Shor's algorithm outperforms its classical counterpart in efficient prime factorization.We explore the coherence and entanglement dynamics of the evolved states within Shor's algorithm,showing that the coheren...Shor's algorithm outperforms its classical counterpart in efficient prime factorization.We explore the coherence and entanglement dynamics of the evolved states within Shor's algorithm,showing that the coherence in each step relies on the dimension of register or the order,and discuss the relations between geometric coherence and geometric entanglement.We investigate how unitary operators induce variations in coherence and entanglement,and analyze the variations of coherence and entanglement within the entire algorithm,demonstrating that the overall effect of Shor's algorithm tends to deplete coherence and produce entanglement.Our research not only deepens the understanding of this algorithm but also provides methodological references for studying resource dynamics in other quantum algorithms.展开更多
Water resources are one of the key factors restricting the development of arid areas,and cloud water resources is an important part of water resources.The arid region of central Asia is the core region of the current ...Water resources are one of the key factors restricting the development of arid areas,and cloud water resources is an important part of water resources.The arid region of central Asia is the core region of the current national green silk road construction,and is the largest arid region in the world.Based on cloud cover data of ECMWF,the current study analyzed temporal and spatial characteristics of cloud properties in arid regions of Central Asia between 1980 and 2019.Our findings show that:(1)From the point of view of spatial distribution,total cloudiness in arid regions of Central Asia was low in the south and high in the north.The distribution of high cloud frequency and medium cloud frequency was higher in the south and lower in the north,while low cloud frequency distribution was low in the south and high in the north.(2)In terms of time,the variation of cloud cover and cloud type frequency had obvious seasonal characteristics.From winter to spring,cloud cover increased,and the change of cloud type frequency increased.From spring to summer,cloud cover continued to increase and the change of cloud type frequency increased further.Cloud cover began to decrease from summer to autumn,and the change of cloud type frequency also decreased.(3)Generally,average total cloud cover decreased in most of central Asia,and high and medium cloud cover increased while low cloud cover decreased.This study provides a reference for the rational development of cloud resources in the region.展开更多
Lake Taihu,a large,shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China,has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades.Spatial changes in the abundance of hepa...Lake Taihu,a large,shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China,has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades.Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and nonmicrocystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010.To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation,we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer（PC-IGS） and the microcystin synthetase gene（mcyD）,respectively.On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis,the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly,from 4.08×104 to 5.22×107 copies/mL,from 5.7% to 65.8%,respectively.Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a,toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis;the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations,but negatively with TN：TP ratio and nitrate concentrations.Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations.Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.展开更多
Litchi downy blight,caused by the plant pathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii,is one of the most devastating diseases on litchi and resulted in huge economic losses.Autophagy plays an essential role in the develo...Litchi downy blight,caused by the plant pathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii,is one of the most devastating diseases on litchi and resulted in huge economic losses.Autophagy plays an essential role in the development and pathogenicity of the filamentous fungi.However,the function of autophagy in oomycetes remain elusive.Here,an autophagy-related protein Atg3 homolog PlAtg3 was identified and characterized in P.litchii.The absence of PlATG3 through the CRISPR/Cas9 gene replacement strategy compromised vegetative growth and sexual/asexual development.Cytological analyses revealed that the deletion of PlATG3 impaired autophagosome formation with monodansylcadaverine(MDC)staining and significantly disrupted zoospore release due to defects of sporangial cleavage with FM4-64 staining.Atg8 is considered to be an autophagy marker protein in various species.Western blot analysis indicated that PlAtg3 is involved in degradation of PlAtg8-PE.Interestingly,PlAtg3 was unable to interact with PlAtg8 in yeast two hybrid(Y2H)assays,possibly due to the absence of the Atg8 family interacting motif(AIM)in PlAtg3.Furthermore,pathogenicity