A series of supported CeO2/TiO2 catalysts were prepared to explore the influence of CeO2 loading on these catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO3 by NH3(NH3-SCR).The catalysts were investigated in detai...A series of supported CeO2/TiO2 catalysts were prepared to explore the influence of CeO2 loading on these catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO3 by NH3(NH3-SCR).The catalysts were investigated in detail by means of XRD,Raman,H2-TPR,NH3-TPD,XPS,in situ DRIFTS,and NH3-SCR reaction.The activity of the catalyst is closely related to the content of CeO2.When the loading of CeO2 is near the dispersion capacity(1.16 mmol Ce4+/100 m^2 TiO2),the catalytic activity is better.This may be because that the dispersed CeO2 is the active species and the catalyst has appropriate redox property,along with the larger amounts of surface Ce content and surface adsorbed oxygen species.Finally,a possible reaction mechanism via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)mechanism is tentatively proposed to further understand the NH3-SCR reaction.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)present significant risks to both human health and the environment.As a result,there has been increasing research on their formation processes,emission patterns,and emission reduction t...Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)present significant risks to both human health and the environment.As a result,there has been increasing research on their formation processes,emission patterns,and emission reduction technologies.Sintered ore,a key raw material in ironmaking,requires substantial amounts of fossil fuels such as coal and coke in its production,leading to significant VOC emissions.However,research on VOC emission patterns during the sintering process remains limited.Thus,the influence of factors such as moisture content in the sintering mixture,fuel type,fuel ratio,and coal-to-coke ratio on VOC emissions was investigated through sintering cup experiments.Additionally,the reaction pathways of hydrocarbons within the sintering bed were analyzed using temperature distribution and thermodynamic calculations.In the sintering process using coke powder,the emissions of total volatile organic compounds and non-methane hydrocarbons per ton of sintered ore are 18.78 and 11.14 g,respectively,whereas emissions from coal are substantially higher at 378.27 and 32.55 g.VOC emissions exhibit a linear correlation with the total volatile matter input during sintering,with most VOCs originating from volatile matter.The improved heat transfer conditions reduce the preheating zone thickness,allowing more VOCs to remain in the high-temperature region.展开更多
目的:探讨血糖变异性对重症急性卒中患者3个月内死亡风险的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院2016年1月至2018年1月接收的162例重症急性卒中患者,安排入住神经内科重症监护病房,并根据患者入院后3个月的生存情况将其分为生存组与死亡组,记录所...目的:探讨血糖变异性对重症急性卒中患者3个月内死亡风险的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院2016年1月至2018年1月接收的162例重症急性卒中患者,安排入住神经内科重症监护病房,并根据患者入院后3个月的生存情况将其分为生存组与死亡组,记录所有患者的初始血糖、血糖平均数、标准差、变异系数来衡量血糖变异性,并比较两组患者基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evahationⅡ,APACHEⅡ)评分,分析血糖变异性与重症急性卒中患者预后的相关性。结果:调查本组162例患者入院后3个月的生存状况发现,生存组132例,死亡组30例。对比两组患者的一般资料发现,两组患者APACHEⅡ评分和NIHSS评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);生存组与死亡组患者在初始血糖、血糖均数以及标准差、变异系数等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。另外根据平均血糖变异系数将患者分为3组(<30%、30%~50%和>50%),发现死亡组血糖变异系数>50%的患者占60%,明显高于血糖变异系数为<30%和30%~50%的患者(16.67%、23.33%);生存组血糖变异系数小于30%的患者占49.24%,明显高于血糖变异系数为30%~50%和>50%的患者(35.60%、15.15%),组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将上述有差异资料代入logistic回归方程计算,发现基线APACHEⅡ评分、NIHSS评分以及初始血糖、血糖均数、血糖标准差、血糖变异系数是重症急性卒中患者3个月内死亡的独立预测因素。结论:血糖变异性对重症急性卒中患者3个月内死亡风险预测具有较高的应用价值,是潜在的预后评估指标。展开更多
Improving the combustion efficiency of fuels is essential to reducing pollutant emissions in the iron ore sintering process.The sintering bed surface steam-injection technology has attracted significant research inter...Improving the combustion efficiency of fuels is essential to reducing pollutant emissions in the iron ore sintering process.The sintering bed surface steam-injection technology has attracted significant research interest for its potential advantages in low-energy consumption and low emission.The effect of steam injection on fuel combustion efficiency and CO emission was studied by comparing the thermodynamic response from the sintering process before and after steam injection.The mechanism of improving combustion efficiency was also revealed.The results indicated that the sintering gas medium of H_(2)O-H_(2)-N_(2)-O_(2) with the blown steam improved the heat transfer conditions of fuel combustion and promoted the water gas reaction.The optimum state of steam injection was achieved at 15 min after ignition with 0.02 m^(3) min^(-1).The CO emission reduction is 10.91% compared with the base case.The combustion efficiency was 88.83%,6.15% higher than conventional sintering,and the solid fuel consumption was reduced by 1.15 kg t^(-1).It was indicated that steam injection would improve combustion efficiency and reduce solid fuel consumption.Meanwhile,the steam injection could improve the combustion kinetic conditions in the zone of unburned fuel and low oxygen partial pressure.It was conducive to the reaction of H_(2)O with C and CO to convert the CO of reducing atmosphere to CO_(2),which in turn realized the complete combustion of fuel and CO and improved the efficiency of fuel combustion.展开更多
