Detailed analysis of Land Use/Land Cover （LULC） using remote sensing data in complex irrigated basins provides complete profile for better water resource management and planning. Using remote sensing data, this stud...Detailed analysis of Land Use/Land Cover （LULC） using remote sensing data in complex irrigated basins provides complete profile for better water resource management and planning. Using remote sensing data, this study provides detailed land use maps of the Lower Chenab Canal irrigated region of Pakistan from 2005 to 2012 for LULC change detection. Major crop types are demarcated by identifying temporal profiles of NDVI using MODIS 250 m × 250 m spatial resolution data. Wheat and rice are found to be major crops in rabi and kharif seasons, respectively. Accuracy assessment of prepared maps is performed using three dif- ferent techniques： error matrix approach, comparison with ancillary data and with previous study. Producer and user accuracies for each class are calculated along with kappa coeffi- cients （K）. The average overall accuracies for rabi and kharif are 82.83% and 78.21%, re- spectively. Producer and user accuracies for individual class range respectively between 72.5% to 77% and 70.1% to 84.3% for rabi and 76.6% to 90.2% and 72% to 84.7% for kharif. The K values range between 0.66 to 0.77 for rabi with average of 0.73, and from 0.69 to 0.74 with average of 0.71 for kharif. LULC change detection indicates that wheat and rice have less volatility of change in comparison with both rabi and kharif fodders. Transformation be- tween cotton and rice is less common due to their completely different cropping conditions. Results of spatial and temporal LULC distributions and their seasonal variations provide useful insights for establishing realistic LULC scenarios for hydrological studies.展开更多
This article concerns the analysis of an unsteady stagnation point flow of Eyring–Powell nanofluid over a stretching sheet.The influence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion is also considered in transport equations...This article concerns the analysis of an unsteady stagnation point flow of Eyring–Powell nanofluid over a stretching sheet.The influence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion is also considered in transport equations.The nonlinear ODE set is obtained from the governing nonlinear equations via suitable transformations.The numerical experiments are performed using the Galerkin scheme.A tabular form comparison analysis of outcomes attained via the Galerkin approach and numerical scheme(RK-4)is available to show the credibility of the Galerkin method.The numerical exploration is carried out for various governing parameters,namely,Brownian motion,steadiness,thermophoresis,stretching ratio,velocity slip,concentration slip,thermal slip,and fluid parameters,and Hartmann,Prandtl and Schmidt numbers.The velocity of fluid enhances with an increase in fluid and magnetic parameters for the case of opposing,but the behavior is reversed for assisting cases.The Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters cause an increase in temperature for both cases(assisting and opposing).The Brownian motion parameter provides a drop-in concentration while an increase is noticed for the thermophoresis parameter.All the outcomes and the behavior of emerging parameters are illustrated graphically.The comparison analysis and graphical plots endorse the appropriateness of the Galerkin method.It is concluded that said method could be extended to other problems of a complex nature.展开更多
文摘Detailed analysis of Land Use/Land Cover （LULC） using remote sensing data in complex irrigated basins provides complete profile for better water resource management and planning. Using remote sensing data, this study provides detailed land use maps of the Lower Chenab Canal irrigated region of Pakistan from 2005 to 2012 for LULC change detection. Major crop types are demarcated by identifying temporal profiles of NDVI using MODIS 250 m × 250 m spatial resolution data. Wheat and rice are found to be major crops in rabi and kharif seasons, respectively. Accuracy assessment of prepared maps is performed using three dif- ferent techniques： error matrix approach, comparison with ancillary data and with previous study. Producer and user accuracies for each class are calculated along with kappa coeffi- cients （K）. The average overall accuracies for rabi and kharif are 82.83% and 78.21%, re- spectively. Producer and user accuracies for individual class range respectively between 72.5% to 77% and 70.1% to 84.3% for rabi and 76.6% to 90.2% and 72% to 84.7% for kharif. The K values range between 0.66 to 0.77 for rabi with average of 0.73, and from 0.69 to 0.74 with average of 0.71 for kharif. LULC change detection indicates that wheat and rice have less volatility of change in comparison with both rabi and kharif fodders. Transformation be- tween cotton and rice is less common due to their completely different cropping conditions. Results of spatial and temporal LULC distributions and their seasonal variations provide useful insights for establishing realistic LULC scenarios for hydrological studies.
基金the support of Peking University through the Boya Post-Doctoral Fellowshipsupported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M681135)the financial support from the Thousand Talents Plan for the Introduction of High-level Talents at Home and Abroad in Sichuan Province。
文摘This article concerns the analysis of an unsteady stagnation point flow of Eyring–Powell nanofluid over a stretching sheet.The influence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion is also considered in transport equations.The nonlinear ODE set is obtained from the governing nonlinear equations via suitable transformations.The numerical experiments are performed using the Galerkin scheme.A tabular form comparison analysis of outcomes attained via the Galerkin approach and numerical scheme(RK-4)is available to show the credibility of the Galerkin method.The numerical exploration is carried out for various governing parameters,namely,Brownian motion,steadiness,thermophoresis,stretching ratio,velocity slip,concentration slip,thermal slip,and fluid parameters,and Hartmann,Prandtl and Schmidt numbers.The velocity of fluid enhances with an increase in fluid and magnetic parameters for the case of opposing,but the behavior is reversed for assisting cases.The Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters cause an increase in temperature for both cases(assisting and opposing).The Brownian motion parameter provides a drop-in concentration while an increase is noticed for the thermophoresis parameter.All the outcomes and the behavior of emerging parameters are illustrated graphically.The comparison analysis and graphical plots endorse the appropriateness of the Galerkin method.It is concluded that said method could be extended to other problems of a complex nature.