assays revealed that the deletion of PlATG3 considerably reduced the virulence of P.litchii.Taken together,our data reveal that PlAtg3 plays an important role in radial growth,asexual/sexual development,sporangial cleavage and zoospore release,autophagosome formation,and pathogenicity in P.litchii.This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenicity mechanisms of P.litchii and provides insights for the development of more effective strategies to control oomycete diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND： The use of fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis （2D-DIGE） has been shown to compensate for the shortcomings of conventional two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, such as poor repeat...BACKGROUND： The use of fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis （2D-DIGE） has been shown to compensate for the shortcomings of conventional two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, such as poor repeatability and large systematic errors. However, little information is presently available regarding the use of 2D-DIGE to investigate mechanisms of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Plasma and body fluids have been utilized in proteomic technology to study ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE： To perform proteomic analysis of fresh rat brain tissue in peripheral ischemic regions using 2D-DIGE 6 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO）, and to identify specific proteins closely associated with early ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Proteomics-based, randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratories of Neurology and Proteomics, Jilin University between January and April 2006. MATERIALS： 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride was purchased from Sigma, USA. Ettan DALTSix system, DeCyder DIA V5.0 differential analysis software, and Ettan matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer （MALDI-TOF-MS） were purchased from Amersham Bioscience, Sweden. METHODS： Eight healthy, male, Wistar rats were randomized to experimental and control groups, with four rats in each group. In the experimental group, rat models of focal cerebral ischemia were established by MCAO. In the control group, the internal and external carotid arteries were exposed and then immediately sutured, and the remaining procedures were identical to the experimental group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 6 hours after cerebral ischemia, protein expression in the peripheral ischemia region of the experimental group was compared with the control group using 2D-DIGE. Protein spots that exhibited statistical differences between experimental and control groups with 〉 1.4 attributable risk were screened using DeCyder DIA V5.0 differential analysis software. Differential proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS. RESULTS： Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining results revealed pink, normal brain tissue and white, ischemic brain tissue, suggesting successful MCAO establishment. The average matching rate of four 2D-DIGE gels was 92.4%. There were （1 758 ± 43） protein spots on each gel, with similar distribution modes. At 6 hours after focal cerebral ischemia, 13 protein spots exhibited marked expression changes, including significantly increased （n = 7） and decreased （n = 6） expression （P 〈 0.05）. MALDI-TOF-MS results revealed two differential protein spots： a-tubulin and heat shock protein 27, which were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Thirteen protein spots with expression changes were revealed by 2D-DIGE proteomics technology. Of them, a-tubulin and heat shock protein 27 expressions were markedly decreased during the early stage of cerebral ischemia. These two proteins were presumed to be proteins associated with early ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.展开更多
Quantum coherence plays a central role in Grover’s search algorithm.We study the Tsallis relative a entropy of coherence dynamics of the evolved state in Grover’s search algorithm.We prove that the Tsallis relative ...Quantum coherence plays a central role in Grover’s search algorithm.We study the Tsallis relative a entropy of coherence dynamics of the evolved state in Grover’s search algorithm.We prove that the Tsallis relative a entropy of coherence decreases with the increase of the success probability,and derive the complementarity relations between the coherence and the success probability.We show that the operator coherence of the first H■relies on the size of the database N,the success probability and the target states.Moreover,we illustrate the relationships between coherence and entanglement of the superposition state of targets,as well as the production and deletion of coherence in Grover iterations.展开更多