This study aimed to identify novel ACEI peptides from Larimichthys crocea titin using in silico approaches and to clarify the molecular interaction mechanism.The hydrolyzed peptides of titin were compared with known A...This study aimed to identify novel ACEI peptides from Larimichthys crocea titin using in silico approaches and to clarify the molecular interaction mechanism.The hydrolyzed peptides of titin were compared with known ACEI peptides in the AHTPDB and BIOPEP-UWM database.Furthermore,peptides were evaluated for their solubility,ADMET properties,ΔG(kcal/mol)values,and in vitro ACEI activity.Molecular mechanism of ACE-peptide was performed by molecular interactions and binding orientation study.The results revealed that IC50 values of Trp-Ala-Arg(WAR)and Trp-Gln-Arg(WQR)were(31.2±0.8)and(231.33±0.02)mol/L,respectively.The docking interactions result suggested that ACE-WAR and ACEWQR complexes have same binding site,including the residues LYS511,TYR520,TYR523,HIS353,and HIS513.Molecular docking of two tripeptides WAR and WQR with ACE studies predicted their binding site and clarified the interaction between ACE and its inhibitors.The molecular docking data are consistent with the ACE inhibitory activity of the studied peptides.The results showed that Larimichthys crocea titin may be a valuable source for developing nutraceutical food.展开更多
The egg white-derived hexapeptide TNGIIR inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)activity in vitro.In this work,molecular docking revealed that TNGIIR established hydrogen bonds with the S1(Ala 354),S2(Gln 281,His ...The egg white-derived hexapeptide TNGIIR inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)activity in vitro.In this work,molecular docking revealed that TNGIIR established hydrogen bonds with the S1(Ala 354),S2(Gln 281,His 513,Tyr 520 and Lys 511)and S1(Glu 162)pockets of ACE.In addition,the potential antihypertensive effect of the oral administration of TNGIIR in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)was investigated,as was the effect of this peptide on the mRNA expression of ACE and angiotensin type 1(AT1)and type 2(AT2)receptors in renal tissue.The oral administration of TNGIIR(2,10 and 50 mg/kg)for up to four weeks did not reduce the blood pressure of SHR,in contrast to captopril(10 mg/kg,orally),but attenuated the mRNA expression of ACE and AT1 receptor(as did captopril).In contrast,both TNGIIR and captopril enhanced the expression of AT2 receptor mRNA.There was no change in the circulating concentration of angiotensin I,but a slight decrease(about 10%)was seen in the concentration of circulating angiotensin II with TNGIIR and captopril.展开更多
Inhibition of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme1(BACE1)is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease.To find natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease,absorption,distributio...Inhibition of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme1(BACE1)is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease.To find natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease,absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion and toxicity(ADMET)properties and in vitro BACE1 inhibitory activity of the peptides isolated from egg albumin were evaluated.Then,molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were used to explain the molecular mechanism of the interactions between BACE1 and peptides.The IC50 value of peptide KLPGF,with satisfactory ADMET properties,against BACE1 was(8.30±0.56)mmol/L.Molecular docking revealed that KLPGF contacted with the residues of BACE1’s active sites through twelve hydrogen bonds interactions,two hydrophobic interactions,one electrostatic interaction,and two Pi-cation interactions.The 5 ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the structure of KLPGF with BACE1 was stable.Peptide KLPGF contacted the residues Lys321,Asp228,and Asn233 with stable hydrogen bonds.KLPGF may be a potential anti-BACE1 candidate.展开更多
Developing deNO_(x)catalysts with lower activity temperatures range significantly reduces NH_(3)selective catalytic reduction(SCR)operating costs for low-temperature industrial flue gases.Herein,a novel FeVO_(4)/CeO_(...Developing deNO_(x)catalysts with lower activity temperatures range significantly reduces NH_(3)selective catalytic reduction(SCR)operating costs for low-temperature industrial flue gases.Herein,a novel FeVO_(4)/CeO_(2)catalyst with great low-temperature NH_(3)-SCR and nitrogen selectivity was synthesized using a dipping method.Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,specific surface and porosity analysis,H2 temperature-programmed reduction,NH_(3)temperature-programmed desorption,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and the in situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy were used to investigate the catalytic mechanism.An appropriate addition for FeVO_(4)in the catalyst was 5 wt.%from the results,and the active substance content reached the maximum dispersal capacity of the carrier.The NO_(x)conversion exceeded 90%,and the nitrogen selectivity was more than 98%over this catalyst at 200–350℃.The activity was kept at 88%after 7.5 h of reaction at 200℃ for 7.5 h in 35 mg m^(-3)SO_(2)gas.The remarkable deNO_(x)activity,nitrogen selectivity,and sulphur resistance performances are attributed to the low redox temperature,the abundance of medium-strong acid and strong acid sites,the sufficient adsorbed oxygen,and the superior Fe^(2+)content on the surface.The Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism was observed on the FeVO_(4)/CeO_(2)catalyst in the NH_(3)selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x).展开更多
