Background Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency.In dairy cows,hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose.Metabolites modulate gluconeogenes...Background Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency.In dairy cows,hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose.Metabolites modulate gluconeogenesis efficiency through allosteric regulation,redox state,and signal transduction pathways.However,the liver-enriched metabolites that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows and their specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely characterized.Results Six Holstein dairy cows and six Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)(DLY)crossbred pigs served as research subjects.Employing non-targeted and targeted metabolomics,we discovered that three bile acids—taurodeoxycholic acid(TDCA),taurocholic acid(TCA),and glycocholic acid(GCA)—were highly enriched in Holstein dairy cows'livers.In bovine hepatocytes,individual or combined stimulation of these bile acids significantly upregulated the expression of gluconeogenesis genes(FBP1,PCK1 and G6PC)and enhanced glucose production.In fasting mice with induced gluconeogenesis,TDCA,TCA,and GCA increased fasting blood glucose levels,and pyruvate tolerance tests further revealed their capacity to enhance hepatic gluconeogenesis,enabling more efficient glucose synthesis from pyruvate.Mechanistically,these bile acids activated Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5),elevated intracellular cAMP levels,and ultimately enhanced gluconeogenesis via the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB).Notably,a TGR5 inhibitor abrogated the stimulatory effects of TDCA,TCA,and GCA on hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting mice.Conclusion TDCA,TCA,and GCA are key metabolites promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows,with TGR5 as the pivotal receptor and the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway as the critical downstream mechanism.展开更多
Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic path...Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic pathways.This study aimed to identify critical acetylated proteins and specific modification sites involved in milk production and component synthesis in dairy goats,thereby elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lactation.We performed a comparative TMT-based acetylomic and proteomic analysis of mammary tissues from Saanen dairy goats during peak lactation and the dry period using LC–MS/MS.A candidate acetylation site was further investigated in goat mammary epithelial cells(GMECs)through site-directed mutagenesis and lipid metabolic assays,establishing functional links between acetylation and mammary lipid metabolism and providing a foundation for molecular strategies to improve milk quality and yield.Results We established a comprehensive mammary acetylome,identifying 862 significantly acetylated proteins and 2,028 modification sites across the two physiological phases.Differentially acetylated proteins were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm(39.98%).From these,54 key acetylated proteins,including MTOR,BCAT2,QARS1,GOT1,GOT2,BDH1,ACSS1,STAT5B,FABP5,and GPAM were prioritized as candidates involved in milk protein synthesis,milk fat synthesis,lactose synthesis,and other lactation-related processes.Among them,β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1(BDH1)acetylation was characterized in detail.Members of the HDAC family were identified as primary regulators mediating BDH1 deacetylation.BDH1 acetylation promoted lipid droplet formation and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs.At the transcriptional level,BDH1 acetylation upregulated LXRα,ACSL1 and SCD1,whereas deacetylation downregulated SCD1,FASN,and ACSL1.Notably,BDH1 acetylation/deacetylation significantly reduced SREBP1 expression,linking this modification to coordinated control of lipogenic gene networks.Conclusions This study established,for the first time,the comprehensive acetylome of mammary gland tissues in dairy goats,revealing a substantial number of differentially acetylated proteins and modification sites.We demonstrate that acetylation of BDH1 regulated by HDACs promotes lipid droplet biogenesis and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs through transcriptional modulation of key lipogenic genes and suppression of SREBP1.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the post-translational regulation of mammary lipid metabolism and offer molecular targets for future genetic and nutritional strategies aimed at enhancing milk quality and yield in dairy goats.展开更多
