Acetolactate synthase(ALS)-targeting herbicides are among the most widely used weed-control chemicals globally.Mutations in the ALS gene can confer herbicide resistance in crops,thereby allowing selective elimination ...Acetolactate synthase(ALS)-targeting herbicides are among the most widely used weed-control chemicals globally.Mutations in the ALS gene can confer herbicide resistance in crops,thereby allowing selective elimination of weeds without harming crops.Herbicide-resistant ALS alleles were initially discovered in weeds and subsequently developed through artificial mutagenesis techniques.With the advancement of CRISPR/Cas technologies,various genome-editing tools are now available to introduce these resistant alleles,as well as novel variants,into diverse crop species.Moreover,emerging methodologies,such as directed evolution,enable the generation and screening of large populations of random ALS mutants.Consequently,ALS has become one of the most extensively targeted genes in plant gene evolution.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of both conventional and recently developed strategies for ALS evolution,with particular emphasis on CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and directed evolution.Future perspectives on technological application are also discussed.By advancing our understanding of herbicide-resistant ALS allele development for crop improvement,these methodologies may also pave the way for their application to the evolution of other agronomically important genes.展开更多
Objective To investigate the microbial mechanisms of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤,BXXXD)in the treatment of esophageal precancerous lesions.Methods A total of 30 specific pathogen-free(SPF)grade female C57BL/6J ...Objective To investigate the microbial mechanisms of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤,BXXXD)in the treatment of esophageal precancerous lesions.Methods A total of 30 specific pathogen-free(SPF)grade female C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a control group(n=6)and a 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide(4-NQO)-exposed group(n=24).Esophageal precancerous lesions were induced by providing the 4-NQO-exposed group with 4-NQO in drinking water(100μg/mL)for 17 consecutive weeks,whereas control group received sterile drinking water.After model establishment,the mice in 4-NQOexposed group were further randomized into model group and three BXXXD-treated groups:low-dose(BXXXD-L,3.7 g/kg),medium-dose(BXXXD-M,7.4 g/kg),and high-dose(BXXXDH,14.8 g/kg)groups(n=6 per group).During the subsequent intervention period,mice in control and model groups were gavaged with sterile water,while mice in BXXXD groups were gavaged once daily with the corresponding dose of BXXXD aqueous extract for 4 weeks.Histopathological changes in esophageal tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining.The fecal and esophageal microbiota were profiled via 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to evaluate bacterial diversity,community structure,and co-occurrence networks.BXXXD chemical fingerprints were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole QExactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLCQE-MS).Serum short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)level was quantified by targeted metabolomics using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Transcriptomic analysis of esophageal tissues was performed to assess gene expression profiles.Results Compared with model group,BXXXD-M group exhibited reduced mucosal hyperplasia and more orderly epithelial cell arrangement,with superior therapeutic effects in comparison with both BXXXD-L and BXXXD-H groups(P<0.01).Microbiota analysis revealed that BXXXD increased the abundance of beneficial Enterococcus and reduced pathogenic Escherichia-Shigella in the esophagus.In the gut,BXXXD elevated the relative abundance of beneficial taxa,including Lactobacillus,Dubosiella,Bacteroides,and Faecalibacterium.Targeted metabolomics showed that BXXXD significantly reduced total serum SCFA level(P<0.01).Transcriptomic analysis indicated that BXXXD downregulated the expression of genes associated with the progression,migration,and invasion of esophageal cancer,which were identified as kallikrein-related peptidase 6(Klk6),defensin beta 4(Defb4),family with sequence similarity 3 member B(Fam3b),carboxypeptidase A4(Cpa4),serum amyloid A1(Saa1),and chitinase-like 1(Chil1)(P<0.05).Conclusion BXXXD may reduce the expression levels of esophageal cancer-related genes and improve esophageal precancerous lesions through modulation of the gut microbiota and metabolites.展开更多
