Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks consist of resource-constrained autonomous devices, also known as autonomous Internet of things (IoTs) or machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) which act as a backb...Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks consist of resource-constrained autonomous devices, also known as autonomous Internet of things (IoTs) or machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) which act as a backbone for Industrial IoT, smart cities, and other autonomous systems. Due to the limited computing and memory capacity, these devices cannot maintain strong security if conventional security methods are applied such as heavy encryption. This article proposed a novel lightweight mutual authentication scheme including elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) driven end-to-end encryption through curve25519 such as (i): efficient end-to-end encrypted communication with pre-calculation strategy using curve25519;and (ii): elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) based mutual authentication technique through a novel lightweight hash function. The proposed scheme attempts to efficiently counter all known perception layer security threats. Moreover, the pre-calculated key generation strategy resulted in cost-effective encryption with 192-bit curve security. It showed comparative efficiency in key strength, and curve strength compared with similar authentication schemes in terms of computational and memory cost, communication performance and encryption robustness.展开更多
BACKGROUND Chronic liver disease is a growing global health problem,leading to hepatic decompensation characterized by an array of clinical and biochemical complic-ations.Several scoring systems have been introduced i...BACKGROUND Chronic liver disease is a growing global health problem,leading to hepatic decompensation characterized by an array of clinical and biochemical complic-ations.Several scoring systems have been introduced in assessing the severity of hepatic decompensation with the most frequent ones are Child-Pugh score,model of end-stage liver disease(MELD)score,and MELD-Na score.Anemia is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients and is linked to worsened clinical outcomes.Although studies have explored anemia in liver disease,few have investigated the correlation of hemoglobin level with the severity of hepatic decompensation.AIM To determine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and the severity of decompensated liver disease and comparing the strength of this correlation using the Child-Pugh,MELD,and MELD-Na scores.METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital with 652 decompensated liver disease patients enrolled in the study.Data was collected on demographics,clinical history,and laboratory findings,including hemoglobin levels,bilirubin,albumin,prothrombin time(international normalized ratio),sodium,and creatinine.The Child-Pugh,MELD,and MELD-Na scores were calculated.Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26,and correlations between hemoglobin levels and severity scores were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient.RESULTS The study included 405 males(62.1%)and 247 females(37.9%)with an average age of 58.8 years.Significant inverse correlations were found between hemoglobin levels and Child-Pugh,MELD,and MELD-Na scores(P<0.01),with the MELD scoring system being the strongest correlator among all.One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in hemoglobin levels across the severity groups of each scoring system(P=0.001).Tukey's post hoc analysis confirmed significant internal differences among each severity group.CONCLUSION Understanding the correlation between hemoglobin and liver disease severity can improve patient management by offering insights into prognosis and guiding treatment decisions.展开更多
The present investigation centers on the impact of viscous dissipation and ohmic heating on the plume generated by a line heat source under the impact of an aligned magnetic field.In this study,the flow model is adapt...The present investigation centers on the impact of viscous dissipation and ohmic heating on the plume generated by a line heat source under the impact of an aligned magnetic field.In this study,the flow model is adapted to incorporate ohmic heating and viscous dissipation by including the respective terms in the energy equation.A mathematical model is formulated as a system of coupled partial differential equations to analyze the flow problem.Subsequently,a numerical solution is derived with stream function formulation for the system of coupled partial differential equations,which transmutes it into ordinary differential equations.To achieve this,the numerical properties of the problem are established through the utilization of the Shooting method in tandem with the MATLAB tool bvp4c.The graphical representations of both missing and specified boundary conditions depict the effects of the magnetic parameter,viscous dissipation variable,magnetic force parameter,Prandtl number,and magnetic Prandtl number.These are accompanied by a discussion of their respective physical implications.The observed results claimed that the velocity,current density,and temperature distribution decrease for enhancing magnetic parameters.Meanwhile,the skin friction and magnetic flux drop while the heat transfer rate increases with an increment in magnetic parameters.These fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics were observed to decrease for increasing viscous dissipation.The current work is novel in incorporating ohmic heating viscous dissipation in energy equations coupled with Max-well and magnetic induction equations.展开更多
Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment.In the present study,a pot experiment...Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment.In the present study,a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)growth attributes.Three different levels of chromium(Cr)i.e.,20, 40,and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower(G-3,G-9,and G-59).The results of morphological,chemical,and yield p...展开更多
Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain react...Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain reaction(PCR) based detection out of which 112 chronic HCV patients[53 male(47.32%),59 female(52.68%);mean age(43.76±16.40) years;mean BMI(23.8± 3.9)kg]were enrolled in this study.The frequency of 6 HCV genotypes and associated risk factors were evaluated from five districts of North West Frontier Province(NWFP).Results:Genotype 3was the most prevalent in 73 samples(65.17%) followed by genotype 1 in 24(21.42%) and genotype2 in 13(11.60%) samples.Genotype3 had significantly high prevalence(P=0.0002).The results showed that 48(42.85%) samples were infected with HCV 3a:25(22.32%) with 3b;14(12.50%) with 1a;10(8.92%)with 1b;11(9.82%) with 2a;2(1.78%) with 2b;and 2 were untypable.The distribution of HCV genotypes in Murdan.Charsadda,Peshawar.Sawabi and Nowshehra districts was different.Use of unsterile equipment lor medication,barbers and previous history of hospitalization were the main risk factors for HCV transmission.Conclusions:Cenotype 3a and 3b.1a.1b and 2a are the common genotypes in NWFP.Genotype 4.5.and 6 can not be found in a single sample.The level of awareness about various modes ot transmission of HCV among the population is found to be verv low.展开更多
The present study is concerned with the physical behavior of the combined effect of nano particle material motion and heat generation/absorption due to the effect of different parameters involved in prescribed flow mo...The present study is concerned with the physical behavior of the combined effect of nano particle material motion and heat generation/absorption due to the effect of different parameters involved in prescribed flow model.The formulation of the flow model is based on basic universal equations of conservation of momentum,energy and mass.The prescribed flow model is converted to non-dimensional form by using suitable scaling.The obtained transformed equations are solved numerically by using finite difference scheme.For the analysis of above said behavior the computed numerical data for fluid velocity,temperature profile,and mass concentration for several constraints that is mixed convection parameterλt,modified mixed convection parameterλc,Prandtl number Pr,heat generation/absorption parameterδ,Schmidt number Sc,thermophoresis parameter Nt,and thermophoretic coefficient k are sketched in graphical form.Numerical results for skin friction,heat transfer rate and the mass transfer rate are tabulated for various emerging physical parameters.It is reported that in enhancement in heat,generation boosts up the fluid temperature at some positions of the surface of the sphere.As heat absorption parameter is decreased temperature field increases at position X=π/4 on the other hand,no alteration at other considered circumferential positions is noticed.展开更多
Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin(indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within...Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin(indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan(L-TRP)-dependent and-independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development.L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen(N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.展开更多
Soil erosion by water is one of the most important land degradation processes in the sloping rainfed lands in Pakistan. A study was conducted in the Dhrabi watershed of Pakistan to evaluate sediment yield associated w...Soil erosion by water is one of the most important land degradation processes in the sloping rainfed lands in Pakistan. A study was conducted in the Dhrabi watershed of Pakistan to evaluate sediment yield associated with rainfall-runoff under various land-use practices. Five sub-catchments with sizes varying from 1.5 to 350 ha were selected for measurement of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield. Soil conservation techniques were also introduced to reduce the soil erosion. All runoff events occurred in the summer especially during monsoon season （July-September）. Sediment yield of two small gully catchments ranged from 4.79 to 8.34 t/ha/yr in 2009, a relatively dry year. In 2010, the annual sediment yield was 8.15 to 12.31 t/ha. Terraced catchment with arable crops produced annual 4.1 t/ha of sediment as compared to 12.31 t/ha by the adjacent gully catchment showing high potential of terraces in reducing erosion. Runoff coefficients calculated for these catchments vary from 0.09 to 0.75. The macro and micro nutrients present in the sediment indicate that these nutrients are being depleted due to soil erosion.展开更多
Although exogenous application of glycinebetaine(GB) is widely reported to regulate a myriad of physio-biochemical attributes in plants under stressful environments including drought stress, there is little informatio...Although exogenous application of glycinebetaine(GB) is widely reported to regulate a myriad of physio-biochemical attributes in plants under stressful environments including drought stress, there is little information available in the literature on how and up to what extent GB can induce changes in anatomical features in water starved plants. Thus, the present research work was conducted to assess the GB-induced changes in growth, physio-biochemical, and anatomical characteristics in two cultivars(CK-1 and F-411) of oat(Avena sativa L.) under limited water supply. After exposure to water stress, a considerable reduction was observed in plant growth in terms of lengths and weights of shoot and roots,leaf mesophyll thickness, leaf midrib thickness, root cortex thickness, root diameter, stem diameter, stem phloem area, and stem vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. However, water stress resulted in a significant increase in leaf total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide(H_2 O_2), ascorbic acid(AsA), GB contents,activities of enzymes(CAT, SOD and POD), total soluble proteins, leaf epidermis(abaxial and adaxial)thickness, bulliform cell area, sclerenchyma thickness, root endodermis and epidermis thickness, root metaxylem area, stem metaxylem area and stem sclerenchyma thickness in both oat cultivars.Foliar-applied 100 mM GB suppressed H_2 O_2 contents, while improved growth attributes, free proline and GB contents, activity of SOD enzyme, leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf bulliform cell area, leaf midrib thickness, leaf sclerenchyma thickness, root cortex thickness, root endodermis, epidermis thickness,root stele diameter, stem diameter, stem epidermis thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem phloem and vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. For both oat cultivars, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf mesophyll, leaf sclerenchyma, root metaxylem area, stem diameter, stem epidermis, sclerenchyma thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem vascular bundle area. Overall, both oat cultivars showed inconsistent behavior to water stress and foliar-applied GB in terms of different physio-biochemical attributes, however, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in a number of anatomical features of leaf, root, and stem.展开更多