Nitrite produced during the processing of pickled vegetables is a primary source of nitrite intake in humans.This study monitored changes in the physicochemical quality and bacterial community structure of pickled pep...Nitrite produced during the processing of pickled vegetables is a primary source of nitrite intake in humans.This study monitored changes in the physicochemical quality and bacterial community structure of pickled peppers and brine during natural fermentation.We also explored the characteristics and efficacy of nitrite degradation by Lactobacillus plantarum BNCC194165(BNCC194165)in both MRS and pickled pepper systems.The results revealed that lactic acid bacteria(LAB)and acidic substances in pickled peppers and brine were closely related to nitrite content during natural fermentation.Analysis using 16S rDNA confirmed that Firmicutes phylum and Lactobacillus genus were the dominant bacteria in pickled peppers,demonstrating strong associations with most physicochemical attributes,particularly notable for their negative correlation with nitrite content.Following inoculation,the NaCl concentration,cultivation temperature,and initial pH in the MRS medium significantly influenced the ability of BNCC194165 to degrade nitrite.Furthermore,inoculation with BNCC194165 effectively reduced nitrite levels in pickles,moderated spiciness,and shortened the fermentation period.These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nitrite formation and degradation in pickled foods and their intrinsic relationship with fundamental components and microorganisms,providing valuable guidance for producing safer fermented vegetables.展开更多
Highland barley(Hordeum vulgare L.),a salt-tolerant plant,can transform its phenolic substances from bound to free forms under stress,thus enhancing antioxidant activity.This study optimized the salt stress-induced ge...Highland barley(Hordeum vulgare L.),a salt-tolerant plant,can transform its phenolic substances from bound to free forms under stress,thus enhancing antioxidant activity.This study optimized the salt stress-induced germination technology of black(BHB)and white highland barley(WHB),for BHB was 6 h:2 h steeping,84 h germination,and germinated at 30℃,while those of WHB were 6 h:2 h,84 h,and 25℃,respectively.Then,we compared phenolics and flavonoids in BHB and WHB during salt stress-induced germination,selecting WHB for further analysis due to its higher phenolics and antioxidant activity.Using non-targeted metabolomics,1255 metabolites were identified in WHB across eight germination stages,including 37 phenols,60 flavonoids,16 alkaloids,1 lignan,and 65 organic acids.Key metabolites like saponarin and coumarin increased significantly post-germination.We identified metabolic pathways such as bisphenol degradation and flavonoid biosynthesis,and found strong correlations between specific phenolics/flavonoids and antioxidant activities.Among the top 20 metabolites,2 phenolics and 11 flavonoids positively correlated with DPPH⋅scavenging ability,while 4 phenolics and 3 flavonoids linked to ABTS⋅scavenging and Fe^(3+)reduction ability.Altogether,salt stress-induced germination effectively boosts phenolic and flavonoid levels in WHB,thereby enhancing its antioxidant properties.展开更多
Litchi downy blight,caused by the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora litchii,is one of the most devastating diseases impacting litchi cultivation,resulting in significant economic loss.The elongator protein complex...Litchi downy blight,caused by the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora litchii,is one of the most devastating diseases impacting litchi cultivation,resulting in significant economic loss.The elongator protein complex is crucial for the growth and virulence of filamentous fungi;however,the specific role of the elongator protein component Elp3 within oomycetes remains poorly understood.In this study,we identified and characterized two homologs of Elp3,namely PlElp3a and PlElp3b,in P.litchii.The targeted deletion of PlELP3b utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique resulted in impaired vegetative proliferation and reproductive development.Furthermore,the elimination of PlELP3b was found to affect the sensitivity of P.litchii to various stressors.The Atg8 protein,recognized as a marker for autophagy across multiple species,was analyzed using Western blotting,revealing that PlElp3b is essential for maintaining autophagic homeostasis by modulating mCherry-PlAtg8 degradation.Notably,PlElp3b showed no interaction with PlAtg8 in yeast two-hybrid assays.Furthermore,virulence evaluations indicated that the lack of PlELP3b significantly reduced the virulence of P.litchii.Collectively,our findings underscore the critical functions of PlElp3b in regulating radial growth,stress response,sexual reproduction,autophagic equilibrium,and virulence in P.litchii.This research enhances the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of the elongator protein employed by P.litchii and offers valuable insights for the formulation of more effective strategies for managing oomycete-related diseases.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12161056,12075159,12171044)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20232ACB211003)+1 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.Z190005)the specific research fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province。