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant g...Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant genes in rice worldwide.This article reviews the working mechanisms of six herbicides(glyphosate,glufosinate,acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides,acetyl-Co A carboxylase inhibitor herbicides,hydroxyhenylpyruvate dioxygenase(HPPD)inhibitor herbicides and dinitroaniline herbicides),the resistance mutations of the corresponding herbicide-target genes,and the herbicide detoxification mechanisms by non-target genes.Examples are provided on herbicide-resistant rice materials obtained by transformation of exogenous resistance genes,by artificial mutagenesis and mutant screening,and by modifying the target genes through gene editing.This paper also introduces the current application of herbicide-resistant rice,points out problems that may be caused by utilization of herbicide resistant rice and solutions to the problems,and discusses the future prospects for the development of herbicideresistant rice.展开更多
Herbicide resistance in crop plants is valuable for integrated weed management in agriculture. Herbicide resistant rice, in particular, is important to management of weedy rice, a close relative of cultivated rice and...Herbicide resistance in crop plants is valuable for integrated weed management in agriculture. Herbicide resistant rice, in particular, is important to management of weedy rice, a close relative of cultivated rice and a noxious weed prevalent in rice fields that remains challenging to farmers worldwide. Herbicide resistant plants can be obtained through transgenic approach or by mutagenesis of regular plant and screening of mutants with elevated resistance to herbicide. In this study, we conducted ethyl methyl sulfonate mutagenesis(EMS) to elite indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ) and screened for mutants resistant to imazapic, a herbicide that can inhibit the acetolactate synthase(ALS) in plants. We obtained three mutants of Os ALS gene that have not been reported previously in rice. One of the mutants, with Trp_(548) changed to Met(W_(548)M), was analyzed in more details in this study. This mutation had no negative effect on the plant physiology and morphology as well as rice yield. Compared with the imidazolinone-resistant mutant S_(627)N(Ser_(627) changed to Asn) that has been deployed for Clearfield rice development, W_(548)M mutant showed high levels of resistance to a broad spectrum of five families of ALSinhibiting herbicides, in addition to a higher level of resistance to herbicides of the imidazolinone family.The herbicide-resistance was stably inherited by crossing into other rice lines. Thus, the W_(548)M mutation provides a valuable resource for breeding of herbicide resistant rice and weed management.展开更多
BACKGROUND Postpartum hypertension poses a considerable health risk.Despite research on gestational hypertension,comprehensive studies focusing on postpartum hypertension in communities are limited.Understanding its p...BACKGROUND Postpartum hypertension poses a considerable health risk.Despite research on gestational hypertension,comprehensive studies focusing on postpartum hypertension in communities are limited.Understanding its prevalence and associated risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and management.AIM To provide insights for postpartum hypertension’s prevention and management.METHODS In total,3297 women who gave birth between June 2021 and December 2022 in Xuhui District,Shanghai were selected.Blood pressure was measured thrice within one month post-delivery during home visits.Eighty-six women with hypertension were followed up for four months to analyze hypertension persistence and its related risk factors.A predictive model for persistent postpartum hypertension was established and verified using the Nomo diagram model.RESULTS Hypertension prevalence 1 month post-delivery was 2.61%(86/3297).Among the 86 pregnant women,32(37.21%)had persistent hypertension at four months post-delivery.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age[odds ratio(OR)=1.212;95%confidence interval(CI):1.065–1.380]and higher pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI)(OR=1.188;95%CI:1.006–1.404)were associated with hypertension(OR=10.781;95%CI:1.006–1.404)during pregnancy.A 95%CI of 1.243–93.480 is a risk factor for persistent postpartum hypertension.The Nomograph model accurately predicted the risk of persistent postpartum hypertension,demonstrating high precision.CONCLUSION In Xuhui,older age,higher pre-pregnancy BMI,and gestational hypertension are risk factors for persistent postpartum hypertension.Our prediction model can identify high-risk individuals,thereby improving patient quality of life.展开更多
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515120050,2023A1515110529 and 2024A1515012454)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20230807145759008 and KJZD20240903100206009).