The impact of Y content on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness(EMI SE)of the Mg-6Zn-xY-1La-0.5Zr alloy was investigated.After the extrusion treatment of Mg...The impact of Y content on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness(EMI SE)of the Mg-6Zn-xY-1La-0.5Zr alloy was investigated.After the extrusion treatment of Mg-6Zn-xY-1La-0.5Zr alloy,the large grains that did not experience dynamic recrystallization were elongated along the extrusion direction,and the small-sized dynamic recrystallized grains were distributed around the large grains.The Mg-6Zn-1Y-1La-0.5Zr alloy demonstrated a favorable balance between strength and plasticity,exhibiting ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation values of 332.3 MPa,267.3 MPa,and 16.2%,respectively.Moreover,the EMI SE within the frequency range of 30-1500 MHz changes from 79 to 110 dB,aligning with the electromagnetic shielding requirements of many high-strength applications.展开更多
采用真型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了输电线路防风偏问题。根据500 k V聊长Ⅱ线防风偏治理实际工程,运用有限元分析软件SAP 2000建立输电塔-线耦合体系的三维有限元模型。提出"边相阻挡、中相牵制"的柔性防范措施,开展...采用真型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了输电线路防风偏问题。根据500 k V聊长Ⅱ线防风偏治理实际工程,运用有限元分析软件SAP 2000建立输电塔-线耦合体系的三维有限元模型。提出"边相阻挡、中相牵制"的柔性防范措施,开展输电线路风偏真型试验,并结合有限元数值模拟,研究柔性防范装置的动力响应特点,验证该装置的合理性及有效性。展开更多
Recent studies have shown that chlorogenic acid(CGA),which is present in coffee,has protective effects on the nervous system.However,its role in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains unclear.In this study,we ...Recent studies have shown that chlorogenic acid(CGA),which is present in coffee,has protective effects on the nervous system.However,its role in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains unclear.In this study,we established a newborn mouse model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury using a modified Rice-Vannucci method and performed intraperitoneal injection of CGA.We found that CGA intervention effectively reduced the volume of cerebral infarct,alleviated cerebral edema,restored brain tissue structure after injury,and promoted axon growth in injured brain tissue.Moreover,CGA pretreatment alleviated oxygen-glucose deprivation damage of primary neurons and promoted neuron survival.In addition,changes in ferroptosis-related proteins caused by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury were partially reversed by CGA.Furthermore,CGA intervention upregulated the expression of the key ferroptosis factor glutathione peroxidase 4 and its upstream glutamate/cystine antiporter related factors SLC7A11 and SLC3A2.In summary,our findings reveal that CGA alleviates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice by reducing ferroptosis,providing new ideas for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.展开更多
Background Dairy cows’lactation performance is the outcome of the crosstalk between ruminal microbial metabo-lism and host metabolism.However,it is still unclear to what extent the rumen microbiome and its metabolite...Background Dairy cows’lactation performance is the outcome of the crosstalk between ruminal microbial metabo-lism and host metabolism.However,it is still unclear to what extent the rumen microbiome and its metabolites,as well as the host metabolism,contribute to regulating the milk protein yield(MPY).Methods The rumen fluid,serum and milk of 12 Holstein cows with the same diet(45%coarseness ratio),parity(2–3 fetuses)and lactation days(120–150 d)were used for the microbiome and metabolome analysis.Rumen metabolism(rumen metabolome)and host metabolism(blood and milk metabolome)were connected using a weighted gene co-expression network(WGCNA)and the structural equation model(SEM)analyses.Results Two different ruminal enterotypes,with abundant Prevotella and Ruminococcus,were identified as type1 and type2.Of these,a higher MPY was found in cows with ruminal type2.Interestingly,[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae(the differential bacteria)were the hub genera of the network.In addition,differential ruminal,serum and milk metabolome between enterotypes were identified,where the cows with type2 had higher L-tyrosine of rumen,ornithine and L-tryptophan of serum,and tetrahydroneopterin,palmitoyl-L-carnitine,S-lactoylglutathione of milk,which could provide more energy and substrate for MPY.Further,based on the identi-fied modules of ruminal microbiome,as well as ruminal serum and milk metabolome using WGCNA,the SEM analysis indicated that the key ruminal microbial module1,which contains the hub genera of the network([Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae)and high abundance of bacteria(Prevotella and Ruminococcus),could regulate the MPY by module7 of rumen,module2 of blood,and module7 of milk,which contained L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Therefore,in order to more clearly reveal the process of rumen bacterial regulation of MPY,we established the path of SEM based on the L-tyrosine,L-tryptophan and related components.The SEM based on the metabolites suggested that[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group could inhibit the energy supply of serum tryptophan to MPY by milk S-lactoylglutathione,which could enhance pyruvate metabolism.Norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could increase the ruminal L-tyrosine,which could provide the substrate for MPY.Conclusion Our results indicated that the represented enterotype genera of Prevotella and Ruminococcus,and the hub genera of[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could regulate milk protein synthesis by affecting the ruminal L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Moreover,the combined analysis of enterotype,WGCNA and SEM could be used to connect rumen microbial metabolism with host metabolism,which provides a fundamental understanding of the crosstalk between host and microorganisms in regulating the synthesis of milk composition.展开更多