文摘Shor's algorithm outperforms its classical counterpart in efficient prime factorization.We explore the coherence and entanglement dynamics of the evolved states within Shor's algorithm,showing that the coherence in each step relies on the dimension of register or the order,and discuss the relations between geometric coherence and geometric entanglement.We investigate how unitary operators induce variations in coherence and entanglement,and analyze the variations of coherence and entanglement within the entire algorithm,demonstrating that the overall effect of Shor's algorithm tends to deplete coherence and produce entanglement.Our research not only deepens the understanding of this algorithm but also provides methodological references for studying resource dynamics in other quantum algorithms.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41867030, 41971036)the National Natural Science Foundation innovation research group science foundation of China (41421061)
文摘Water resources are one of the key factors restricting the development of arid areas,and cloud water resources is an important part of water resources.The arid region of central Asia is the core region of the current national green silk road construction,and is the largest arid region in the world.Based on cloud cover data of ECMWF,the current study analyzed temporal and spatial characteristics of cloud properties in arid regions of Central Asia between 1980 and 2019.Our findings show that:(1)From the point of view of spatial distribution,total cloudiness in arid regions of Central Asia was low in the south and high in the north.The distribution of high cloud frequency and medium cloud frequency was higher in the south and lower in the north,while low cloud frequency distribution was low in the south and high in the north.(2)In terms of time,the variation of cloud cover and cloud type frequency had obvious seasonal characteristics.From winter to spring,cloud cover increased,and the change of cloud type frequency increased.From spring to summer,cloud cover continued to increase and the change of cloud type frequency increased further.Cloud cover began to decrease from summer to autumn,and the change of cloud type frequency also decreased.(3)Generally,average total cloud cover decreased in most of central Asia,and high and medium cloud cover increased while low cloud cover decreased.This study provides a reference for the rational development of cloud resources in the region.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2008CB418000)
文摘Lake Taihu,a large,shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China,has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades.Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and nonmicrocystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010.To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation,we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer（PC-IGS） and the microcystin synthetase gene（mcyD）,respectively.On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis,the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly,from 4.08×104 to 5.22×107 copies/mL,from 5.7% to 65.8%,respectively.Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a,toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis;the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations,but negatively with TN：TP ratio and nitrate concentrations.Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations.Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.
基金supported by the grants from the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(321QN190 and 321CXTD437)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202246 and 32160614)+1 种基金the Open Project Program of Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests,China(MIMCP-202102)the Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan University,China(KYQD(ZR)-21042 and KYQD(ZR)-20080)。
文摘Litchi downy blight,caused by the plant pathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii,is one of the most devastating diseases on litchi and resulted in huge economic losses.Autophagy plays an essential role in the development and pathogenicity of the filamentous fungi.However,the function of autophagy in oomycetes remain elusive.Here,an autophagy-related protein Atg3 homolog PlAtg3 was identified and characterized in P.litchii.The absence of PlATG3 through the CRISPR/Cas9 gene replacement strategy compromised vegetative growth and sexual/asexual development.Cytological analyses revealed that the deletion of PlATG3 impaired autophagosome formation with monodansylcadaverine(MDC)staining and significantly disrupted zoospore release due to defects of sporangial cleavage with FM4-64 staining.Atg8 is considered to be an autophagy marker protein in various species.Western blot analysis indicated that PlAtg3 is involved in degradation of PlAtg8-PE.Interestingly,PlAtg3 was unable to interact with PlAtg8 in yeast two hybrid(Y2H)assays,possibly due to the absence of the Atg8 family interacting motif(AIM)in PlAtg3.Furthermore,pathogenicity assays revealed that the deletion of PlATG3 considerably reduced the virulence of P.litchii.Taken together,our data reveal that PlAtg3 plays an important role in radial growth,asexual/sexual development,sporangial cleavage and zoospore release,autophagosome formation,and pathogenicity in P.litchii.This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenicity mechanisms of P.litchii and provides insights for the development of more effective strategies to control oomycete diseases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.30470588