文摘Acetolactate synthase(ALS)-targeting herbicides are among the most widely used weed-control chemicals globally.Mutations in the ALS gene can confer herbicide resistance in crops,thereby allowing selective elimination of weeds without harming crops.Herbicide-resistant ALS alleles were initially discovered in weeds and subsequently developed through artificial mutagenesis techniques.With the advancement of CRISPR/Cas technologies,various genome-editing tools are now available to introduce these resistant alleles,as well as novel variants,into diverse crop species.Moreover,emerging methodologies,such as directed evolution,enable the generation and screening of large populations of random ALS mutants.Consequently,ALS has become one of the most extensively targeted genes in plant gene evolution.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of both conventional and recently developed strategies for ALS evolution,with particular emphasis on CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and directed evolution.Future perspectives on technological application are also discussed.By advancing our understanding of herbicide-resistant ALS allele development for crop improvement,these methodologies may also pave the way for their application to the evolution of other agronomically important genes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(82274369).
文摘Objective To investigate the microbial mechanisms of Banxia Xiexin Decoction(半夏泻心汤,BXXXD)in the treatment of esophageal precancerous lesions.Methods A total of 30 specific pathogen-free(SPF)grade female C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a control group(n=6)and a 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide(4-NQO)-exposed group(n=24).Esophageal precancerous lesions were induced by providing the 4-NQO-exposed group with 4-NQO in drinking water(100μg/mL)for 17 consecutive weeks,whereas control group received sterile drinking water.After model establishment,the mice in 4-NQOexposed group were further randomized into model group and three BXXXD-treated groups:low-dose(BXXXD-L,3.7 g/kg),medium-dose(BXXXD-M,7.4 g/kg),and high-dose(BXXXDH,14.8 g/kg)groups(n=6 per group).During the subsequent intervention period,mice in control and model groups were gavaged with sterile water,while mice in BXXXD groups were gavaged once daily with the corresponding dose of BXXXD aqueous extract for 4 weeks.Histopathological changes in esophageal tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining.The fecal and esophageal microbiota were profiled via 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to evaluate bacterial diversity,community structure,and co-occurrence networks.BXXXD chemical fingerprints were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole QExactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLCQE-MS).Serum short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)level was quantified by targeted metabolomics using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Transcriptomic analysis of esophageal tissues was performed to assess gene expression profiles.Results Compared with model group,BXXXD-M group exhibited reduced mucosal hyperplasia and more orderly epithelial cell arrangement,with superior therapeutic effects in comparison with both BXXXD-L and BXXXD-H groups(P<0.01).Microbiota analysis revealed that BXXXD increased the abundance of beneficial Enterococcus and reduced pathogenic Escherichia-Shigella in the esophagus.In the gut,BXXXD elevated the relative abundance of beneficial taxa,including Lactobacillus,Dubosiella,Bacteroides,and Faecalibacterium.Targeted metabolomics showed that BXXXD significantly reduced total serum SCFA level(P<0.01).Transcriptomic analysis indicated that BXXXD downregulated the expression of genes associated with the progression,migration,and invasion of esophageal cancer,which were identified as kallikrein-related peptidase 6(Klk6),defensin beta 4(Defb4),family with sequence similarity 3 member B(Fam3b),carboxypeptidase A4(Cpa4),serum amyloid A1(Saa1),and chitinase-like 1(Chil1)(P<0.05).Conclusion BXXXD may reduce the expression levels of esophageal cancer-related genes and improve esophageal precancerous lesions through modulation of the gut microbiota and metabolites.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2018B030308008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1901203 and 31901532)+2 种基金Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)Shenzhen Commission on Innovation and Technology Programs JCYJ20180507181837997)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018 M633069 and 2019 M652920)。
文摘Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world.Weeds seriously affect the rice yield and grain quality.In recent years,there are tremendous progresses in the research and application of herbicideresistant genes in rice worldwide.This article reviews the working mechanisms of six herbicides(glyphosate,glufosinate,acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides,acetyl-Co A carboxylase inhibitor herbicides,hydroxyhenylpyruvate dioxygenase(HPPD)inhibitor herbicides and dinitroaniline herbicides),the resistance mutations of the corresponding herbicide-target genes,and the herbicide detoxification mechanisms by non-target genes.Examples are provided on herbicide-resistant rice materials obtained by transformation of exogenous resistance genes,by artificial mutagenesis and mutant screening,and by modifying the target genes through gene editing.This paper also introduces the current application of herbicide-resistant rice,points out problems that may be caused by utilization of herbicide resistant rice and solutions to the problems,and discusses the future prospects for the development of herbicideresistant rice.