Calotropis procera(Aiton)W.T.Aiton,belonging to the family Apocynaceae,is C3 evergreen plant species in arid and semi-arid areas of the Punjab Province,Pakistan.It grows in a variety of habitats like salt affected and...Calotropis procera(Aiton)W.T.Aiton,belonging to the family Apocynaceae,is C3 evergreen plant species in arid and semi-arid areas of the Punjab Province,Pakistan.It grows in a variety of habitats like salt affected and waterlogged area,desert/semi-desert,roadside,wasteland,graveyard,forest,crop field,coastline,and river/canal bank.A total of 12 populations growing in different ecological regions were sampled to evaluate their growth,physio-biochemical,and anatomical responses to specific environmental condition.Population adapted to desert/semi-desert showed vigorous growth(plant height,shoot length,and number of leaves),enhanced photosynthetic level(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids,and total chlorophyll),and apparent anatomical modifications such as increased stem radius,cuticle thickness,storage parenchyma tissues(cortex and pith),and vascular bundles in stems,while the maximum of midrib and lamina thickness,epidermal cells,cuticle thickness,cortical proportion,abaxial stomatal density,and its area in leaves.There was high plasticity in structural and functional features of these populations,which enable them to survive and tolerate under such hot and dry desert environment.Population of saline areas exhibited very critical modifications to sustain under salt prone environment.At physiological level,it possesses the maximum amount of organic osmolytes(glycine betaine and proline)and antioxidants(superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and peroxidase(POD)),while at anatomical level,it showed intensive sclerification,large phloem region(inner and outer),pith parenchyma cells,and metaxylem vessels in stems and leaves.The population of dry mountains showed very distinctive features,such as increased shoot ionic contents(K+and Ca2+),collenchyma and sclerenchyma thickness in stems,trichomes size,and numerous small stomata on abaxial surface of leaves.It is concluded that no definite or precise single character can be taken as a yardstick for adjudging the biomass production in this rubber bush weed population.展开更多
Numerical solution is presented for the two- dimensional flow of a micropolar fluid between two porous coaxial disks of different permeability for a range of Reynolds number Re （-300≤ Re 〈 0） and permeability para...Numerical solution is presented for the two- dimensional flow of a micropolar fluid between two porous coaxial disks of different permeability for a range of Reynolds number Re （-300≤ Re 〈 0） and permeability parameter A （1.0≤A ≤2.0）. The main flow is superimposed by the injection at the surfaces of the two disks. Von Karman＇s similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing equations of motion to a set of non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations （ODEs） in dimensionless form. An algorithm based on the finite difference method is employed to solve these ODEs and Richardson＇s extrapolation is used to obtain higher order accuracy. The results indicate that the parameters Re and A have a strong influence on the velocity and microrotation profiles, shear stresses at the disks and the position of the viscous/shear layer. The micropolar material constants cl, c2, c3 have profound effect on microrotation as compared to their effect on streamwise and axial velocity profiles. The results of micropolar fluids are compared with the results for Newtonian fluids.展开更多
The present work emphasizes the significance of oscillatory mixed convection stratified fluid and heat transfer characteristics at different stations of non-conducting horizontally circular cylinder in the presence of...The present work emphasizes the significance of oscillatory mixed convection stratified fluid and heat transfer characteristics at different stations of non-conducting horizontally circular cylinder in the presence of thermally stratified medium.To remove the difficulties in illustrating the coupled PDE’s,the finite-difference scheme with efficient primitive-variable formulation is proposed to transform dimensionless equations.The numerical simulations of coupled non-dimensional equations are computed in terms velocity of fluid,temperature and magnetic field which are computed to examine the fluctuating components of skin friction,heat transfer and current density for various emerging parameters.The governing parameters namely,thermally stratification parameter𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡,mixed-convection parameter𝜆𝜆,Prandtl number Pr,magnetic force parameter𝜉𝜉and magnetic-Prandtl number𝛾𝛾are displayed graphically at selected values for velocity and heat transfer mechanism.It is computed that heat transfer attains maximum amplitude and good variations in the presence of thermally stratified parameter at each position𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋6⁄,𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋3⁄and𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋around the surface of non-conducting horizontally cylinder.The velocity of fluid attains certain height at station𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋6⁄for higher value of stratification parameter.It is also found that the temperature gradient decreases with stratification parameter𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡,but it increases after a certain distance𝑌𝑌from the cylinder.The novelty of the current work is that due to non-conducting phenomena the magnetic effects are strongly observed far from the surface but exact at the surface are zero for each position.展开更多
Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable ...Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.展开更多