BA_(2)(MA)_(n-1)Pb_nI_(3n+1)series low-dimensional(2D)perovskites have been widely investigated for their re markable environmental stability,but still suffer the poor light absorption and disordered phase distri buti...BA_(2)(MA)_(n-1)Pb_nI_(3n+1)series low-dimensional(2D)perovskites have been widely investigated for their re markable environmental stability,but still suffer the poor light absorption and disordered phase distri bution,hindering their practical applications.In this work,we combine the introduction of FA and the addition of PbCl_(2)to optimize the film quality,strengthen the light absorption,regulate internal phase distribution,and promote carrier transport inside 2D perovskite films.The incorporation of FA promote sufficient light absorption and improve the film crystallinity.Furthermore,the addition of Pb Cl_(2)elimi nates the low n phase(n=1)and suppresses the forming of the low n phase of n=2,enhancing the film conductivity and diminishing carrier recombination.The synergistic of A-site cation engineering and phase manipulation achieves a high efficiency of 16.48%.Importantly,the synergistic prepared perovskite film does not show any changes after 60 days in the air with an average humidity of 57%±3%,and the corresponding solar cell maintains 85%of the original efficiency after more than 800 h,demonstrating remarkable environmental stability.The results indicate that the synergistic of A-site cation engineering and phase manipulation is promising for producing superior efficiency,along with satisfying humidity stability.展开更多
Dear Editor,Lactate has long been recognized as a canonical end product of glycolysis and a hallmark metabolic byproduct of tumor cells(Vander Heiden et al.,2009).A seminal study identified histone lysine lactylation(...Dear Editor,Lactate has long been recognized as a canonical end product of glycolysis and a hallmark metabolic byproduct of tumor cells(Vander Heiden et al.,2009).A seminal study identified histone lysine lactylation(Kla)as a hitherto unrecognized epigenetic modification,demonstrating its direct role in activating chromatin-driven gene transcription(Zhang et al.,2019).展开更多
Cattle can efficiently perform de novo generation of glucose through hepatic gluconeogenesis to meet post-weaning glucose demand.Substantial evidence points to cattle and non-ruminant animals being characterized by ph...Cattle can efficiently perform de novo generation of glucose through hepatic gluconeogenesis to meet post-weaning glucose demand.Substantial evidence points to cattle and non-ruminant animals being characterized by phylogenetic features in terms of their differing capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis,a process that is highly efficient in cattle yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear.Here we used a variety of transcriptome data,as well as tissue and cell-based methods to uncover the mechanisms of high-efficiency hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle.We showed that cattle can efficiently convert propionate into pyruvate,at least partly,via high expression of acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1(ACSS1),propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain(PCCA),methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase(MCEE),methylmalonyl-CoA mutase(MMUT),and succinate-CoA ligase(SUCLG2)genes in the liver(P<0.01).Moreover,higher expression of the rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis,such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PCK)and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase(FBP),ensures the efficient operation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle(P<0.01).Mechanistically,we found that cattle liver exhibits highly active mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),and the expressions of PCCA,MMUT,SUCLG2,PCK,and FBP genes are regulated by the activation of mTORC1(P<0.001).Finally,our results showed that mTORC1 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1a(PGC-1a)dependent manner.Collectively,our results not only revealed an important mechanism responsible for the quantitative differences in the efficiency of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle versus non-ruminant animals,but also established that mTORC1 is indeed involved in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis through PGC-1a.These results provide a novel potential insight into promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis through activated mTORC1 in both ruminants and mammals.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(grant number 32422082)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province(grant number 2025JC-QYXQ-009)。
