Undoped and Ni–S co-doped mesoporous TiO2 nano materials were synthesized by using sol–gel method.The characteristic features of as prepared catalyst samples were investigated using various advanced spectroscopic an...Undoped and Ni–S co-doped mesoporous TiO2 nano materials were synthesized by using sol–gel method.The characteristic features of as prepared catalyst samples were investigated using various advanced spectroscopic and analytical techniques.The characterization results of the samples revealed that all the samples exhibited anatase phase(XRD),decreasing band gap(2.68 eV)(UV–Vis-DRS),small particle size(9.2 nm)(TEM),high surface area(142.156 m^2·g^-1)(BET),particles with spherical shape and smooth morphology(SEM);there is a frequency shift observed for co-doped sample(FT-IR)and the elemental composition electronic states and position of the doped elements(Ni and S)in the TiO2 lattice analyzed by XPS and EDX.These results supported the photocatalytic degradation of Bismarck Brown Red(BBR)achieved with in 110 min and also exhibited the antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC-3160),Pseudomonas fluorescence(MTCC-1688)under visible light irradiation.展开更多
Global Positioning System(GPS)services could be improved through prediction of ionospheric delays for satellite-based radio signals.With respect to latitude,longitude,local time,season,solar cycle and geomagnetic acti...Global Positioning System(GPS)services could be improved through prediction of ionospheric delays for satellite-based radio signals.With respect to latitude,longitude,local time,season,solar cycle and geomagnetic activity the Total Electron Content(TEC)have significant variations in both time and space.These temporal and spatial TEC variations driven by interplanetary space weather conditions such as solar and geomagnetic activities can degrade the communication and navigation links of GPS.Hence,in this paper,performance of TEC forecasting models based on Neural Networks(NN)have been evaluated to forecast(1-h ahead)ionospheric TEC over equatorial low latitude Bengaluru e12:97+N;77:59+ET,Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)station,India.The VTEC data is collected for 2009 e2016(8 years)during current 24 th solar cycle.The input space for the NN models comprise the solar Extreme UV flux,F10.7 proxy,a geomagnetic planetary A index(AP)index,sunspot number(SSN),disturbance storm time(DST)index,solar wind speed(Vsw),solar wind proton density(Np),Interplanetary Magnetic Field(IMF Bz).The performance of NN based TEC forecast models and International Reference Ionosphere,IRI-2016 global TEC model has evaluated during testing period,2016.The NN based model driven by all the inputs,which is a NN unified model(NNunq)has shown better accuracy with Mean Absolute Error(MAE)of 3.15 TECU,Mean Square Deviation(MSD)of 16.8 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE)of 19.8%and is 1 e25%more accurate than the other NN based TEC forecast models(NN1,NN2 and NN3)and IRI-2016 model.NNunq model has less Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)value 3.8 TECU and highest goodness-of-fit(R2)with 0.85.The experimental results imply that NNunq/NN1 model forecasts ionospheric TEC accurately across equatorial low-latitude GNSS station and IRI-2016 model performance is necessarily improved as its forecast accuracy is limited to 69 e70%.展开更多
The Aravalli-Delhi and Satpura Mobile Belts （ADMB and SMB） and the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt （EGMB） in India form major Proterozoic mobile belts with adjoining cratons and contemporary basins. The most convincing f...The Aravalli-Delhi and Satpura Mobile Belts （ADMB and SMB） and the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt （EGMB） in India form major Proterozoic mobile belts with adjoining cratons and contemporary basins. The most convincing features of the ADMB and the SMB have been the crustal layers dipping from both sides in opposite directions, crustal thickening （ -45 km） and high density and high conductivity rocks in upper/ lower crust associated with faults/thrusts. These observations indicate convergence while domal type re- flectors in the lower crust suggest an extensional rifting phase. In case of the SMB, even the remnant of the subducting slab characterized by high conductive and low density slab in lithospheric mantle up to - 120 km across the Purna-Godavari river faults has been traced which may be caused by fluids due to metamorphism. Subduction related intrusives of the SMB south of it and the ADMB west of it suggest N-S and E-W directed convergence and subduction during Meso-Neoproterozoic convergence. The simultaneous E-W conver- gence between the Bundelkhand craton and Marwar craton （Western Rajasthan） across the ADMB and the N-S convergence between the Bundelkhand craton and the Bhaodara and Dharwar cratons across the SMB suggest that the forces of convergence might have been in a NE SW direction with E-W and N-S compo- nents in the two cases, respectively. This explains the arcuate shaped collision zone of the ADMB and the SMB which are connected in their western part. The Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt （EGMB） also shows signatures orE -W directed Meso Neoproterozoic convergence with East Antarctica similar to ADMB in north India. Foreland basins such as Vindhyan （ADMB-SMB）, and Kurnool （EGMB） Supergroups of rocks were formed during this convergence. Older rocks such as Aravalli （ADMB）, Mahakoshal-Bijawar （SMB）, and Cuddapah （EGMB） Supergroups of rocks with several basic/ultrabasic intrusives along these mobile belts, plausibly formed during an earlier episode of rifting during Paleo-Mesoproterozoic period. They are highly disturbed and deformed due to subsequent Meso-Neoproterozoic convergence. As these Paleoproterozoic basins are characterized by large scale basic/ultrabasic intrusives that are considerably wide spread, it is suggested that a plume/superplume might have existed under the Indian cratons at that time which was responsible for the breakup of these cratons. Further, the presence of older intrusives in these mobile belts suggests that there might have been some form of convergence also during Paleoproterozoic period.展开更多
基金the University Grants Commission (UGC) for providing BSR fellowship
文摘Undoped and Ni–S co-doped mesoporous TiO2 nano materials were synthesized by using sol–gel method.The characteristic features of as prepared catalyst samples were investigated using various advanced spectroscopic and analytical techniques.The characterization results of the samples revealed that all the samples exhibited anatase phase(XRD),decreasing band gap(2.68 eV)(UV–Vis-DRS),small particle size(9.2 nm)(TEM),high surface area(142.156 m^2·g^-1)(BET),particles with spherical shape and smooth morphology(SEM);there is a frequency shift observed for co-doped sample(FT-IR)and the elemental composition electronic states and position of the doped elements(Ni and S)in the TiO2 lattice analyzed by XPS and EDX.These results supported the photocatalytic degradation of Bismarck Brown Red(BBR)achieved with in 110 min and also exhibited the antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC-3160),Pseudomonas fluorescence(MTCC-1688)under visible light irradiation.