To counteract the effects of drought stress,scientists have adopted several approaches including the use of different chemicals both inorganic and organic,which is contemplated as a highly efficient and cost-effective...To counteract the effects of drought stress,scientists have adopted several approaches including the use of different chemicals both inorganic and organic,which is contemplated as a highly efficient and cost-effective shot-gun approach.Ascorbic acid(AsA)is a potential organic substance,which widely occurs in plants,and is considered to be an effective antioxidant to counteract reactive oxygen species(ROS).Thus,a pot experiment was performed to assess the relative mitigating impacts of synthetic AsA and naturally occurring AsA in the form of lemon juice(LJ)and orange juice(OJ)on two cultivars of okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)namely Sabz Pari and Bhindi Sanwali under varying water deficit conditions.After 30 days of seed germination,okra seedlings were subjected to different irrigation regimes,i.e.,water deficit stress[(65%and 50%F.C.)and control conditions(100%F.C.)].Different levels of AsA[control(no spray),14 mg L^(−1)LJ,24 mg L^(−1)OJ and 150 mg L^(−1)AsA]obtained from different sources were applied as a foliar spray to control and water-stressed plants.Drought stress prominently reduced plant growth and yield attributes of the okra cultivars.Water-deficit conditions(65%and 50%F.C.)substantially decreased the fruit chlorophyll(a,b)pigments and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)enzyme,while an increase was observed in the contents of fruit’s hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),malondialdehyde(MDA),total phenolics,total soluble sugars,AsA,and total soluble proteins.Drought stress also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT).However,plant growth and yield attributes,fruit chlorophyll pigments,total phenolics,total soluble sugars,total free amino acids,total soluble proteins,AsA,GB,H_(2)O_(2),and the activities of antioxidant enzymes(POD and CAT)were increased by the AsA exogenous treatment in both okra cultivars under water deficit and control conditions.Overall,LJ and OJ were more effective than the synthetic AsA in upregulating the physiological and metabolic processes of okra plants.So,cost-effective as well as multi-nutrient natural sources of AsA could be suggested for alleviating the harmful effects of water deficit stress on plants.展开更多
The techniques widely used in ultrasonic measurements are based on the determination of the time of flight (T.o.F). A short train of waves is transmitted and same transducer is used for reception of the reflected sign...The techniques widely used in ultrasonic measurements are based on the determination of the time of flight (T.o.F). A short train of waves is transmitted and same transducer is used for reception of the reflected signal for the pulse-echo measurement applications. The amplitude of the received waveform is an envelope which starts from zero reaches to a peak and then dies out. The echoes are mostly detected by simple threshold crossing technique, which is also cause of error. In this paper digital signal processing is used to calculate the time delay in reception i.e. T.o.F, for which a maximum similarity between the reference and the delayed echo signals is obtained. To observe the effect of phase uncertainties and frequency shifts (Doppler), this processing is carried out, both directly on the actual wave shape and after extracting the envelopes of the reference and delayed echo signals. Several digital signal processing algorithms are considered and the effects of different factors such as sampling rate, resolution of digitization and S/N ratio are analyzed. Result show accuracy, computing time and cost for different techniques.展开更多
Objectives Wound healing in the skin is a multifarious orchestration of cellular processes and cigarette smoking may be a cause for delayed wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the plausible associa...Objectives Wound healing in the skin is a multifarious orchestration of cellular processes and cigarette smoking may be a cause for delayed wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the plausible association between exposures of cigarette total particulate matter （TPM） and wound healing. Methods An in vivo wound healing model of mice was established for determination of assorted events of wound healing, dermal matrix regeneration, re-epithelialization, and neovascularization. A total of 72 adult mice, separated in eight groups, were exposed to TPM for 12 days. Results A highly considerable diminution in wound closure （P〈0.001） was pragmatic among all TPM-treated mice from day 6 to day 8 post-wounding. Histological investigations unveiled a noteworthy impede in the outcome of re-epithelialization, dermal matrix regeneration and maturation of collagen bundles among all TPM-exposed wounds. Delayed commencement of neovascularization was pragmatic among all TPM-treated mice, on day 12 post wounding. Abbot curve, angular spectrum, and other different parameters of 3D surface behavior of wounds revealed a very highly significant reduction （P〈0.001） in angiogenesis on days 6 and 8 post-wounding, which points that application of TPM instigates extensive delay in trigging the progression of angiogenesis, resulting in delayed onset of wound healing. Conclusion Our annotations validate the damaging effects of TPM on wound healing and excessive use of TPM may lead to the production of chronic wounds and oral ulcers.展开更多
This paper addresses the control law design for synchronization of two different chaotic oscillators with mutually Lipschitz nonlinearities. For analysis of the properties of two different nonlinearities, an advanced ...This paper addresses the control law design for synchronization of two different chaotic oscillators with mutually Lipschitz nonlinearities. For analysis of the properties of two different nonlinearities, an advanced mutually Lipschitz condition is proposed. This mutually Lipschitz condition is more general than the traditional Lipschitz condition. Unlike the latter, it can be used for the design of a feedback controller for synchronization of chaotic oscillators of different dynamics. It is shown that any two different Lipschitz nonlinearities always satisfy the mutually Lipschitz condition. Applying the mutually Lipschitz condition, a quadratic Lyapunov function and uniformly ultimately bounded stability, easily designable and implementable robust control strategies utilizing algebraic Riccati equation and linear matrix inequalities, are derived for synchronization of two distinct chaotic oscillators. Furthermore, a novel adaptive control scheme for mutually Lipschitz chaotic systems is established by addressing the issue of adaptive cancellation of unknown mismatch between the dynamics of different chaotic systems. The proposed control technique is numerically tested for synchronization of two different chaotic Chua＇s circuits and for obtaining identical behavior between the modified Chua＇s circuit and the R6ssler system.展开更多
