Methods: Asystematic literature search was performed using PUBMED for all English articles up to April 2014. Although this review mainly focuses on published human studies, it also draws attention to where future rese...Methods: Asystematic literature search was performed using PUBMED for all English articles up to April 2014. Although this review mainly focuses on published human studies, it also draws attention to where future research should be directed based on animal studies. Results: Besides the 9 known mutations widely quoted for KS namely KAL1, Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), prokineticin 2 (PROK2), PROK receptor 2 (PROKR2), WDR11, heparin sulfate-6-O-Transferase (HS6T1), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) and semaphorin 3A (SEMA 3A), additional mutations in “FGF8 synexpression” group e.g., FGF 17, ILRD, DUSP 6, SPRY4 and FLRT3 have been shown to be involved in CHH, mostly KS besides SEMA 7A. Although traditionally division has been based on anosmic/normosnic criteria, further genes found to cause so called nIHH like Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR). KISS1, TAC3, TACR3 have also been found to be associated with hyposmia on detailed testing on UPSIT and MRI for olfactory structures revealed absent OB. Further detailed examination of transcription factor genes have revealed involvement of HESX1, TSHZ1, AXL, SOX10 with a strong overlap of in transcription factors in development of septooptic dysplasia (SOD), combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CHPD) and KS. Treatment with rFSH/-hCG gives almost similar results to pulsatile GnRH therapy and should be based on cost factor, availability and in occasional cases specific treatment like kisspeptin therapy. Conclusions: Contrary to the traditional thinking, one shoud reconsider classifying cases of IHH simply on basis of anosmia/normosmia. Deafness calls for looking for mutations in Sox 10/CHD7/ILRD7 considering 38% association of former. Therapy should be individualized based on availability of pulsatile GnRH, cost factor and in recalcitrant cases kp therapy may be of use with kp mutations and NKB mutations.展开更多
Using the hydrodynamic model of semiconductor plasmas, we perform an analytical investigation of stimulated Raman scattering （SITS） of an electromagnetic pump wave in a transversely magnetized weakly polar semicon- ...Using the hydrodynamic model of semiconductor plasmas, we perform an analytical investigation of stimulated Raman scattering （SITS） of an electromagnetic pump wave in a transversely magnetized weakly polar semicon- ductor arising from electron-density perturbations and molecular vibrations of the medium both produced at the longitudinal optical phonon frequency. Assuming that the origin of SItS lies in the third-order susceptibility of the medium, we investigate the growth rate of Stokes mode. The dependence of stimulated Raman gain on the external dc magnetic field strength and free carrier concentration is reported. The possibility of the occurrence of optical phase conjugation via SItS is also studied. The steady-state Raman gain is found to be greatly enhanced by the presence of the strong external dc magnetic field.展开更多
Using electromagnetic treatment, an expression of effective nonlinear optical susceptibility χe [= χe^（2） ＋ χe^（3） E] is obtained for Ⅲ-Ⅴ semiconducting crystals in an applied transverse dc magnetic fieM und...Using electromagnetic treatment, an expression of effective nonlinear optical susceptibility χe [= χe^（2） ＋ χe^（3） E] is obtained for Ⅲ-Ⅴ semiconducting crystals in an applied transverse dc magnetic fieM under off-resonant transition regime. The origin of nonlinear interaction lies in nonlinear polarization arising from the crystal properties such as piezoelectricity and electrostriction. Numerical estimates have been made by a representative n-InSb crystal at 77K duly irradiated by a pulsed 10.6-μm CO2 laser under off-resonant transition regime. Efforts are dedicated to optimizing doping level and externally applied dc magnetic field to achieve maximum χe^（2） and χ3^（3）. The results are found to be in good agreement with the available literature. The analysis shows that χe^（2） and χe^（3） can be significantly enhanced in doped Ⅲ-Ⅴ semiconductors by the proper selection of doping concentration and dc magnetic field, which confirms its potential as a candidate material for the fabrication of nonlinear optical devices.展开更多
After the discovery of hexagonal ferrites or hexaferrites, it has been become important materials commercially and technically to study which is still growing on. In this article, we have reviewed about the M-type hex...After the discovery of hexagonal ferrites or hexaferrites, it has been become important materials commercially and technically to study which is still growing on. In this article, we have reviewed about the M-type hexaferrites including their structural, synthesis techniques and important magnetic properties. The role of experimental synthesizing techniques adopted for preparation of M-type hexaferrites on the various parameters studied in this review paper. The substitution of holonium in BaM ferrite reduces the value of coercivity but not saturation magnetization and ramanence and the cobalt-titanium substituted ferrites were the most important M-type ferrites in the field of application in microwave properties and magnetic field industry.展开更多
The Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Network （UVANET） provides non-safety applications like media sharing, internet service, file transfer, gaming, and so on. Routing plays an important role in providing better services to th...The Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Network （UVANET） provides non-safety applications like media sharing, internet service, file transfer, gaming, and so on. Routing plays an important role in providing better services to the users in UVANET. In this paper, a novel routing protocol is proposed for UVANET to support non-safety applications. We consider a non-safety application wherein the drivers and passengers of different parking lots can play multiplayer games with each other. To play the games smoothly, the game data should reach the destination in a minimum time. Simulation results show that when the vehicle density in the city area is high, the proposed protocol meets the end-to-end delay tolerance of 100 ms. Finally, an experiment is performed to validate the proposed routing protocol by running a simple puzzle game in a UVANET prototype designed in an indoor laboratory environment and in an outdoor environment.展开更多
