The integration of farmers and nomads in northwestern China during the Han Dynasty(206 BCE ~ 220 CE) provides a crucial opportunity to reconstruct the material exchanges, formation and development of the Silk Road in ...The integration of farmers and nomads in northwestern China during the Han Dynasty(206 BCE ~ 220 CE) provides a crucial opportunity to reconstruct the material exchanges, formation and development of the Silk Road in antiquity. The subsistence strategy is arguably an effective proxy for the integration of various groups of people(e.g. farmers and nomads). In this paper, we have reported new stable isotope data from the Huangwan tombs dated to the Han dynasty in middle Gansu, which was the key juncture between the Han and Xiongnu empire, in order to fill the gap and further understand the substance strategies employed by the local people. According to the results of plant remains and stable isotopic data, millet farming, the typical agricultural activities for the Han Chinese in the Central Plains, was also the primary lifestyle for the Huangwan people in the mid Gansu. More importantly, this shows fundamentally remarkable difference from the agricultural practices in the Bronze Age Gansu Corridor, which were based on a variety of crops, including wheat, barley and millet. This major shift in the subsistence production at Huangwan can be correlated to a wider historical background in which the Han empire showed increasing political and military presence in the Gansu Corridor, indicating that local indigenous nomads followed the lifestyle of Han Chinese(e.g., millet farming), and/or the Han immigrates maintained millet farming.展开更多
目的分析2004—2021年中国监测地区胃癌死亡率的变化趋势与寿命损失,为制定胃癌防治措施提供科学依据。方法从2004—2021年中国死因监测数据库中提取人口学数据和胃癌死因监测数据,运用Joinpoint回归模型,通过胃癌死亡率、年龄别死亡率...目的分析2004—2021年中国监测地区胃癌死亡率的变化趋势与寿命损失,为制定胃癌防治措施提供科学依据。方法从2004—2021年中国死因监测数据库中提取人口学数据和胃癌死因监测数据,运用Joinpoint回归模型,通过胃癌死亡率、年龄别死亡率、潜在减寿年数(potential years of life lost,PYLL)、平均潜在减寿年数(average potential years of life lost,AYLL)、潜在工作损失年数(work years of potential life lost,WYPLL)、平均潜在工作损失年数(average work years of potential life lost,AWYPLL)等指标,分析胃癌死亡变化趋势及寿命损失情况。结果2004—2021中国监测地区因胃癌死亡率从2004年的25.23/10万降至2021年的18.39/10万,整体呈下降趋势(AAPC=-2.02%),分时段2004—2006年和2016—2021年均呈下降趋势(APC分别为-11.45%及-2.38%);男性死亡率(27.26/10万)高于女性(12.79/10万),整体均呈下降趋势(AAPC=-1.76%和-2.14%);农村地区死亡率(21.14/10万)高于城市地区(18.23/10万),农村地区整体呈下降趋势(AAPC=-1.89%);随着年龄的增加,胃癌年龄别死亡率不断增加,在85~岁组达到最高值。胃癌相关的PYLL为3948388.60人年,AYLL为6.46年,WYPLL为1043349.74人年,AWYPLL为5.48年,男性的PYLL(1769138.06人年)和WYPLL(647915.00人年)均高于女性(1631874.23人年、214425.00人年)。结论2004—2021年中国监测地区胃癌的死亡率呈下降趋势,但其疾病负担仍不可忽视。男性、农村地区及老年群体是重点防治人群和区域。展开更多
For almost two decades, the relationship between prehistoric natural disasters that struck the Guanting Basin in northeast Tibetan Plateau and the destruction of Lajia, an archeological site, has attracted scholarly a...For almost two decades, the relationship between prehistoric natural disasters that struck the Guanting Basin in northeast Tibetan Plateau and the destruction of Lajia, an archeological site, has attracted scholarly attention and been widely discussed. Whereas most studies have focused on the impacts of disasters on a single site within the Guanting Basin, few have examined patterns of spatiotemporal evolution of human settlements from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Consequently, there is a lack of clarity on the processes and mechanisms underlying the evolution of prehistoric human-land relationships in the Guanting Basin. We therefore examined spatiotemporal variations in settlements in the Guanting Basin during the period, based on the locations, altitudes, and areas of archaeological sites. We found that four sites were located on the third terrace of the Yellow River during the late Yangshao period(5500–5000 cal yr BP) and distributed within a small area. During the period between the Majiayao and Qijia cultures(5300–3600 cal yr BP), the number of sites evidently increased and the scale and distribution of settlements expanded, with settlements generally shifting toward the lower elevation areas of the Guanting Basin.During the Xindian period(3400–2700 cal yr BP), the number and scale of sites showed a downward trend and the distribution of settlements contracted. The Xindian settlement underwent altitude-based spatial differentiation, with some groups moving to areas at higher altitudes and others remained in lower altitude areas. Moreover, we found that the number, scale, and distribution range of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in the Guanting Basin were closely related to the evolution and distribution patterns of prehistoric cultures in the regions of Gansu and Qinghai, which were further affected by climate change and agricultural development. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the altitudinal distribution pattern of Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements in the Guanting Basin was influenced by paleofloods rather it was primarily influenced by changes in subsistence strategies.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.419912251)National Key Research&Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0606402)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41871076)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road(Pan-TPE)(Grant No.XDA2004010101)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.lzujbky-2018-43).