This paper presents a large gathering dataset of images extracted from publicly filmed videos by 24 cameras installed on the premises of Masjid Al-Nabvi,Madinah,Saudi Arabia.This dataset consists of raw and processed ...This paper presents a large gathering dataset of images extracted from publicly filmed videos by 24 cameras installed on the premises of Masjid Al-Nabvi,Madinah,Saudi Arabia.This dataset consists of raw and processed images reflecting a highly challenging and unconstraint environment.The methodology for building the dataset consists of four core phases;that include acquisition of videos,extraction of frames,localization of face regions,and cropping and resizing of detected face regions.The raw images in the dataset consist of a total of 4613 frames obtained fromvideo sequences.The processed images in the dataset consist of the face regions of 250 persons extracted from raw data images to ensure the authenticity of the presented data.The dataset further consists of 8 images corresponding to each of the 250 subjects(persons)for a total of 2000 images.It portrays a highly unconstrained and challenging environment with human faces of varying sizes and pixel quality(resolution).Since the face regions in video sequences are severely degraded due to various unavoidable factors,it can be used as a benchmark to test and evaluate face detection and recognition algorithms for research purposes.We have also gathered and displayed records of the presence of subjects who appear in presented frames;in a temporal context.This can also be used as a temporal benchmark for tracking,finding persons,activity monitoring,and crowd counting in large crowd scenarios.展开更多
文摘Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks consist of resource-constrained autonomous devices, also known as autonomous Internet of things (IoTs) or machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) which act as a backbone for Industrial IoT, smart cities, and other autonomous systems. Due to the limited computing and memory capacity, these devices cannot maintain strong security if conventional security methods are applied such as heavy encryption. This article proposed a novel lightweight mutual authentication scheme including elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) driven end-to-end encryption through curve25519 such as (i): efficient end-to-end encrypted communication with pre-calculation strategy using curve25519;and (ii): elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) based mutual authentication technique through a novel lightweight hash function. The proposed scheme attempts to efficiently counter all known perception layer security threats. Moreover, the pre-calculated key generation strategy resulted in cost-effective encryption with 192-bit curve security. It showed comparative efficiency in key strength, and curve strength compared with similar authentication schemes in terms of computational and memory cost, communication performance and encryption robustness.
文摘BACKGROUND Chronic liver disease is a growing global health problem,leading to hepatic decompensation characterized by an array of clinical and biochemical complic-ations.Several scoring systems have been introduced in assessing the severity of hepatic decompensation with the most frequent ones are Child-Pugh score,model of end-stage liver disease(MELD)score,and MELD-Na score.Anemia is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients and is linked to worsened clinical outcomes.Although studies have explored anemia in liver disease,few have investigated the correlation of hemoglobin level with the severity of hepatic decompensation.AIM To determine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and the severity of decompensated liver disease and comparing the strength of this correlation using the Child-Pugh,MELD,and MELD-Na scores.METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital with 652 decompensated liver disease patients enrolled in the study.Data was collected on demographics,clinical history,and laboratory findings,including hemoglobin levels,bilirubin,albumin,prothrombin time(international normalized ratio),sodium,and creatinine.The Child-Pugh,MELD,and MELD-Na scores were calculated.Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26,and correlations between hemoglobin levels and severity scores were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient.RESULTS The study included 405 males(62.1%)and 247 females(37.9%)with an average age of 58.8 years.Significant inverse correlations were found between hemoglobin levels and Child-Pugh,MELD,and MELD-Na scores(P<0.01),with the MELD scoring system being the strongest correlator among all.One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in hemoglobin levels across the severity groups of each scoring system(P=0.001).Tukey's post hoc analysis confirmed significant internal differences among each severity group.CONCLUSION Understanding the correlation between hemoglobin and liver disease severity can improve patient management by offering insights into prognosis and guiding treatment decisions.
基金supported by the National Foreign Expert Project-Foreign Youth Talent Program Fund No.QN2023001001Beijing Natural Science Foundation Project-Foreign Scholar Program Fund No.IS23046/ZW001A00202301+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Fund No.12202019Beijing PostdoctoralResearch Activities Fund No.Q6001A00202301.
文摘The present investigation centers on the impact of viscous dissipation and ohmic heating on the plume generated by a line heat source under the impact of an aligned magnetic field.In this study,the flow model is adapted to incorporate ohmic heating and viscous dissipation by including the respective terms in the energy equation.A mathematical model is formulated as a system of coupled partial differential equations to analyze the flow problem.Subsequently,a numerical solution is derived with stream function formulation for the system of coupled partial differential equations,which transmutes it into ordinary differential equations.To achieve this,the numerical properties of the problem are established through the utilization of the Shooting method in tandem with the MATLAB tool bvp4c.The graphical representations of both missing and specified boundary conditions depict the effects of the magnetic parameter,viscous dissipation variable,magnetic force parameter,Prandtl number,and magnetic Prandtl number.These are accompanied by a discussion of their respective physical implications.The observed results claimed that the velocity,current density,and temperature distribution decrease for enhancing magnetic parameters.Meanwhile,the skin friction and magnetic flux drop while the heat transfer rate increases with an increment in magnetic parameters.These fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics were observed to decrease for increasing viscous dissipation.The current work is novel in incorporating ohmic heating viscous dissipation in energy equations coupled with Max-well and magnetic induction equations.
文摘Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment.In the present study,a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)growth attributes.Three different levels of chromium(Cr)i.e.,20, 40,and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower(G-3,G-9,and G-59).The results of morphological,chemical,and yield p...
