microbial Consortium as Bio-inoculants for Drought and Low Temperature Growing Crops for Organic Farming in Himachal Pradesh”for providing the facilities and financial support to undertake the investigations。
文摘As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geological sediments and added to agricultural soils so as to meet the critical requirements of crop plants for agronomic productivity.Phosphorus exists in soil in both organic and inorganic forms.The various inorganic forms of the element in soil are salts with calcium,iron,and aluminum,whereas the organic forms come from decaying vegetation and microbial residue.There is a huge diversity of plant microbiomes(epiphytic,endophytic,and rhizospheric)and soil microbiomes that have the capability to solubilize the insoluble P and make it available to plant.The main mechanism for the solubilization of inorganic P is by the production of organic acids,which lowers soil pH,or by the production of acid and alkaline phosphatases,which causes the mineralization of organic P.The P-solubilizing and-mobilizing microorganisms belong to all three domains,comprising archaea,bacteria,and eukarya.The strains belonging to the genera Arthrobacter,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Natrinema,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,and Serratia have been reported as efficient and potential P solubilizers.The use of P solubilizers,alone or in combination with other plant growth-promoting microbes as an eco-friendly microbial consortium,could increase the P uptake of crops,increasing their yields for agricultural and environmental sustainability.
基金The financial supports received from Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi(BT/PR11177/MED/29/99/2008)
文摘The control of Leishmania infection relies primarily on chemotherapy till date.Resistance to pentavalent antimonials,which have been the recommended drugs to treat cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis,is now widespread in Indian subcontinents.New drug formulations like amphotericin B,its lipid formulations,and miltefosine have shown great efGcacy to treat leishmaniasis but their high cost and therapeutic complications limit their usefulness.In addition, irregular and inappropriate uses of these second line drugs in endemic regions like state of Bihar, India threaten resistance development in the parasite.In context to the limited drug options and unavailability of either preventive or prophylactic candidates,there is a pressing need to develop true antileishmanial drugs to reduce the disease burden of this debilitating endemic disease.Notwithstanding significant progress of leishmanial research during last few decades, identification and characterization of novel drugs and drug targets are far from satisfactory.This review will initially describe current drug regimens and later will provide an overview on few important biochemical and enzymatic machineries that could be utilized as putative drug targets for generation of true antileishmanial drugs.
文摘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)and Unmanned Ground Vehicles(UGVs)have been used in research and development community due to their strong potential in high-risk missions.One of the most important civilian implementations of UAV/UGV cooperative path planning is delivering medical or emergency supplies during disasters such as wildfires,the focus of this paper.However,wildfires themselves pose risk to the UAVs/UGVs and their paths should be planned to avert the risk as well as complete the mission.In this paper,wildfire growth is simulated using a coupled Partial Differential Equation(PDE)model,widely used in literature for modeling wildfires,in a grid environment with added process and measurement noise.Using principles of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD),and with an appropriate choice of decomposition modes,a low-dimensional equivalent fire growth model is obtained for the deployment of the space-time Kalman Filtering(KF)paradigm for estimation of wildfires using simulated data.The KF paradigm is then used to estimate and predict the propagation of wildfire based on local data obtained from a camera mounted on the UAV.This information is then used to obtain a safe path for the UGV that needs to travel from an initial location to the final position while the UAV’s path is planned to gather information on wildfire.Path planning of both UAV and UGV is carried out using a PDE based method that allows incorporation of threats due to wildfire and other obstacles in the form of risk function.The results from numerical simulation are presented to validate the proposed estimation and path planning methods.
文摘This article addresses the synthesis of organically tailored Ni-A1 layered double hydroxide （ONi-A1 LDH） and its use in the fabrication of exfoliated poly（methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） nanocomposites. The pristine Ni-AI LDH was initially synthesized by co-precipitation method and subsequently modified using sodium dodecyl sulfate to obtain ONi-A1 LDH. Nanocomposites of PMMA containing various amounts of modified Ni-A1 LDH （3 wt%-7 wt%） were synthesized via solvent blending method to investigate the influence of LDH content on the properties of PMMA matrix. Several characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, rheological analysis, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and thermo gravimetric analysis （TGA）, were employed to examine the structural, viscoelastic and thermal properties of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites. The results of XRD and TEM examination confirm the formation of partially exfoliated PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites. The FTIR results elucidate that the characteristic bands for both pure PMMA and modified LDH are present in the spectra of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites. Rheological analyses were carried out to examine the adhesion between polymer matrix and fillers present in the nanocomposite sample. The TGA data indicate that the PMMA nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal stability when compared to pure PMMA. The thermal decomposition temperature of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites increases by 28 K compared to that of pure PMMA at 15% weight loss as a point of reference. In comparison with pure PMMA, the PMMA nanocomposite containing 7 wt% LDH demonstrates improved glass transition temperature （Tg） of around 3 K. The activation energy （Ea）, reaction orders （n） and reaction mechanism of thermal degradation of PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites were evaluated using different kinetic models. Water uptake capacity of the PMMA/OLDH nanocomposites is less than that of the pure PMMA.