基金the research project titled"Implementation of Deep Learning Algorithms to Develop Web based Ionospheric Time Delays Forecasting System over Indian Region using Ground based GNSS and NAVigation with Indian Constellation(NAVIC)observations"sponsored by Science&Engineering Research Board(SERB)(A statutory body of the Department of Science&Technology,Government of India,New Delhi,India,vide sanction order No:ECR/2018/001701Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi,India for funding this research through SR/FST/ESI-130/2013(C)FIST program
文摘Global Positioning System(GPS)services could be improved through prediction of ionospheric delays for satellite-based radio signals.With respect to latitude,longitude,local time,season,solar cycle and geomagnetic activity the Total Electron Content(TEC)have significant variations in both time and space.These temporal and spatial TEC variations driven by interplanetary space weather conditions such as solar and geomagnetic activities can degrade the communication and navigation links of GPS.Hence,in this paper,performance of TEC forecasting models based on Neural Networks(NN)have been evaluated to forecast(1-h ahead)ionospheric TEC over equatorial low latitude Bengaluru e12:97+N;77:59+ET,Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)station,India.The VTEC data is collected for 2009 e2016(8 years)during current 24 th solar cycle.The input space for the NN models comprise the solar Extreme UV flux,F10.7 proxy,a geomagnetic planetary A index(AP)index,sunspot number(SSN),disturbance storm time(DST)index,solar wind speed(Vsw),solar wind proton density(Np),Interplanetary Magnetic Field(IMF Bz).The performance of NN based TEC forecast models and International Reference Ionosphere,IRI-2016 global TEC model has evaluated during testing period,2016.The NN based model driven by all the inputs,which is a NN unified model(NNunq)has shown better accuracy with Mean Absolute Error(MAE)of 3.15 TECU,Mean Square Deviation(MSD)of 16.8 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE)of 19.8%and is 1 e25%more accurate than the other NN based TEC forecast models(NN1,NN2 and NN3)and IRI-2016 model.NNunq model has less Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)value 3.8 TECU and highest goodness-of-fit(R2)with 0.85.The experimental results imply that NNunq/NN1 model forecasts ionospheric TEC accurately across equatorial low-latitude GNSS station and IRI-2016 model performance is necessarily improved as its forecast accuracy is limited to 69 e70%.
基金CSIR for Emeritus Scientist Scheme and to the Ministry of Earth Sciences for the project, MoES/PO(Seismo)/23(646)/2007
文摘The Aravalli-Delhi and Satpura Mobile Belts （ADMB and SMB） and the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt （EGMB） in India form major Proterozoic mobile belts with adjoining cratons and contemporary basins. The most convincing features of the ADMB and the SMB have been the crustal layers dipping from both sides in opposite directions, crustal thickening （ -45 km） and high density and high conductivity rocks in upper/ lower crust associated with faults/thrusts. These observations indicate convergence while domal type re- flectors in the lower crust suggest an extensional rifting phase. In case of the SMB, even the remnant of the subducting slab characterized by high conductive and low density slab in lithospheric mantle up to - 120 km across the Purna-Godavari river faults has been traced which may be caused by fluids due to metamorphism. Subduction related intrusives of the SMB south of it and the ADMB west of it suggest N-S and E-W directed convergence and subduction during Meso-Neoproterozoic convergence. The simultaneous E-W conver- gence between the Bundelkhand craton and Marwar craton （Western Rajasthan） across the ADMB and the N-S convergence between the Bundelkhand craton and the Bhaodara and Dharwar cratons across the SMB suggest that the forces of convergence might have been in a NE SW direction with E-W and N-S compo- nents in the two cases, respectively. This explains the arcuate shaped collision zone of the ADMB and the SMB which are connected in their western part. The Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt （EGMB） also shows signatures orE -W directed Meso Neoproterozoic convergence with East Antarctica similar to ADMB in north India. Foreland basins such as Vindhyan （ADMB-SMB）, and Kurnool （EGMB） Supergroups of rocks were formed during this convergence. Older rocks such as Aravalli （ADMB）, Mahakoshal-Bijawar （SMB）, and Cuddapah （EGMB） Supergroups of rocks with several basic/ultrabasic intrusives along these mobile belts, plausibly formed during an earlier episode of rifting during Paleo-Mesoproterozoic period. They are highly disturbed and deformed due to subsequent Meso-Neoproterozoic convergence. As these Paleoproterozoic basins are characterized by large scale basic/ultrabasic intrusives that are considerably wide spread, it is suggested that a plume/superplume might have existed under the Indian cratons at that time which was responsible for the breakup of these cratons. Further, the presence of older intrusives in these mobile belts suggests that there might have been some form of convergence also during Paleoproterozoic period.