基金supported by Higher Education Commission(HEC)of Pakistan
文摘Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain reaction(PCR) based detection out of which 112 chronic HCV patients[53 male(47.32%),59 female(52.68%);mean age(43.76±16.40) years;mean BMI(23.8± 3.9)kg]were enrolled in this study.The frequency of 6 HCV genotypes and associated risk factors were evaluated from five districts of North West Frontier Province(NWFP).Results:Genotype 3was the most prevalent in 73 samples(65.17%) followed by genotype 1 in 24(21.42%) and genotype2 in 13(11.60%) samples.Genotype3 had significantly high prevalence(P=0.0002).The results showed that 48(42.85%) samples were infected with HCV 3a:25(22.32%) with 3b;14(12.50%) with 1a;10(8.92%)with 1b;11(9.82%) with 2a;2(1.78%) with 2b;and 2 were untypable.The distribution of HCV genotypes in Murdan.Charsadda,Peshawar.Sawabi and Nowshehra districts was different.Use of unsterile equipment lor medication,barbers and previous history of hospitalization were the main risk factors for HCV transmission.Conclusions:Cenotype 3a and 3b.1a.1b and 2a are the common genotypes in NWFP.Genotype 4.5.and 6 can not be found in a single sample.The level of awareness about various modes ot transmission of HCV among the population is found to be verv low.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61673169,11701176,11626101,11601485).
文摘The present study is concerned with the physical behavior of the combined effect of nano particle material motion and heat generation/absorption due to the effect of different parameters involved in prescribed flow model.The formulation of the flow model is based on basic universal equations of conservation of momentum,energy and mass.The prescribed flow model is converted to non-dimensional form by using suitable scaling.The obtained transformed equations are solved numerically by using finite difference scheme.For the analysis of above said behavior the computed numerical data for fluid velocity,temperature profile,and mass concentration for several constraints that is mixed convection parameterλt,modified mixed convection parameterλc,Prandtl number Pr,heat generation/absorption parameterδ,Schmidt number Sc,thermophoresis parameter Nt,and thermophoretic coefficient k are sketched in graphical form.Numerical results for skin friction,heat transfer rate and the mass transfer rate are tabulated for various emerging physical parameters.It is reported that in enhancement in heat,generation boosts up the fluid temperature at some positions of the surface of the sphere.As heat absorption parameter is decreased temperature field increases at position X=π/4 on the other hand,no alteration at other considered circumferential positions is noticed.
文摘Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin(indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan(L-TRP)-dependent and-independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development.L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen(N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.
文摘Soil erosion by water is one of the most important land degradation processes in the sloping rainfed lands in Pakistan. A study was conducted in the Dhrabi watershed of Pakistan to evaluate sediment yield associated with rainfall-runoff under various land-use practices. Five sub-catchments with sizes varying from 1.5 to 350 ha were selected for measurement of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield. Soil conservation techniques were also introduced to reduce the soil erosion. All runoff events occurred in the summer especially during monsoon season （July-September）. Sediment yield of two small gully catchments ranged from 4.79 to 8.34 t/ha/yr in 2009, a relatively dry year. In 2010, the annual sediment yield was 8.15 to 12.31 t/ha. Terraced catchment with arable crops produced annual 4.1 t/ha of sediment as compared to 12.31 t/ha by the adjacent gully catchment showing high potential of terraces in reducing erosion. Runoff coefficients calculated for these catchments vary from 0.09 to 0.75. The macro and micro nutrients present in the sediment indicate that these nutrients are being depleted due to soil erosion.
基金financially supported by the Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
文摘Although exogenous application of glycinebetaine(GB) is widely reported to regulate a myriad of physio-biochemical attributes in plants under stressful environments including drought stress, there is little information available in the literature on how and up to what extent GB can induce changes in anatomical features in water starved plants. Thus, the present research work was conducted to assess the GB-induced changes in growth, physio-biochemical, and anatomical characteristics in two cultivars(CK-1 and F-411) of oat(Avena sativa L.) under limited water supply. After exposure to water stress, a considerable reduction was observed in plant growth in terms of lengths and weights of shoot and roots,leaf mesophyll thickness, leaf midrib thickness, root cortex thickness, root diameter, stem diameter, stem phloem area, and stem vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. However, water stress resulted in a significant increase in leaf total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide(H_2 O_2), ascorbic acid(AsA), GB contents,activities of enzymes(CAT, SOD and POD), total soluble proteins, leaf epidermis(abaxial and adaxial)thickness, bulliform cell area, sclerenchyma thickness, root endodermis and epidermis thickness, root metaxylem area, stem metaxylem area and stem sclerenchyma thickness in both oat cultivars.Foliar-applied 100 mM GB suppressed H_2 O_2 contents, while improved growth attributes, free proline and GB contents, activity of SOD enzyme, leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf bulliform cell area, leaf midrib thickness, leaf sclerenchyma thickness, root cortex thickness, root endodermis, epidermis thickness,root stele diameter, stem diameter, stem epidermis thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem phloem and vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. For both oat cultivars, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf mesophyll, leaf sclerenchyma, root metaxylem area, stem diameter, stem epidermis, sclerenchyma thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem vascular bundle area. Overall, both oat cultivars showed inconsistent behavior to water stress and foliar-applied GB in terms of different physio-biochemical attributes, however, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in a number of anatomical features of leaf, root, and stem.