文摘An antagonistic communication exists between adenosinergic and dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia,which suggests that the suppression of adenosine A2A receptors-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway may be able to restore the disrupted dopamine transmission that results in motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease(PD).Arbutin is a natural glycoside that possesses antioxidant,antiinflammatory,and neuroprotective properties.The purpose of this study was to investigate whether arbutin could ameliorate the symptoms of PD and to examine the underlying mechanism.In this study,Swiss albino mouse models of PD were established by the intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine for 4 successive days,with the concurrent intraperitoneal administration of arbutin(50 and 100 mg/kg)for 7 days.The results showed that arbutin significantly reduced lipid peroxidation,total nitrite levels,and inflammation in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD mouse models.In addition,arbutin decreased the activity of endogenous antioxidants,reduced the levels of dopamine,3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,homovanillic acid,andγ-aminobutyric acid,and minimized neurodegeneration in the striatum.Arbutin also reduced the abnormal performance of PD mouse models in the open field test,bar test,pole test,and rotarod test.The therapeutic efficacy of arbutin was similar to that of madopar.The intraperitoneal injection of the A2AR agonist CGS21680(0.5 mg/kg)attenuated the therapeutic effects of arbutin,whereas the intraperitoneal injection of forskolin(3 mg/kg)enhanced arbutin-mediated improvements.These findings suggest that arbutin can improve the performance of PD mouse models by inhibiting the function of the A2AR and enhancing the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee(1616/PO/Re/S/12/CPCSEA)on November 17,2019(approval No.IAEC/2019/010).
文摘Cancer and atrial fibrillation(AF)are common co-morbid conditions in older adults.Both cancer and cancer treatment increase the risk of developing new AF which increases morbidity and mortality.Heart rate and rhythm control along with anticoagulation therapy remain the mainstay of treatment of AF in older adults with both cancer and AF.Adjustments to the treatment may be necessary because of drug interactions with concurrent chemotherapy.Cancer and old age increase the risk of both,thromboembolism and bleeding.The risk of these complications is further enhanced by concomitant cancer therapy,frailty,poor nutrition status and,coexisting geriatric syndromes.Therefore,careful attention needs to be given to the risks and benefits of using anticoagulant medications.This review focuses on the management of AF in older patients with cancer,including at the end-of-life care.
文摘In this study, the factor analysis techniques is applied to water quality data sets obtained from the Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur District, Rajasthan (India). The data obtained were standardized and subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) extraction to simplifying its interpretation and to define the parameters responsible for the main variability in water quality for Sanganer Tehsil in Jaipur District. The PCA analysis resulted in two factors explaining more than 94.5% of the total variation in water quality data set. The first factor indicates the variation in water quality is due to anthropogenic sources and second factor shows variation in water quality due to organic sources that are taking place in the system. Finally the results of PCA reflect a good look on the water quality monitoring and interpretation of the surface water.
文摘Objectives: The main aim of the current study is to examine the influence of socio-economic status and environmental factors on serologically diagnosed Japanese encephalitis cases in the state of West Bengal, India during 2005-2010. Materials and methods: A total of 648 blood/CSF specimens were collected and/or referred from the suspected AES cases, admitted in the different medical colleges and hospitals of the state during the year of 2005-2010. These specimens were subjected to JE Mac ELISA to determine the actual JE case amongst these AES. The association of the socio-economic status and environmental factors with the serologically diagnosed JE positive cases was studied by a statistical analysis through Normal Deviate test or Z test. Result: Out of 648 specimens, only 175 (27.0%) specimens were reactive to JE IgM antibody, of which 60.0% were from the male individuals and 40.0% from the female population. Major cases were observed in the age group of 0 - 10 years;followed by 11 - 20 years. Regarding literacy, only 58.3% cases had no education and 41.7% were from the literate with varying level of education, i.e., from primary level to post gra- duate level. A total of 65.7% cases were from low income group where as only 34.3% cases were from high income group. Regarding house type, 62.3% cases lived in mud house and 37.7% cases lived in the brick house. In most of the cases (74.3%), persons were living in close proximity to rice fields/lakes/ponds. 69.7% cases were found to occur in the monsoon and post-monsoon period whereas 30.3% cases were reported in the pre-monsoon period. Conclusion: Our study concludes that socio-economic status and environmental conditions were statistically significant contextual risk factors for serologically diagnosed JE incidences in West Bengal where JE is proved to be endemic in nature and such study constitutes a new report of this kind in the region.