文摘Background Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency.In dairy cows,hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose.Metabolites modulate gluconeogenesis efficiency through allosteric regulation,redox state,and signal transduction pathways.However,the liver-enriched metabolites that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows and their specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely characterized.Results Six Holstein dairy cows and six Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)(DLY)crossbred pigs served as research subjects.Employing non-targeted and targeted metabolomics,we discovered that three bile acids—taurodeoxycholic acid(TDCA),taurocholic acid(TCA),and glycocholic acid(GCA)—were highly enriched in Holstein dairy cows'livers.In bovine hepatocytes,individual or combined stimulation of these bile acids significantly upregulated the expression of gluconeogenesis genes(FBP1,PCK1 and G6PC)and enhanced glucose production.In fasting mice with induced gluconeogenesis,TDCA,TCA,and GCA increased fasting blood glucose levels,and pyruvate tolerance tests further revealed their capacity to enhance hepatic gluconeogenesis,enabling more efficient glucose synthesis from pyruvate.Mechanistically,these bile acids activated Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5),elevated intracellular cAMP levels,and ultimately enhanced gluconeogenesis via the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB).Notably,a TGR5 inhibitor abrogated the stimulatory effects of TDCA,TCA,and GCA on hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting mice.Conclusion TDCA,TCA,and GCA are key metabolites promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows,with TGR5 as the pivotal receptor and the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway as the critical downstream mechanism.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1000102)Xi’an Agricultural Technology Research General Project(24NYGG0025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702098)。
文摘Background Goat milk is increasingly recognized for high digestibility and a distinctive compositional profile.Protein acetylation,an important post-translational modification,regulates biosynthetic and metabolic pathways.This study aimed to identify critical acetylated proteins and specific modification sites involved in milk production and component synthesis in dairy goats,thereby elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lactation.We performed a comparative TMT-based acetylomic and proteomic analysis of mammary tissues from Saanen dairy goats during peak lactation and the dry period using LC–MS/MS.A candidate acetylation site was further investigated in goat mammary epithelial cells(GMECs)through site-directed mutagenesis and lipid metabolic assays,establishing functional links between acetylation and mammary lipid metabolism and providing a foundation for molecular strategies to improve milk quality and yield.Results We established a comprehensive mammary acetylome,identifying 862 significantly acetylated proteins and 2,028 modification sites across the two physiological phases.Differentially acetylated proteins were predominantly localized to the cytoplasm(39.98%).From these,54 key acetylated proteins,including MTOR,BCAT2,QARS1,GOT1,GOT2,BDH1,ACSS1,STAT5B,FABP5,and GPAM were prioritized as candidates involved in milk protein synthesis,milk fat synthesis,lactose synthesis,and other lactation-related processes.Among them,β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1(BDH1)acetylation was characterized in detail.Members of the HDAC family were identified as primary regulators mediating BDH1 deacetylation.BDH1 acetylation promoted lipid droplet formation and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs.At the transcriptional level,BDH1 acetylation upregulated LXRα,ACSL1 and SCD1,whereas deacetylation downregulated SCD1,FASN,and ACSL1.Notably,BDH1 acetylation/deacetylation significantly reduced SREBP1 expression,linking this modification to coordinated control of lipogenic gene networks.Conclusions This study established,for the first time,the comprehensive acetylome of mammary gland tissues in dairy goats,revealing a substantial number of differentially acetylated proteins and modification sites.We demonstrate that acetylation of BDH1 regulated by HDACs promotes lipid droplet biogenesis and triglyceride synthesis in GMECs through transcriptional modulation of key lipogenic genes and suppression of SREBP1.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the post-translational regulation of mammary lipid metabolism and offer molecular targets for future genetic and nutritional strategies aimed at enhancing milk quality and yield in dairy goats.