基金supported by Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research(2019B030302006)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1901203 and 31901532)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2018B030308008 and 2018A0303130270)Shenzhen Commission on Innovation and Technology Programs(JCYJ20180507181837997)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M633069 and 2019M652920)。
文摘Herbicide resistance in crop plants is valuable for integrated weed management in agriculture. Herbicide resistant rice, in particular, is important to management of weedy rice, a close relative of cultivated rice and a noxious weed prevalent in rice fields that remains challenging to farmers worldwide. Herbicide resistant plants can be obtained through transgenic approach or by mutagenesis of regular plant and screening of mutants with elevated resistance to herbicide. In this study, we conducted ethyl methyl sulfonate mutagenesis(EMS) to elite indica cultivar Huanghuazhan(HHZ) and screened for mutants resistant to imazapic, a herbicide that can inhibit the acetolactate synthase(ALS) in plants. We obtained three mutants of Os ALS gene that have not been reported previously in rice. One of the mutants, with Trp_(548) changed to Met(W_(548)M), was analyzed in more details in this study. This mutation had no negative effect on the plant physiology and morphology as well as rice yield. Compared with the imidazolinone-resistant mutant S_(627)N(Ser_(627) changed to Asn) that has been deployed for Clearfield rice development, W_(548)M mutant showed high levels of resistance to a broad spectrum of five families of ALSinhibiting herbicides, in addition to a higher level of resistance to herbicides of the imidazolinone family.The herbicide-resistance was stably inherited by crossing into other rice lines. Thus, the W_(548)M mutation provides a valuable resource for breeding of herbicide resistant rice and weed management.
文摘BACKGROUND Postpartum hypertension poses a considerable health risk.Despite research on gestational hypertension,comprehensive studies focusing on postpartum hypertension in communities are limited.Understanding its prevalence and associated risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and management.AIM To provide insights for postpartum hypertension’s prevention and management.METHODS In total,3297 women who gave birth between June 2021 and December 2022 in Xuhui District,Shanghai were selected.Blood pressure was measured thrice within one month post-delivery during home visits.Eighty-six women with hypertension were followed up for four months to analyze hypertension persistence and its related risk factors.A predictive model for persistent postpartum hypertension was established and verified using the Nomo diagram model.RESULTS Hypertension prevalence 1 month post-delivery was 2.61%(86/3297).Among the 86 pregnant women,32(37.21%)had persistent hypertension at four months post-delivery.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age[odds ratio(OR)=1.212;95%confidence interval(CI):1.065–1.380]and higher pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI)(OR=1.188;95%CI:1.006–1.404)were associated with hypertension(OR=10.781;95%CI:1.006–1.404)during pregnancy.A 95%CI of 1.243–93.480 is a risk factor for persistent postpartum hypertension.The Nomograph model accurately predicted the risk of persistent postpartum hypertension,demonstrating high precision.CONCLUSION In Xuhui,older age,higher pre-pregnancy BMI,and gestational hypertension are risk factors for persistent postpartum hypertension.Our prediction model can identify high-risk individuals,thereby improving patient quality of life.