文摘The pollution of aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious proportions due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The toxicity metal is dependent on its chemical form and therefore removal of metal is more meaningful than the estimation of its concentrations. In this study, the batch experiments were carried out under 30℃ to study the effect of pH, initial Cr concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time on the removal of Cr （lII）. The maximum adsorption efficiency （99%） was observed when 1.5 g of pond mud was used for removal ofCr （Ⅲ） from test solution containing 150 mg·Cr / 100 ml. The optimal pH and contact time recorded during the study were 6 and 10.0, respectively.
文摘Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology is a very attractive option for implementing digital integrated circuits for low power applications. This paper presents migration of standby subthreshold leakage control technique from a bulk CMOS to SOI CMOS technology. An improved SOI CMOS technology based circuit technique for effective reduction of standby subthreshold leakage power dissipation is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique is validated through design and simulation of a one-bit full adder circuit at a temperature of 27℃, supply voltage, VDD of 0.90 V in 120 nm SOI CMOS technology. Existing standby subthreshold leakage control techniques in CMOS bulk technology are compared with the proposed technique in SOI CMOS technology. Both the proposed and existing techniques are also implemented in SOI CMOS technology and compared. Reduction in standby subthreshold leakage power dissipation by reduction factors of 54x and 45x foraone-bit full adder circuit was achieved using our proposed SOI CMOS technology based circuit technique in comparison with existing techniques such as MTCMOS technique and SCCMOS technique respectively in CMOS bulk technology. Dynamic power dissipation was also reduced significantly by using this proposed SOI CMOS technology based circuit technique. Standby subthreshold leakage power dissipation and dynamic power dissipation were also reduced significantly using the proposed circuit technique in comparison with other existing techniques, when all circuit techniques were implemented in SOI CMOS technology. All simulations were performed using Microwindver 3.1 EDA tool.
文摘The production of cells capable of expressing gene(s) of interest is important for a variety of applications in biomedicine and biotechnology, including gene therapy and a novel method of stem cell therapy in the various diseases. Achieving high levels of transgene expression for the longer period of time, without adversely affecting cell viability and differentiation capacity of the cells, is crucial. In the present study, we investigated the efficiency of plasmid vector for the production of transgenic cMSCs and examined any functional change of cells after transfection. To do so first we have collected bone marrows from the adult goats and cultured them for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (cBM-MSCs). These cells were characterized using MSC specific markers including differentiation into osteocytes and adipocytes. Transfection with plasmid vector did not adversely affect cBM-MSCs morphology, viability or differentiation potential, and transgene expression levels were unaffected beyond passage 12th. The results indicated that we have been able to generate transgenic caprine MSC (tcBM-MSC) and transfection of cBM-MSCs using plasmid vector resulted in very high and stable transfection efficiency. This finding may have considerable significance in improving the efficacy of MSC-based therapies and their tracking in animal model.
文摘Increasing energy demands due to factors such as population,globalization,and industrialization has led to increased challenges for existing energy infrastructure.Efficient ways of energy generation and energy consumption like smart grids and smart homes are implemented to face these challenges with reliable,cheap,and easily available sources of energy.Grid integration of renewable energy and other clean distributed generation is increasing continuously to reduce carbon and other air pollutants emissions.But the integration of distributed energy sources and increase in electric demand enhance instability in the grid.Short-term electrical load forecasting reduces the grid fluctuation and enhances the robustness and power quality of the grid.Electrical load forecasting in advance on the basic historical data modelling plays a crucial role in peak electrical demand control,reinforcement of the grid demand,and generation balancing with cost reduction.But accurate forecasting of electrical data is a very challenging task due to the nonstationary and nonlinearly nature of the data.Machine learning and artificial intelligence have recognized more accurate and reliable load forecastingmethods based on historical load data.The purpose of this study is to model the electrical load of Jajpur,Orissa Grid for forecasting of load using regression type machine learning algorithms Gaussian process regression(GPR).The historical electrical data and whether data of Jajpur is taken for modelling and simulation and the data is decided in such a way that the model will be considered to learn the connection among past,current,and future dependent variables,factors,and the relationship among data.Based on this modelling of data the network will be able to forecast the peak load of the electric grid one day ahead.The study is very helpful in grid stability and peak load control management.
