Testosterone （T） as a compound for treatment of T deficiency has been available for almost 70 years, but the pharmaceutical formulations have been less than ideal. Traditionally, injectable T esters have been used f...Testosterone （T） as a compound for treatment of T deficiency has been available for almost 70 years, but the pharmaceutical formulations have been less than ideal. Traditionally, injectable T esters have been used for treatment, but they generate supranormal T levels shortly after the 2-3 weekly injection interval. T levels then decline very rapidly, becoming subnormal during the days preceding the next injection. The rapid fluctuations in plasma T are subjectively experienced as disagreeable. T undecanoate （TU） is a new injectable T preparation with a considerably better pharmacokinetic profile. After two initial injections separated by a 6-week interval, the following intervals between two injections are generally 12 weeks, eventually amounting to a total of four injections per year. Plasma T levels with this preparation are nearly always in the range of normal men, as are its metabolic products estradiol and dihydrotestosterone （DHT）. It reverses the effects of hypogonadism on bone and muscle and metabolic parameters, and on sex functions. It is suitable for male contraception. Its safety profile is excellent because of the continuous normalcy of plasma T levels. No polycythemia has been observed and no adverse effects on lipid profiles. Prostate safety parameters are well within reference limits. TU is a valuable treatment option of androgen deficiency.展开更多
Sex segregation in competitive sports is regarded as fair. Before puberty, boys and girls hardly differ in height, muscle and bone mass. Pubertal testosterone exposure leads to an ultimate average greater height in me...Sex segregation in competitive sports is regarded as fair. Before puberty, boys and girls hardly differ in height, muscle and bone mass. Pubertal testosterone exposure leads to an ultimate average greater height in men of 12-15 centimeters, larger bones, greater musde mass, increased strength and higher hemoglobin levels. Post-pubertal androgen ablation reverses, at least in part, previous anabolic effects of testosterone on musde,1 bone mineral density and hemoglobin, but the bones remain longer and have a wider diameter. As testosterone administra- tion produces a dose-dependent increase in muscle mass and maximal voluntary strength,2＇3 exogenous androgens are banned as performance-enhancing drugs.4 Men with testosterone deficiency are allowed to receive testosterone replacements which do not raise blood testosterone levels above the normal male range,5＇6展开更多
In the August 2011 issue of Endocrinology, Dr Balthazart presents a minireview on Hormones and Human Sexual Orientation.1 As in most scientific papers on this issue, the contribution lacks an operational definition ...In the August 2011 issue of Endocrinology, Dr Balthazart presents a minireview on Hormones and Human Sexual Orientation.1 As in most scientific papers on this issue, the contribution lacks an operational definition of （human） homosexuality. Personally, I like the definition of John Money.展开更多
We are defined by sexual dimorphism. Male and female, the sexes we are （and are perceived to be）, affect how we feel, how we behave and how we interact with others. We look around and see all complex creatures, incl...We are defined by sexual dimorphism. Male and female, the sexes we are （and are perceived to be）, affect how we feel, how we behave and how we interact with others. We look around and see all complex creatures, including ourselves, as either male or female. This is so much a part of our daily existence that it reinforces the idea of man- hood and womanhood as expressions of a natural order. We regard this division into two sexes as one of the great eternal verities and tend to experience the difference between the sexes as rather absolute. Subjectively, man and woman are seen as opposites, poles apart and mutually exclusive forms of human existence.展开更多
文摘Testosterone （T） as a compound for treatment of T deficiency has been available for almost 70 years, but the pharmaceutical formulations have been less than ideal. Traditionally, injectable T esters have been used for treatment, but they generate supranormal T levels shortly after the 2-3 weekly injection interval. T levels then decline very rapidly, becoming subnormal during the days preceding the next injection. The rapid fluctuations in plasma T are subjectively experienced as disagreeable. T undecanoate （TU） is a new injectable T preparation with a considerably better pharmacokinetic profile. After two initial injections separated by a 6-week interval, the following intervals between two injections are generally 12 weeks, eventually amounting to a total of four injections per year. Plasma T levels with this preparation are nearly always in the range of normal men, as are its metabolic products estradiol and dihydrotestosterone （DHT）. It reverses the effects of hypogonadism on bone and muscle and metabolic parameters, and on sex functions. It is suitable for male contraception. Its safety profile is excellent because of the continuous normalcy of plasma T levels. No polycythemia has been observed and no adverse effects on lipid profiles. Prostate safety parameters are well within reference limits. TU is a valuable treatment option of androgen deficiency.
文摘Sex segregation in competitive sports is regarded as fair. Before puberty, boys and girls hardly differ in height, muscle and bone mass. Pubertal testosterone exposure leads to an ultimate average greater height in men of 12-15 centimeters, larger bones, greater musde mass, increased strength and higher hemoglobin levels. Post-pubertal androgen ablation reverses, at least in part, previous anabolic effects of testosterone on musde,1 bone mineral density and hemoglobin, but the bones remain longer and have a wider diameter. As testosterone administra- tion produces a dose-dependent increase in muscle mass and maximal voluntary strength,2＇3 exogenous androgens are banned as performance-enhancing drugs.4 Men with testosterone deficiency are allowed to receive testosterone replacements which do not raise blood testosterone levels above the normal male range,5＇6
文摘In the August 2011 issue of Endocrinology, Dr Balthazart presents a minireview on Hormones and Human Sexual Orientation.1 As in most scientific papers on this issue, the contribution lacks an operational definition of （human） homosexuality. Personally, I like the definition of John Money.
文摘We are defined by sexual dimorphism. Male and female, the sexes we are （and are perceived to be）, affect how we feel, how we behave and how we interact with others. We look around and see all complex creatures, including ourselves, as either male or female. This is so much a part of our daily existence that it reinforces the idea of man- hood and womanhood as expressions of a natural order. We regard this division into two sexes as one of the great eternal verities and tend to experience the difference between the sexes as rather absolute. Subjectively, man and woman are seen as opposites, poles apart and mutually exclusive forms of human existence.