文摘Methods: Asystematic literature search was performed using PUBMED for all English articles up to April 2014. Although this review mainly focuses on published human studies, it also draws attention to where future research should be directed based on animal studies. Results: Besides the 9 known mutations widely quoted for KS namely KAL1, Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), prokineticin 2 (PROK2), PROK receptor 2 (PROKR2), WDR11, heparin sulfate-6-O-Transferase (HS6T1), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7) and semaphorin 3A (SEMA 3A), additional mutations in “FGF8 synexpression” group e.g., FGF 17, ILRD, DUSP 6, SPRY4 and FLRT3 have been shown to be involved in CHH, mostly KS besides SEMA 7A. Although traditionally division has been based on anosmic/normosnic criteria, further genes found to cause so called nIHH like Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR). KISS1, TAC3, TACR3 have also been found to be associated with hyposmia on detailed testing on UPSIT and MRI for olfactory structures revealed absent OB. Further detailed examination of transcription factor genes have revealed involvement of HESX1, TSHZ1, AXL, SOX10 with a strong overlap of in transcription factors in development of septooptic dysplasia (SOD), combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CHPD) and KS. Treatment with rFSH/-hCG gives almost similar results to pulsatile GnRH therapy and should be based on cost factor, availability and in occasional cases specific treatment like kisspeptin therapy. Conclusions: Contrary to the traditional thinking, one shoud reconsider classifying cases of IHH simply on basis of anosmia/normosmia. Deafness calls for looking for mutations in Sox 10/CHD7/ILRD7 considering 38% association of former. Therapy should be individualized based on availability of pulsatile GnRH, cost factor and in recalcitrant cases kp therapy may be of use with kp mutations and NKB mutations.
文摘Using the hydrodynamic model of semiconductor plasmas, we perform an analytical investigation of stimulated Raman scattering （SITS） of an electromagnetic pump wave in a transversely magnetized weakly polar semicon- ductor arising from electron-density perturbations and molecular vibrations of the medium both produced at the longitudinal optical phonon frequency. Assuming that the origin of SItS lies in the third-order susceptibility of the medium, we investigate the growth rate of Stokes mode. The dependence of stimulated Raman gain on the external dc magnetic field strength and free carrier concentration is reported. The possibility of the occurrence of optical phase conjugation via SItS is also studied. The steady-state Raman gain is found to be greatly enhanced by the presence of the strong external dc magnetic field.
文摘Using electromagnetic treatment, an expression of effective nonlinear optical susceptibility χe [= χe^（2） ＋ χe^（3） E] is obtained for Ⅲ-Ⅴ semiconducting crystals in an applied transverse dc magnetic fieM under off-resonant transition regime. The origin of nonlinear interaction lies in nonlinear polarization arising from the crystal properties such as piezoelectricity and electrostriction. Numerical estimates have been made by a representative n-InSb crystal at 77K duly irradiated by a pulsed 10.6-μm CO2 laser under off-resonant transition regime. Efforts are dedicated to optimizing doping level and externally applied dc magnetic field to achieve maximum χe^（2） and χ3^（3）. The results are found to be in good agreement with the available literature. The analysis shows that χe^（2） and χe^（3） can be significantly enhanced in doped Ⅲ-Ⅴ semiconductors by the proper selection of doping concentration and dc magnetic field, which confirms its potential as a candidate material for the fabrication of nonlinear optical devices.
文摘After the discovery of hexagonal ferrites or hexaferrites, it has been become important materials commercially and technically to study which is still growing on. In this article, we have reviewed about the M-type hexaferrites including their structural, synthesis techniques and important magnetic properties. The role of experimental synthesizing techniques adopted for preparation of M-type hexaferrites on the various parameters studied in this review paper. The substitution of holonium in BaM ferrite reduces the value of coercivity but not saturation magnetization and ramanence and the cobalt-titanium substituted ferrites were the most important M-type ferrites in the field of application in microwave properties and magnetic field industry.
文摘The Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Network （UVANET） provides non-safety applications like media sharing, internet service, file transfer, gaming, and so on. Routing plays an important role in providing better services to the users in UVANET. In this paper, a novel routing protocol is proposed for UVANET to support non-safety applications. We consider a non-safety application wherein the drivers and passengers of different parking lots can play multiplayer games with each other. To play the games smoothly, the game data should reach the destination in a minimum time. Simulation results show that when the vehicle density in the city area is high, the proposed protocol meets the end-to-end delay tolerance of 100 ms. Finally, an experiment is performed to validate the proposed routing protocol by running a simple puzzle game in a UVANET prototype designed in an indoor laboratory environment and in an outdoor environment.