文摘Calotropis procera(Aiton)W.T.Aiton,belonging to the family Apocynaceae,is C3 evergreen plant species in arid and semi-arid areas of the Punjab Province,Pakistan.It grows in a variety of habitats like salt affected and waterlogged area,desert/semi-desert,roadside,wasteland,graveyard,forest,crop field,coastline,and river/canal bank.A total of 12 populations growing in different ecological regions were sampled to evaluate their growth,physio-biochemical,and anatomical responses to specific environmental condition.Population adapted to desert/semi-desert showed vigorous growth(plant height,shoot length,and number of leaves),enhanced photosynthetic level(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids,and total chlorophyll),and apparent anatomical modifications such as increased stem radius,cuticle thickness,storage parenchyma tissues(cortex and pith),and vascular bundles in stems,while the maximum of midrib and lamina thickness,epidermal cells,cuticle thickness,cortical proportion,abaxial stomatal density,and its area in leaves.There was high plasticity in structural and functional features of these populations,which enable them to survive and tolerate under such hot and dry desert environment.Population of saline areas exhibited very critical modifications to sustain under salt prone environment.At physiological level,it possesses the maximum amount of organic osmolytes(glycine betaine and proline)and antioxidants(superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and peroxidase(POD)),while at anatomical level,it showed intensive sclerification,large phloem region(inner and outer),pith parenchyma cells,and metaxylem vessels in stems and leaves.The population of dry mountains showed very distinctive features,such as increased shoot ionic contents(K+and Ca2+),collenchyma and sclerenchyma thickness in stems,trichomes size,and numerous small stomata on abaxial surface of leaves.It is concluded that no definite or precise single character can be taken as a yardstick for adjudging the biomass production in this rubber bush weed population.
文摘Numerical solution is presented for the two- dimensional flow of a micropolar fluid between two porous coaxial disks of different permeability for a range of Reynolds number Re （-300≤ Re 〈 0） and permeability parameter A （1.0≤A ≤2.0）. The main flow is superimposed by the injection at the surfaces of the two disks. Von Karman＇s similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing equations of motion to a set of non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations （ODEs） in dimensionless form. An algorithm based on the finite difference method is employed to solve these ODEs and Richardson＇s extrapolation is used to obtain higher order accuracy. The results indicate that the parameters Re and A have a strong influence on the velocity and microrotation profiles, shear stresses at the disks and the position of the viscous/shear layer. The micropolar material constants cl, c2, c3 have profound effect on microrotation as compared to their effect on streamwise and axial velocity profiles. The results of micropolar fluids are compared with the results for Newtonian fluids.
文摘The present work emphasizes the significance of oscillatory mixed convection stratified fluid and heat transfer characteristics at different stations of non-conducting horizontally circular cylinder in the presence of thermally stratified medium.To remove the difficulties in illustrating the coupled PDE’s,the finite-difference scheme with efficient primitive-variable formulation is proposed to transform dimensionless equations.The numerical simulations of coupled non-dimensional equations are computed in terms velocity of fluid,temperature and magnetic field which are computed to examine the fluctuating components of skin friction,heat transfer and current density for various emerging parameters.The governing parameters namely,thermally stratification parameter𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡,mixed-convection parameter𝜆𝜆,Prandtl number Pr,magnetic force parameter𝜉𝜉and magnetic-Prandtl number𝛾𝛾are displayed graphically at selected values for velocity and heat transfer mechanism.It is computed that heat transfer attains maximum amplitude and good variations in the presence of thermally stratified parameter at each position𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋6⁄,𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋3⁄and𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋around the surface of non-conducting horizontally cylinder.The velocity of fluid attains certain height at station𝛼𝛼=𝜋𝜋6⁄for higher value of stratification parameter.It is also found that the temperature gradient decreases with stratification parameter𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡,but it increases after a certain distance𝑌𝑌from the cylinder.The novelty of the current work is that due to non-conducting phenomena the magnetic effects are strongly observed far from the surface but exact at the surface are zero for each position.
基金financially supported by the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Evening program), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
文摘Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.
文摘To counteract the effects of drought stress,scientists have adopted several approaches including the use of different chemicals both inorganic and organic,which is contemplated as a highly efficient and cost-effective shot-gun approach.Ascorbic acid(AsA)is a potential organic substance,which widely occurs in plants,and is considered to be an effective antioxidant to counteract reactive oxygen species(ROS).Thus,a pot experiment was performed to assess the relative mitigating impacts of synthetic AsA and naturally occurring AsA in the form of lemon juice(LJ)and orange juice(OJ)on two cultivars of okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)namely Sabz Pari and Bhindi Sanwali under varying water deficit conditions.After 30 days of seed germination,okra seedlings were subjected to different irrigation regimes,i.e.,water deficit stress[(65%and 50%F.C.)and control conditions(100%F.C.)].Different levels of AsA[control(no spray),14 mg L^(−1)LJ,24 mg L^(−1)OJ and 150 mg L^(−1)AsA]obtained from different sources were applied as a foliar spray to control and water-stressed plants.Drought stress prominently reduced plant growth and yield attributes of the okra cultivars.Water-deficit conditions(65%and 50%F.C.)substantially decreased the fruit chlorophyll(a,b)pigments and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)enzyme,while an increase was observed in the contents of fruit’s hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),malondialdehyde(MDA),total phenolics,total soluble sugars,AsA,and total soluble proteins.Drought stress also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT).However,plant growth and yield attributes,fruit chlorophyll pigments,total phenolics,total soluble sugars,total free amino acids,total soluble proteins,AsA,GB,H_(2)O_(2),and the activities of antioxidant enzymes(POD and CAT)were increased by the AsA exogenous treatment in both okra cultivars under water deficit and control conditions.Overall,LJ and OJ were more effective than the synthetic AsA in upregulating the physiological and metabolic processes of okra plants.So,cost-effective as well as multi-nutrient natural sources of AsA could be suggested for alleviating the harmful effects of water deficit stress on plants.
