An experimental study of the confining pressure, i.e. additional hydrostatic pressure initiated by the tectonic force is presented. The experimental progress is that the σ 1 is gradually increasing from 0 in a l...An experimental study of the confining pressure, i.e. additional hydrostatic pressure initiated by the tectonic force is presented. The experimental progress is that the σ 1 is gradually increasing from 0 in a limiting movement ( ε 1=0) in the σ 1 direction and the speed rate of the accelerating load is 0.4 MPa·s -1 in the lateral and level directions. When σ 2= σ 3<200 MPa, Δ σ l is nearly lacking, Δ σ l is increasing at a high speed only when the horizontal force reaches 250-380 MPa, and Δ σ l almost ceases to increase at the level force of 380 MPa. It is calculated that the tectonic force can produce the confining pressure which is gradually increasing with σ 2= σ 3 before it reaches 380 MPa in an experiment. It is supposed that the horizontal force is almost all transformed into the confining pressure with the increase of the creep deformation of rocks.展开更多
Gabbro is selected as a sample for experimental deformation to investigate and validate the migration of elements during rock deformation. Samples are deformed for 3 h under a strain of about 5 % at T =700 ℃, ...Gabbro is selected as a sample for experimental deformation to investigate and validate the migration of elements during rock deformation. Samples are deformed for 3 h under a strain of about 5 % at T =700 ℃, p =100 MPa, σ =50 MPa. It is shown that there are 4 areas with different colors in the section of the samples parallel to σ 1: the extensional, contractional, and strongly compressional areas and a ductile shear zone, respectively on the basis of the stress states and the direction of material movement. The chemical components such as K, Na, Al and Fe from materials in different areas have changed. The four elements mentioned above in pyroxene grains decrease in content from the extensional area through the ductile shear zone, the contractional area, to the strongly compressional area. The contents of the same elements in feldspar grain vary in a reverse direction.展开更多
In order to promote the systematic construction of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities, and to cultivate socialist successors who can assume the responsibility of national rejuvenation in th...In order to promote the systematic construction of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities, and to cultivate socialist successors who can assume the responsibility of national rejuvenation in the new era. At the present stage, all major universities have responded to the Partys theoretical policies, innovated their development ideas, and carried out curriculum reforms in the construction of courses, teaching materials, disciplines and scientific research institutions. However, there are still many deficiencies in the management mechanism, teaching staff, teaching model and teaching evaluation of ideological and political construction in major universities. This paper aims to study the ways to promote the long-term development of ideological and political education in colleges and universities, investigate the existing problems of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities, and put forward the corresponding reform measures of ideological and political courses from the following aspects: 1) Strengthen the construction of teachers;2) Improve the teaching quality and pay attention to the teaching effectiveness;3) Build a new pattern of coordinated education;4) Ensure the scientific and reasonable teaching evaluation standard.展开更多
Polylactide is regarded as the most promising biodegradable plastics because of its high quality in physical properties as well as chemical recyclability and compostabil-ity. Furthermore, lactic acid (LA) as a raw mat...Polylactide is regarded as the most promising biodegradable plastics because of its high quality in physical properties as well as chemical recyclability and compostabil-ity. Furthermore, lactic acid (LA) as a raw material of this polymer can be produced from organic wastes. In this study, recovery LA from fermentation broth of kitchen garbage was carried out by esterification of ammonium lactate in fer-mentation broth with the butanol to produce butyl lactate, purification of butyl lactate and subsequent hydrolysis of the purified butyl lactate. The purity of recovered LA was 90%. Then the recovered LA was used to produce lactide as an intermediate of polylactide. Through an orthogonal-design experiment, the optimum condition of synthesizing lactide was determined and under this condition the yield of synthe-sizing lactide was 75%. And moreover, polylactide was con-ventionally obtained by a ring-opening polymerazation from the above lactide, and the viscosity average molecular weight was up to 9.2×104, which could meet requirement to produce biodegradable plastics. In the present process, the neutral ammonium lactate in the fermentation broth was employed as a starting material, thereby eliminating the need to use a reactor with acid resistance properties. In addition, the lib-erated butanol in hydrolysis process and unreacted butanol in esterification process can be recycled to the above esterifi-cation. Therefore, the present process is economic.展开更多
文摘An experimental study of the confining pressure, i.e. additional hydrostatic pressure initiated by the tectonic force is presented. The experimental progress is that the σ 1 is gradually increasing from 0 in a limiting movement ( ε 1=0) in the σ 1 direction and the speed rate of the accelerating load is 0.4 MPa·s -1 in the lateral and level directions. When σ 2= σ 3<200 MPa, Δ σ l is nearly lacking, Δ σ l is increasing at a high speed only when the horizontal force reaches 250-380 MPa, and Δ σ l almost ceases to increase at the level force of 380 MPa. It is calculated that the tectonic force can produce the confining pressure which is gradually increasing with σ 2= σ 3 before it reaches 380 MPa in an experiment. It is supposed that the horizontal force is almost all transformed into the confining pressure with the increase of the creep deformation of rocks.