文摘The integration of farmers and nomads in northwestern China during the Han Dynasty(206 BCE ~ 220 CE) provides a crucial opportunity to reconstruct the material exchanges, formation and development of the Silk Road in antiquity. The subsistence strategy is arguably an effective proxy for the integration of various groups of people(e.g. farmers and nomads). In this paper, we have reported new stable isotope data from the Huangwan tombs dated to the Han dynasty in middle Gansu, which was the key juncture between the Han and Xiongnu empire, in order to fill the gap and further understand the substance strategies employed by the local people. According to the results of plant remains and stable isotopic data, millet farming, the typical agricultural activities for the Han Chinese in the Central Plains, was also the primary lifestyle for the Huangwan people in the mid Gansu. More importantly, this shows fundamentally remarkable difference from the agricultural practices in the Bronze Age Gansu Corridor, which were based on a variety of crops, including wheat, barley and millet. This major shift in the subsistence production at Huangwan can be correlated to a wider historical background in which the Han empire showed increasing political and military presence in the Gansu Corridor, indicating that local indigenous nomads followed the lifestyle of Han Chinese(e.g., millet farming), and/or the Han immigrates maintained millet farming.
文摘目的分析2004—2021年中国监测地区胃癌死亡率的变化趋势与寿命损失,为制定胃癌防治措施提供科学依据。方法从2004—2021年中国死因监测数据库中提取人口学数据和胃癌死因监测数据,运用Joinpoint回归模型,通过胃癌死亡率、年龄别死亡率、潜在减寿年数(potential years of life lost,PYLL)、平均潜在减寿年数(average potential years of life lost,AYLL)、潜在工作损失年数(work years of potential life lost,WYPLL)、平均潜在工作损失年数(average work years of potential life lost,AWYPLL)等指标,分析胃癌死亡变化趋势及寿命损失情况。结果2004—2021中国监测地区因胃癌死亡率从2004年的25.23/10万降至2021年的18.39/10万,整体呈下降趋势(AAPC=-2.02%),分时段2004—2006年和2016—2021年均呈下降趋势(APC分别为-11.45%及-2.38%);男性死亡率(27.26/10万)高于女性(12.79/10万),整体均呈下降趋势(AAPC=-1.76%和-2.14%);农村地区死亡率(21.14/10万)高于城市地区(18.23/10万),农村地区整体呈下降趋势(AAPC=-1.89%);随着年龄的增加,胃癌年龄别死亡率不断增加,在85~岁组达到最高值。胃癌相关的PYLL为3948388.60人年,AYLL为6.46年,WYPLL为1043349.74人年,AWYPLL为5.48年,男性的PYLL(1769138.06人年)和WYPLL(647915.00人年)均高于女性(1631874.23人年、214425.00人年)。结论2004—2021年中国监测地区胃癌的死亡率呈下降趋势,但其疾病负担仍不可忽视。男性、农村地区及老年群体是重点防治人群和区域。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41620104007, 41671077 & 41401091)
文摘For almost two decades, the relationship between prehistoric natural disasters that struck the Guanting Basin in northeast Tibetan Plateau and the destruction of Lajia, an archeological site, has attracted scholarly attention and been widely discussed. Whereas most studies have focused on the impacts of disasters on a single site within the Guanting Basin, few have examined patterns of spatiotemporal evolution of human settlements from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Consequently, there is a lack of clarity on the processes and mechanisms underlying the evolution of prehistoric human-land relationships in the Guanting Basin. We therefore examined spatiotemporal variations in settlements in the Guanting Basin during the period, based on the locations, altitudes, and areas of archaeological sites. We found that four sites were located on the third terrace of the Yellow River during the late Yangshao period(5500–5000 cal yr BP) and distributed within a small area. During the period between the Majiayao and Qijia cultures(5300–3600 cal yr BP), the number of sites evidently increased and the scale and distribution of settlements expanded, with settlements generally shifting toward the lower elevation areas of the Guanting Basin.During the Xindian period(3400–2700 cal yr BP), the number and scale of sites showed a downward trend and the distribution of settlements contracted. The Xindian settlement underwent altitude-based spatial differentiation, with some groups moving to areas at higher altitudes and others remained in lower altitude areas. Moreover, we found that the number, scale, and distribution range of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in the Guanting Basin were closely related to the evolution and distribution patterns of prehistoric cultures in the regions of Gansu and Qinghai, which were further affected by climate change and agricultural development. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the altitudinal distribution pattern of Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements in the Guanting Basin was influenced by paleofloods rather it was primarily influenced by changes in subsistence strategies.