文摘The techniques widely used in ultrasonic measurements are based on the determination of the time of flight (T.o.F). A short train of waves is transmitted and same transducer is used for reception of the reflected signal for the pulse-echo measurement applications. The amplitude of the received waveform is an envelope which starts from zero reaches to a peak and then dies out. The echoes are mostly detected by simple threshold crossing technique, which is also cause of error. In this paper digital signal processing is used to calculate the time delay in reception i.e. T.o.F, for which a maximum similarity between the reference and the delayed echo signals is obtained. To observe the effect of phase uncertainties and frequency shifts (Doppler), this processing is carried out, both directly on the actual wave shape and after extracting the envelopes of the reference and delayed echo signals. Several digital signal processing algorithms are considered and the effects of different factors such as sampling rate, resolution of digitization and S/N ratio are analyzed. Result show accuracy, computing time and cost for different techniques.
基金supported by the grant from Post Doctor Program, Chonbuk National University (2008)
文摘Objectives Wound healing in the skin is a multifarious orchestration of cellular processes and cigarette smoking may be a cause for delayed wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the plausible association between exposures of cigarette total particulate matter （TPM） and wound healing. Methods An in vivo wound healing model of mice was established for determination of assorted events of wound healing, dermal matrix regeneration, re-epithelialization, and neovascularization. A total of 72 adult mice, separated in eight groups, were exposed to TPM for 12 days. Results A highly considerable diminution in wound closure （P〈0.001） was pragmatic among all TPM-treated mice from day 6 to day 8 post-wounding. Histological investigations unveiled a noteworthy impede in the outcome of re-epithelialization, dermal matrix regeneration and maturation of collagen bundles among all TPM-exposed wounds. Delayed commencement of neovascularization was pragmatic among all TPM-treated mice, on day 12 post wounding. Abbot curve, angular spectrum, and other different parameters of 3D surface behavior of wounds revealed a very highly significant reduction （P〈0.001） in angiogenesis on days 6 and 8 post-wounding, which points that application of TPM instigates extensive delay in trigging the progression of angiogenesis, resulting in delayed onset of wound healing. Conclusion Our annotations validate the damaging effects of TPM on wound healing and excessive use of TPM may lead to the production of chronic wounds and oral ulcers.
基金supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan through the Indigenous 5000 Ph.D.Fellowship Program(Phase II,Batch II)
文摘This paper addresses the control law design for synchronization of two different chaotic oscillators with mutually Lipschitz nonlinearities. For analysis of the properties of two different nonlinearities, an advanced mutually Lipschitz condition is proposed. This mutually Lipschitz condition is more general than the traditional Lipschitz condition. Unlike the latter, it can be used for the design of a feedback controller for synchronization of chaotic oscillators of different dynamics. It is shown that any two different Lipschitz nonlinearities always satisfy the mutually Lipschitz condition. Applying the mutually Lipschitz condition, a quadratic Lyapunov function and uniformly ultimately bounded stability, easily designable and implementable robust control strategies utilizing algebraic Riccati equation and linear matrix inequalities, are derived for synchronization of two distinct chaotic oscillators. Furthermore, a novel adaptive control scheme for mutually Lipschitz chaotic systems is established by addressing the issue of adaptive cancellation of unknown mismatch between the dynamics of different chaotic systems. The proposed control technique is numerically tested for synchronization of two different chaotic Chua＇s circuits and for obtaining identical behavior between the modified Chua＇s circuit and the R6ssler system.
基金This research was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Islamic University of Madinah,Madinah(KSA),under Tammayuz program Grant Number 1442/505.
文摘This paper presents a large gathering dataset of images extracted from publicly filmed videos by 24 cameras installed on the premises of Masjid Al-Nabvi,Madinah,Saudi Arabia.This dataset consists of raw and processed images reflecting a highly challenging and unconstraint environment.The methodology for building the dataset consists of four core phases;that include acquisition of videos,extraction of frames,localization of face regions,and cropping and resizing of detected face regions.The raw images in the dataset consist of a total of 4613 frames obtained fromvideo sequences.The processed images in the dataset consist of the face regions of 250 persons extracted from raw data images to ensure the authenticity of the presented data.The dataset further consists of 8 images corresponding to each of the 250 subjects(persons)for a total of 2000 images.It portrays a highly unconstrained and challenging environment with human faces of varying sizes and pixel quality(resolution).Since the face regions in video sequences are severely degraded due to various unavoidable factors,it can be used as a benchmark to test and evaluate face detection and recognition algorithms for research purposes.We have also gathered and displayed records of the presence of subjects who appear in presented frames;in a temporal context.This can also be used as a temporal benchmark for tracking,finding persons,activity monitoring,and crowd counting in large crowd scenarios.
