Objective:To optimize the ultrasonication method for efficient extraction ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol from the roots of Astragalus atropilosus using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology(RSM),and its valid...Objective:To optimize the ultrasonication method for efficient extraction ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol from the roots of Astragalus atropilosus using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology(RSM),and its validation by high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC)method.Methods:Ultrasonication method was used to extractβ-sitosterol and lupeol from Astragalus atropilosus(roots).RSM was used to optimize the different extraction parameters viz.liquid to solid ratio(10–14 m L/g),temperature(60-80℃)and time(40–60 min)to maximize the yield ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol.The quantitative estimation ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol was done in chloroform extract of Astragalus atropilosus by validated HPTLC method on 10 cm×20 cm glass-backed silica gel 60 F254 plate using hexane and ethyl acetate(8:2,v/v)as mobile phase.Results:A quadratic polynomial model was found to be most appropriate with regard to R1(yield of total extraction;R2/%CV=0.9948/0.28),R2(β-sitosterol yield;R2/%CV=0.9923/0.39)and R3(lupeol yield;R2/%CV=0.9942/0.97).The values of adjusted R2/predicted R2/signal to noise ratio for R1,R2,and R3 were 0.9782/0.9551/48.77,0.9904/0.9110/31.33,and 0.9927/0.9401/36.08,respectively,indicating a high degree of correlation and adequate signal.The linear correlation plot between the predicted and experimental values for R1,R2,and R3 showed high values of R2 ranging from 0.9905-0.9973.β-sitosterol and lupeol in chloroform extract of Astragalus atropilosus were detected at Rf values of 0.22 and 0.34,respectively,atλmax=518 nm.The optimized ultrasonic extraction produced 8.462%w/w of R1,0.451%w/w of R2 and 0.172%w/w of R3 at 13.5 m L/g liquid to solid ratio,78℃of temperature and 60 min of time.Conclusions:The experimental findings of RSM optimized extraction and HPTLC analysis can be further applied for the efficient extraction ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol in other species of Astragalus.展开更多
The Kanpur Nagar is an economically and industrially vibrant area situated on the Middle Gangetic alluvial plain which lacks robust hydrogeochemical data.Therefore,in the present research,hydrogeochemical techniques i...The Kanpur Nagar is an economically and industrially vibrant area situated on the Middle Gangetic alluvial plain which lacks robust hydrogeochemical data.Therefore,in the present research,hydrogeochemical techniques integrated with multi-statistical analysis were used to assess the geochemistry,sources of ions,geochemical evolution,natural background levels(NBLs),threshold values(TVs),and suitability for drinking purposes using the integrated-weight water quality index(IWQI)of 68 groundwater samples from both pre-monsoon(PRM)and post-monsoon(POM)seasons.Additionally,an assessment was made of the sources and occurrence of fluoride and nitrate contaminants in the groundwater,followed by an evaluation of their associated non-carcinogenic human health risks(NCHHR)due to the oral consumption of F^(-),and NO_(3)^(-).Silicate weathering was found to be the most influential geochemical process in the study area,followed by active cation exchange,with a significant contribution from anthropogenic sources.The study assessed the identification of geochemical factors that control high levels of chemical components in groundwater using NBLs and TVs.Values of IWQI indicate the occurrence of excellent and good quality potable water in 78%and91%of the total groundwater samples from PRM and POM,respectively.As per the geochemical signature,the probable source of excess fluoride might be related to the interaction of groundwater with alluvial sediments deposited in the geological past,while agronomic sources could be the sole reasons for elevated nitrate concentration.It was found that children are more prone to NCHHR than the adult population,as per the calculated total hazard index.展开更多
基金the Researchers Supporting Project Number(RSP-2019/132),King Saud University,Riyadh,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
文摘Objective:To optimize the ultrasonication method for efficient extraction ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol from the roots of Astragalus atropilosus using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology(RSM),and its validation by high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC)method.Methods:Ultrasonication method was used to extractβ-sitosterol and lupeol from Astragalus atropilosus(roots).RSM was used to optimize the different extraction parameters viz.liquid to solid ratio(10–14 m L/g),temperature(60-80℃)and time(40–60 min)to maximize the yield ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol.The quantitative estimation ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol was done in chloroform extract of Astragalus atropilosus by validated HPTLC method on 10 cm×20 cm glass-backed silica gel 60 F254 plate using hexane and ethyl acetate(8:2,v/v)as mobile phase.Results:A quadratic polynomial model was found to be most appropriate with regard to R1(yield of total extraction;R2/%CV=0.9948/0.28),R2(β-sitosterol yield;R2/%CV=0.9923/0.39)and R3(lupeol yield;R2/%CV=0.9942/0.97).The values of adjusted R2/predicted R2/signal to noise ratio for R1,R2,and R3 were 0.9782/0.9551/48.77,0.9904/0.9110/31.33,and 0.9927/0.9401/36.08,respectively,indicating a high degree of correlation and adequate signal.The linear correlation plot between the predicted and experimental values for R1,R2,and R3 showed high values of R2 ranging from 0.9905-0.9973.β-sitosterol and lupeol in chloroform extract of Astragalus atropilosus were detected at Rf values of 0.22 and 0.34,respectively,atλmax=518 nm.The optimized ultrasonic extraction produced 8.462%w/w of R1,0.451%w/w of R2 and 0.172%w/w of R3 at 13.5 m L/g liquid to solid ratio,78℃of temperature and 60 min of time.Conclusions:The experimental findings of RSM optimized extraction and HPTLC analysis can be further applied for the efficient extraction ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol in other species of Astragalus.
基金the DST for INSPIRE PhD scholarship.N Rai acknowledges partial support for this work by IIT Roorkee-Project No:FIG-100779-ESDby the IIT Roorkee institute fellowship(2017-2019)。
文摘The Kanpur Nagar is an economically and industrially vibrant area situated on the Middle Gangetic alluvial plain which lacks robust hydrogeochemical data.Therefore,in the present research,hydrogeochemical techniques integrated with multi-statistical analysis were used to assess the geochemistry,sources of ions,geochemical evolution,natural background levels(NBLs),threshold values(TVs),and suitability for drinking purposes using the integrated-weight water quality index(IWQI)of 68 groundwater samples from both pre-monsoon(PRM)and post-monsoon(POM)seasons.Additionally,an assessment was made of the sources and occurrence of fluoride and nitrate contaminants in the groundwater,followed by an evaluation of their associated non-carcinogenic human health risks(NCHHR)due to the oral consumption of F^(-),and NO_(3)^(-).Silicate weathering was found to be the most influential geochemical process in the study area,followed by active cation exchange,with a significant contribution from anthropogenic sources.The study assessed the identification of geochemical factors that control high levels of chemical components in groundwater using NBLs and TVs.Values of IWQI indicate the occurrence of excellent and good quality potable water in 78%and91%of the total groundwater samples from PRM and POM,respectively.As per the geochemical signature,the probable source of excess fluoride might be related to the interaction of groundwater with alluvial sediments deposited in the geological past,while agronomic sources could be the sole reasons for elevated nitrate concentration.It was found that children are more prone to NCHHR than the adult population,as per the calculated total hazard index.