Forest fire accidents caused by distribution line faults occur frequently,resulting in heavy impacts on people’s safety and social and economic development.Currently,there are few risk assessments for forest fires in...Forest fire accidents caused by distribution line faults occur frequently,resulting in heavy impacts on people’s safety and social and economic development.Currently,there are few risk assessments for forest fires induced by over-head distribution lines,and existing assessment methods may have difficulties in data acquisition.On this basis,a novel as-sessment framework based on an analytic hierarchy process,a Bayesian network and a Fussel-Vesely importance metric is proposed in this paper.The framework combines field research and historical operation and maintenance data to assess the regional-scale risk of forest fires induced by overhead distribution lines to derive the probability of forest fires and to identify high-risk lines and key hazard events in the assessment region.Finally,taking the southern Anhui region as an ex-ample,the annual fire probability of forest fires induced by overhead distribution lines in the southern Anhui region is 5.88%,and rectification measures are proposed.This study provides management with a complete assessment framework that optimizes the difficulty of data collection and allows for additional targeted corrective measures to be proposed for the entire region and route on the basis of the assessment results.展开更多
Urbanization has accelerated over the last few decades.An increasing number of complex structures,such as high-rise buildings,city underground tunnels,and subways,are being built to relieve the increasing pressure of ...Urbanization has accelerated over the last few decades.An increasing number of complex structures,such as high-rise buildings,city underground tunnels,and subways,are being built to relieve the increasing pressure of traffic congestion and inefficient use of urban space.Significant attention has been paid to the fire safety of these complex structures because of many disastrous fire accidents reported worldwide.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21773106,21677069,51674002,21307001)the Open Project Program of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control(OVEC037)。
文摘A series of supported CeO2/TiO2 catalysts were prepared to explore the influence of CeO2 loading on these catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO3 by NH3(NH3-SCR).The catalysts were investigated in detail by means of XRD,Raman,H2-TPR,NH3-TPD,XPS,in situ DRIFTS,and NH3-SCR reaction.The activity of the catalyst is closely related to the content of CeO2.When the loading of CeO2 is near the dispersion capacity(1.16 mmol Ce4+/100 m^2 TiO2),the catalytic activity is better.This may be because that the dispersed CeO2 is the active species and the catalyst has appropriate redox property,along with the larger amounts of surface Ce content and surface adsorbed oxygen species.Finally,a possible reaction mechanism via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)mechanism is tentatively proposed to further understand the NH3-SCR reaction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3901405)the National Program for Supporting Postdoctoral Researchers of China(GZC20230016)the 2023 Provincial Quality Project Program for Nurturing People in the New Era(Graduate Education)(2023xscx065).
文摘Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)present significant risks to both human health and the environment.As a result,there has been increasing research on their formation processes,emission patterns,and emission reduction technologies.Sintered ore,a key raw material in ironmaking,requires substantial amounts of fossil fuels such as coal and coke in its production,leading to significant VOC emissions.However,research on VOC emission patterns during the sintering process remains limited.Thus,the influence of factors such as moisture content in the sintering mixture,fuel type,fuel ratio,and coal-to-coke ratio on VOC emissions was investigated through sintering cup experiments.Additionally,the reaction pathways of hydrocarbons within the sintering bed were analyzed using temperature distribution and thermodynamic calculations.In the sintering process using coke powder,the emissions of total volatile organic compounds and non-methane hydrocarbons per ton of sintered ore are 18.78 and 11.14 g,respectively,whereas emissions from coal are substantially higher at 378.27 and 32.55 g.VOC emissions exhibit a linear correlation with the total volatile matter input during sintering,with most VOCs originating from volatile matter.The improved heat transfer conditions reduce the preheating zone thickness,allowing more VOCs to remain in the high-temperature region.