基金supported from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3701100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52225101)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Nos.2023CDJYXTD-002,2020CDJDPT001)the Graduate Research and Innovation Foundation of Chongqing,China(No.CYB23037).
文摘The impact of Y content on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness(EMI SE)of the Mg-6Zn-xY-1La-0.5Zr alloy was investigated.After the extrusion treatment of Mg-6Zn-xY-1La-0.5Zr alloy,the large grains that did not experience dynamic recrystallization were elongated along the extrusion direction,and the small-sized dynamic recrystallized grains were distributed around the large grains.The Mg-6Zn-1Y-1La-0.5Zr alloy demonstrated a favorable balance between strength and plasticity,exhibiting ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation values of 332.3 MPa,267.3 MPa,and 16.2%,respectively.Moreover,the EMI SE within the frequency range of 30-1500 MHz changes from 79 to 110 dB,aligning with the electromagnetic shielding requirements of many high-strength applications.
文摘采用真型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了输电线路防风偏问题。根据500 k V聊长Ⅱ线防风偏治理实际工程,运用有限元分析软件SAP 2000建立输电塔-线耦合体系的三维有限元模型。提出"边相阻挡、中相牵制"的柔性防范措施,开展输电线路风偏真型试验,并结合有限元数值模拟,研究柔性防范装置的动力响应特点,验证该装置的合理性及有效性。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81971425the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,No.LY20H040002(both to XQF).
文摘Recent studies have shown that chlorogenic acid(CGA),which is present in coffee,has protective effects on the nervous system.However,its role in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains unclear.In this study,we established a newborn mouse model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury using a modified Rice-Vannucci method and performed intraperitoneal injection of CGA.We found that CGA intervention effectively reduced the volume of cerebral infarct,alleviated cerebral edema,restored brain tissue structure after injury,and promoted axon growth in injured brain tissue.Moreover,CGA pretreatment alleviated oxygen-glucose deprivation damage of primary neurons and promoted neuron survival.In addition,changes in ferroptosis-related proteins caused by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury were partially reversed by CGA.Furthermore,CGA intervention upregulated the expression of the key ferroptosis factor glutathione peroxidase 4 and its upstream glutamate/cystine antiporter related factors SLC7A11 and SLC3A2.In summary,our findings reveal that CGA alleviates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice by reducing ferroptosis,providing new ideas for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272829,32072761,31902184)Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Association Young Talents Lifting Program Project(20220203).
文摘Background Dairy cows’lactation performance is the outcome of the crosstalk between ruminal microbial metabo-lism and host metabolism.However,it is still unclear to what extent the rumen microbiome and its metabolites,as well as the host metabolism,contribute to regulating the milk protein yield(MPY).Methods The rumen fluid,serum and milk of 12 Holstein cows with the same diet(45%coarseness ratio),parity(2–3 fetuses)and lactation days(120–150 d)were used for the microbiome and metabolome analysis.Rumen metabolism(rumen metabolome)and host metabolism(blood and milk metabolome)were connected using a weighted gene co-expression network(WGCNA)and the structural equation model(SEM)analyses.Results Two different ruminal enterotypes,with abundant Prevotella and Ruminococcus,were identified as type1 and type2.Of these,a higher MPY was found in cows with ruminal type2.Interestingly,[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae(the differential bacteria)were the hub genera of the network.In addition,differential ruminal,serum and milk metabolome between enterotypes were identified,where the cows with type2 had higher L-tyrosine of rumen,ornithine and L-tryptophan of serum,and tetrahydroneopterin,palmitoyl-L-carnitine,S-lactoylglutathione of milk,which could provide more energy and substrate for MPY.Further,based on the identi-fied modules of ruminal microbiome,as well as ruminal serum and milk metabolome using WGCNA,the SEM analysis indicated that the key ruminal microbial module1,which contains the hub genera of the network([Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae)and high abundance of bacteria(Prevotella and Ruminococcus),could regulate the MPY by module7 of rumen,module2 of blood,and module7 of milk,which contained L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Therefore,in order to more clearly reveal the process of rumen bacterial regulation of MPY,we established the path of SEM based on the L-tyrosine,L-tryptophan and related components.The SEM based on the metabolites suggested that[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group could inhibit the energy supply of serum tryptophan to MPY by milk S-lactoylglutathione,which could enhance pyruvate metabolism.Norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could increase the ruminal L-tyrosine,which could provide the substrate for MPY.Conclusion Our results indicated that the represented enterotype genera of Prevotella and Ruminococcus,and the hub genera of[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could regulate milk protein synthesis by affecting the ruminal L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Moreover,the combined analysis of enterotype,WGCNA and SEM could be used to connect rumen microbial metabolism with host metabolism,which provides a fundamental understanding of the crosstalk between host and microorganisms in regulating the synthesis of milk composition.