文摘Gabbro is selected as a sample for experimental deformation to investigate and validate the migration of elements during rock deformation. Samples are deformed for 3 h under a strain of about 5 % at T =700 ℃, p =100 MPa, σ =50 MPa. It is shown that there are 4 areas with different colors in the section of the samples parallel to σ 1: the extensional, contractional, and strongly compressional areas and a ductile shear zone, respectively on the basis of the stress states and the direction of material movement. The chemical components such as K, Na, Al and Fe from materials in different areas have changed. The four elements mentioned above in pyroxene grains decrease in content from the extensional area through the ductile shear zone, the contractional area, to the strongly compressional area. The contents of the same elements in feldspar grain vary in a reverse direction.
文摘In order to promote the systematic construction of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities, and to cultivate socialist successors who can assume the responsibility of national rejuvenation in the new era. At the present stage, all major universities have responded to the Partys theoretical policies, innovated their development ideas, and carried out curriculum reforms in the construction of courses, teaching materials, disciplines and scientific research institutions. However, there are still many deficiencies in the management mechanism, teaching staff, teaching model and teaching evaluation of ideological and political construction in major universities. This paper aims to study the ways to promote the long-term development of ideological and political education in colleges and universities, investigate the existing problems of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities, and put forward the corresponding reform measures of ideological and political courses from the following aspects: 1) Strengthen the construction of teachers;2) Improve the teaching quality and pay attention to the teaching effectiveness;3) Build a new pattern of coordinated education;4) Ensure the scientific and reasonable teaching evaluation standard.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50278024)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.LC02C03).
文摘Polylactide is regarded as the most promising biodegradable plastics because of its high quality in physical properties as well as chemical recyclability and compostabil-ity. Furthermore, lactic acid (LA) as a raw material of this polymer can be produced from organic wastes. In this study, recovery LA from fermentation broth of kitchen garbage was carried out by esterification of ammonium lactate in fer-mentation broth with the butanol to produce butyl lactate, purification of butyl lactate and subsequent hydrolysis of the purified butyl lactate. The purity of recovered LA was 90%. Then the recovered LA was used to produce lactide as an intermediate of polylactide. Through an orthogonal-design experiment, the optimum condition of synthesizing lactide was determined and under this condition the yield of synthe-sizing lactide was 75%. And moreover, polylactide was con-ventionally obtained by a ring-opening polymerazation from the above lactide, and the viscosity average molecular weight was up to 9.2×104, which could meet requirement to produce biodegradable plastics. In the present process, the neutral ammonium lactate in the fermentation broth was employed as a starting material, thereby eliminating the need to use a reactor with acid resistance properties. In addition, the lib-erated butanol in hydrolysis process and unreacted butanol in esterification process can be recycled to the above esterifi-cation. Therefore, the present process is economic.