文摘目的:探讨血糖变异性对重症急性卒中患者3个月内死亡风险的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院2016年1月至2018年1月接收的162例重症急性卒中患者,安排入住神经内科重症监护病房,并根据患者入院后3个月的生存情况将其分为生存组与死亡组,记录所有患者的初始血糖、血糖平均数、标准差、变异系数来衡量血糖变异性,并比较两组患者基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evahationⅡ,APACHEⅡ)评分,分析血糖变异性与重症急性卒中患者预后的相关性。结果:调查本组162例患者入院后3个月的生存状况发现,生存组132例,死亡组30例。对比两组患者的一般资料发现,两组患者APACHEⅡ评分和NIHSS评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);生存组与死亡组患者在初始血糖、血糖均数以及标准差、变异系数等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。另外根据平均血糖变异系数将患者分为3组(<30%、30%~50%和>50%),发现死亡组血糖变异系数>50%的患者占60%,明显高于血糖变异系数为<30%和30%~50%的患者(16.67%、23.33%);生存组血糖变异系数小于30%的患者占49.24%,明显高于血糖变异系数为30%~50%和>50%的患者(35.60%、15.15%),组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将上述有差异资料代入logistic回归方程计算,发现基线APACHEⅡ评分、NIHSS评分以及初始血糖、血糖均数、血糖标准差、血糖变异系数是重症急性卒中患者3个月内死亡的独立预测因素。结论:血糖变异性对重症急性卒中患者3个月内死亡风险预测具有较高的应用价值,是潜在的预后评估指标。
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No.52174290)the China Scholarship Council (CSC)via the Joint-Training Ph.D.Program (Grant No.202008340093)for supportingthis research.
文摘Improving the combustion efficiency of fuels is essential to reducing pollutant emissions in the iron ore sintering process.The sintering bed surface steam-injection technology has attracted significant research interest for its potential advantages in low-energy consumption and low emission.The effect of steam injection on fuel combustion efficiency and CO emission was studied by comparing the thermodynamic response from the sintering process before and after steam injection.The mechanism of improving combustion efficiency was also revealed.The results indicated that the sintering gas medium of H_(2)O-H_(2)-N_(2)-O_(2) with the blown steam improved the heat transfer conditions of fuel combustion and promoted the water gas reaction.The optimum state of steam injection was achieved at 15 min after ignition with 0.02 m^(3) min^(-1).The CO emission reduction is 10.91% compared with the base case.The combustion efficiency was 88.83%,6.15% higher than conventional sintering,and the solid fuel consumption was reduced by 1.15 kg t^(-1).It was indicated that steam injection would improve combustion efficiency and reduce solid fuel consumption.Meanwhile,the steam injection could improve the combustion kinetic conditions in the zone of unburned fuel and low oxygen partial pressure.It was conducive to the reaction of H_(2)O with C and CO to convert the CO of reducing atmosphere to CO_(2),which in turn realized the complete combustion of fuel and CO and improved the efficiency of fuel combustion.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Funds of China(No.31901635).
文摘This study aimed to identify novel ACEI peptides from Larimichthys crocea titin using in silico approaches and to clarify the molecular interaction mechanism.The hydrolyzed peptides of titin were compared with known ACEI peptides in the AHTPDB and BIOPEP-UWM database.Furthermore,peptides were evaluated for their solubility,ADMET properties,ΔG(kcal/mol)values,and in vitro ACEI activity.Molecular mechanism of ACE-peptide was performed by molecular interactions and binding orientation study.The results revealed that IC50 values of Trp-Ala-Arg(WAR)and Trp-Gln-Arg(WQR)were(31.2±0.8)and(231.33±0.02)mol/L,respectively.The docking interactions result suggested that ACE-WAR and ACEWQR complexes have same binding site,including the residues LYS511,TYR520,TYR523,HIS353,and HIS513.Molecular docking of two tripeptides WAR and WQR with ACE studies predicted their binding site and clarified the interaction between ACE and its inhibitors.The molecular docking data are consistent with the ACE inhibitory activity of the studied peptides.The results showed that Larimichthys crocea titin may be a valuable source for developing nutraceutical food.
基金the National Natural Science Funds of China(No.31901635)Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health(Grant No.20181036).