基金supported by the Chengdu Science and Technology Program(No.2021GH0200032HZ)Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application(No.2022SCXWYXWFC006)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.2022NSFSC0356)。
文摘BA_(2)(MA)_(n-1)Pb_nI_(3n+1)series low-dimensional(2D)perovskites have been widely investigated for their re markable environmental stability,but still suffer the poor light absorption and disordered phase distri bution,hindering their practical applications.In this work,we combine the introduction of FA and the addition of PbCl_(2)to optimize the film quality,strengthen the light absorption,regulate internal phase distribution,and promote carrier transport inside 2D perovskite films.The incorporation of FA promote sufficient light absorption and improve the film crystallinity.Furthermore,the addition of Pb Cl_(2)elimi nates the low n phase(n=1)and suppresses the forming of the low n phase of n=2,enhancing the film conductivity and diminishing carrier recombination.The synergistic of A-site cation engineering and phase manipulation achieves a high efficiency of 16.48%.Importantly,the synergistic prepared perovskite film does not show any changes after 60 days in the air with an average humidity of 57%±3%,and the corresponding solar cell maintains 85%of the original efficiency after more than 800 h,demonstrating remarkable environmental stability.The results indicate that the synergistic of A-site cation engineering and phase manipulation is promising for producing superior efficiency,along with satisfying humidity stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82472705,32422082)。
文摘Dear Editor,Lactate has long been recognized as a canonical end product of glycolysis and a hallmark metabolic byproduct of tumor cells(Vander Heiden et al.,2009).A seminal study identified histone lysine lactylation(Kla)as a hitherto unrecognized epigenetic modification,demonstrating its direct role in activating chromatin-driven gene transcription(Zhang et al.,2019).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(grant numbers 32070782,32072761)。
文摘Cattle can efficiently perform de novo generation of glucose through hepatic gluconeogenesis to meet post-weaning glucose demand.Substantial evidence points to cattle and non-ruminant animals being characterized by phylogenetic features in terms of their differing capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis,a process that is highly efficient in cattle yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear.Here we used a variety of transcriptome data,as well as tissue and cell-based methods to uncover the mechanisms of high-efficiency hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle.We showed that cattle can efficiently convert propionate into pyruvate,at least partly,via high expression of acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1(ACSS1),propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain(PCCA),methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase(MCEE),methylmalonyl-CoA mutase(MMUT),and succinate-CoA ligase(SUCLG2)genes in the liver(P<0.01).Moreover,higher expression of the rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis,such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PCK)and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase(FBP),ensures the efficient operation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle(P<0.01).Mechanistically,we found that cattle liver exhibits highly active mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),and the expressions of PCCA,MMUT,SUCLG2,PCK,and FBP genes are regulated by the activation of mTORC1(P<0.001).Finally,our results showed that mTORC1 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1a(PGC-1a)dependent manner.Collectively,our results not only revealed an important mechanism responsible for the quantitative differences in the efficiency of hepatic gluconeogenesis in cattle versus non-ruminant animals,but also established that mTORC1 is indeed involved in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis through PGC-1a.These results provide a novel potential insight into promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis through activated mTORC1 in both ruminants and mammals.