基金funded by "Niche area of excellence,Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR),India"
文摘Background： An oviduct-specific glycoprotein, OVGP1, is synthesized and secreted by non-ciliated epithelial cells of the mammalian oviduct which provides an essential milieu for reproductive functions. The present study reports the effects of recombinant buffalo OVGP1 that lacks post-translational modifications, and native Buffalo OVGP1 isolated from oviductal tissue, on frozen-thawed sperm functions and in vitro embryo development.Results： The proportion of viable sperms was greater（P 〈 0.05） in the recombinant OVGP1-treated group compared to the native OVGP1-treated group at 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h of incubation. The proportion of motile sperms at3 h and 4 h of incubation; and membrane-intact sperms at 4 h was greater（P 〈 0.05） in the native OVGP1-treated group compared to the control and recombinant OVGP1-treated groups. The proportion of capacitated and acrosome-reacted sperms was greater（P 〈 0.05） in the native OVGP1-treated group compared to the recombinant OVGP1 group at 4 h. The rates of cleavage of embryos and their development to the blastocyst stage were greater（P 〈 0.05） in the presence of either native or recombinant OVGP1 in comparison to control at 10 μg/mL concentration as compared to 5 or 20 μg/mL.Conclusions： The study suggests that both native and recombinant OVGP1 impart a positive effect on various sperm features and in vitro embryo development. However, native OVGP1 was found to have a more pronounced effect in comparison to recombinant non-glycosylated OVGP1 on various sperm functions except viability. Hence,our current findings infer that glycosylation of OVGP1 might be essential in sustaining the sperm functions but not the in vitro embryo development.
文摘Afghanistan has made strides in increasing access to health care services since 2001 however it is still battling with poor utilization of services. In order to enhance demand for services a study was conducted to explore answers to the questions on knowledge, attitude and practices of communities in relation to healthcare services. The study design was cross-sectional qualitative spanning in six provinces representing geographical and ethno cultural regions of the country. In each of the six provinces, two districts were selected through mixed sampling technique representing urban-rural population. A total of 48 villages were selected in twelve districts. The study was conducted from September 2009 to March 2010. The study highlights poor heath seeking behavior associated with physical accessibility including high cost of transportation, socio-cultural barriers for women, awareness and trust for public health facilities. The system based issues adds to prevailing access related barriers such as privacy, efficiency and availability within health facilities;lack of female physicians and, aspects of behavior and attitude, and governance issues.
文摘Process planning and scheduling are two major plann in g and control activities that consume significant part of the lead-time, theref ore all attempts are being made to reduce lead-time by automating them. Compute r Aided Process Planning (CAPP) is a step in this direction. Most of the existin g CAPP systems do not consider scheduling while generating a process plan. Sched uling is done separately after the process plan has been generated and therefore , it is possible that a process plan so generated is either not optimal or feasi ble from scheduling point of view. As process plans are generated without consid eration of job shop status, many problems arise within the manufacturing environ ment. Investigations have shown that 20%～30% of all process plans generated are not valid and have to be altered or suffer production delays when production sta rts. There is thus a major need for integration of scheduling with computer aide d process planning for generating more realistic process plans. In doing so, eff iciency of the manufacturing system as a whole is expected to improve. Decision support system performs many functions such as selection of machine too ls, cutting tools, sequencing of operations, determination of optimum cutting pa rameters and checking availability of machine tool before allocating any operati on to a machine tool. The process of transforming component data, process capabi lity and decision rules into computer readable format is still a major obstacle. This paper proposes architecture of a system, which integrates computer aided p rocess-planning system with scheduling using decision support system. A decisio n support system can be defined as " an interactive system that provides the use rs with easy access to decision models in order to support semi-structured or u nstructured decision making tasks".
文摘Revision knee arthroplasty is fraught with complications such as delayed wound healing, arthrofibrosis, increased chances of infection, instability and extensor mechanism disruption. The key to avoiding these complications is to handle the soft tissue with care and to have an adequate surgical exposure at the same time. As the number of revisions has gone up, there has been a renewed interest in getting the basics right to have an adequate surgical exposure. Numerous surgical approaches have been proposed and subsequently modified. We present a concise review of the various surgical approaches for a revision knee replacement.
文摘Atomic energy is the source of power which is another form of electrical energy. This electrical energy is basically the fundamental energy which is the source of all other energy known to world. We can say that from the prediction of genius Albert Einstein for the unification of forces it is the electrical force that is the root cause of all other forces. When a charge particle moves it produces magnetic force i.e. electrical energy is converted to magnetic energy and charge particle has only electrical energy only. It is the movement of electrical energy that leads to generation of magnetic energy according to the Maxwell＇s law. Since these forces are long range forces so when they follow the Maxwell＇s law leads to generation of electromagnetic radiation. The weak and strong nuclear forces discovered which is the cause for binding sub-atomic particles into the nucleus is nothing but the electrical energy being converted into sub-atomic particles due to the conversion of electrical energy into mass with the electrical charge of positive and negative character depending upon the orientation of electrical energy into clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The packing of electrical energy into mass is governed by the anti-law that leads the conversion of mass into energy in the atomic energy given by Einstein＇s famous relation E = mc2.