文摘The egg white-derived hexapeptide TNGIIR inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)activity in vitro.In this work,molecular docking revealed that TNGIIR established hydrogen bonds with the S1(Ala 354),S2(Gln 281,His 513,Tyr 520 and Lys 511)and S1(Glu 162)pockets of ACE.In addition,the potential antihypertensive effect of the oral administration of TNGIIR in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)was investigated,as was the effect of this peptide on the mRNA expression of ACE and angiotensin type 1(AT1)and type 2(AT2)receptors in renal tissue.The oral administration of TNGIIR(2,10 and 50 mg/kg)for up to four weeks did not reduce the blood pressure of SHR,in contrast to captopril(10 mg/kg,orally),but attenuated the mRNA expression of ACE and AT1 receptor(as did captopril).In contrast,both TNGIIR and captopril enhanced the expression of AT2 receptor mRNA.There was no change in the circulating concentration of angiotensin I,but a slight decrease(about 10%)was seen in the concentration of circulating angiotensin II with TNGIIR and captopril.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Funds of China(No.31901635)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0400301).
文摘Inhibition of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme1(BACE1)is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease.To find natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease,absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion and toxicity(ADMET)properties and in vitro BACE1 inhibitory activity of the peptides isolated from egg albumin were evaluated.Then,molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were used to explain the molecular mechanism of the interactions between BACE1 and peptides.The IC50 value of peptide KLPGF,with satisfactory ADMET properties,against BACE1 was(8.30±0.56)mmol/L.Molecular docking revealed that KLPGF contacted with the residues of BACE1’s active sites through twelve hydrogen bonds interactions,two hydrophobic interactions,one electrostatic interaction,and two Pi-cation interactions.The 5 ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the structure of KLPGF with BACE1 was stable.Peptide KLPGF contacted the residues Lys321,Asp228,and Asn233 with stable hydrogen bonds.KLPGF may be a potential anti-BACE1 candidate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52204332 and 52174290)the Outstanding Youth Fund of Anhui Province(2208085J19)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(21KJB450002).
文摘Developing deNO_(x)catalysts with lower activity temperatures range significantly reduces NH_(3)selective catalytic reduction(SCR)operating costs for low-temperature industrial flue gases.Herein,a novel FeVO_(4)/CeO_(2)catalyst with great low-temperature NH_(3)-SCR and nitrogen selectivity was synthesized using a dipping method.Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,specific surface and porosity analysis,H2 temperature-programmed reduction,NH_(3)temperature-programmed desorption,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and the in situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy were used to investigate the catalytic mechanism.An appropriate addition for FeVO_(4)in the catalyst was 5 wt.%from the results,and the active substance content reached the maximum dispersal capacity of the carrier.The NO_(x)conversion exceeded 90%,and the nitrogen selectivity was more than 98%over this catalyst at 200–350℃.The activity was kept at 88%after 7.5 h of reaction at 200℃ for 7.5 h in 35 mg m^(-3)SO_(2)gas.The remarkable deNO_(x)activity,nitrogen selectivity,and sulphur resistance performances are attributed to the low redox temperature,the abundance of medium-strong acid and strong acid sites,the sufficient adsorbed oxygen,and the superior Fe^(2+)content on the surface.The Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism was observed on the FeVO_(4)/CeO_(2)catalyst in the NH_(3)selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x).
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3003101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2320000050)the Science and Technology Program of State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co.,Ltd.(521205220001).
文摘Forest fire accidents caused by distribution line faults occur frequently,resulting in heavy impacts on people’s safety and social and economic development.Currently,there are few risk assessments for forest fires induced by over-head distribution lines,and existing assessment methods may have difficulties in data acquisition.On this basis,a novel as-sessment framework based on an analytic hierarchy process,a Bayesian network and a Fussel-Vesely importance metric is proposed in this paper.The framework combines field research and historical operation and maintenance data to assess the regional-scale risk of forest fires induced by overhead distribution lines to derive the probability of forest fires and to identify high-risk lines and key hazard events in the assessment region.Finally,taking the southern Anhui region as an ex-ample,the annual fire probability of forest fires induced by overhead distribution lines in the southern Anhui region is 5.88%,and rectification measures are proposed.This study provides management with a complete assessment framework that optimizes the difficulty of data collection and allows for additional targeted corrective measures to be proposed for the entire region and route on the basis of the assessment results.
文摘Urbanization has accelerated over the last few decades.An increasing number of complex structures,such as high-rise buildings,city underground tunnels,and subways,are being built to relieve the increasing pressure of traffic congestion and inefficient use of urban space.Significant attention has been paid to the fire safety of these complex structures because of many disastrous fire accidents reported worldwide.