文摘BACKGROUND： The use of fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis （2D-DIGE） has been shown to compensate for the shortcomings of conventional two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, such as poor repeatability and large systematic errors. However, little information is presently available regarding the use of 2D-DIGE to investigate mechanisms of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Plasma and body fluids have been utilized in proteomic technology to study ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE： To perform proteomic analysis of fresh rat brain tissue in peripheral ischemic regions using 2D-DIGE 6 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO）, and to identify specific proteins closely associated with early ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Proteomics-based, randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratories of Neurology and Proteomics, Jilin University between January and April 2006. MATERIALS： 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride was purchased from Sigma, USA. Ettan DALTSix system, DeCyder DIA V5.0 differential analysis software, and Ettan matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer （MALDI-TOF-MS） were purchased from Amersham Bioscience, Sweden. METHODS： Eight healthy, male, Wistar rats were randomized to experimental and control groups, with four rats in each group. In the experimental group, rat models of focal cerebral ischemia were established by MCAO. In the control group, the internal and external carotid arteries were exposed and then immediately sutured, and the remaining procedures were identical to the experimental group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 6 hours after cerebral ischemia, protein expression in the peripheral ischemia region of the experimental group was compared with the control group using 2D-DIGE. Protein spots that exhibited statistical differences between experimental and control groups with 〉 1.4 attributable risk were screened using DeCyder DIA V5.0 differential analysis software. Differential proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS. RESULTS： Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining results revealed pink, normal brain tissue and white, ischemic brain tissue, suggesting successful MCAO establishment. The average matching rate of four 2D-DIGE gels was 92.4%. There were （1 758 ± 43） protein spots on each gel, with similar distribution modes. At 6 hours after focal cerebral ischemia, 13 protein spots exhibited marked expression changes, including significantly increased （n = 7） and decreased （n = 6） expression （P 〈 0.05）. MALDI-TOF-MS results revealed two differential protein spots： a-tubulin and heat shock protein 27, which were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Thirteen protein spots with expression changes were revealed by 2D-DIGE proteomics technology. Of them, a-tubulin and heat shock protein 27 expressions were markedly decreased during the early stage of cerebral ischemia. These two proteins were presumed to be proteins associated with early ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12161056,12075159,12171044)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.Z190005)the Academician Innovation Platform of Hainan Province。
文摘Quantum coherence plays a central role in Grover’s search algorithm.We study the Tsallis relative a entropy of coherence dynamics of the evolved state in Grover’s search algorithm.We prove that the Tsallis relative a entropy of coherence decreases with the increase of the success probability,and derive the complementarity relations between the coherence and the success probability.We show that the operator coherence of the first H■relies on the size of the database N,the success probability and the target states.Moreover,we illustrate the relationships between coherence and entanglement of the superposition state of targets,as well as the production and deletion of coherence in Grover iterations.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302188)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC1056)+1 种基金Research and Development Program in Key Areas of Hunan Province(2024JK2154,2024JK2156)Dongting Laboratory Cultivation Project of Hunan Yuelushan Center for Industrial Innovation(2024-DTPY-006).
文摘Nitrite produced during the processing of pickled vegetables is a primary source of nitrite intake in humans.This study monitored changes in the physicochemical quality and bacterial community structure of pickled peppers and brine during natural fermentation.We also explored the characteristics and efficacy of nitrite degradation by Lactobacillus plantarum BNCC194165(BNCC194165)in both MRS and pickled pepper systems.The results revealed that lactic acid bacteria(LAB)and acidic substances in pickled peppers and brine were closely related to nitrite content during natural fermentation.Analysis using 16S rDNA confirmed that Firmicutes phylum and Lactobacillus genus were the dominant bacteria in pickled peppers,demonstrating strong associations with most physicochemical attributes,particularly notable for their negative correlation with nitrite content.Following inoculation,the NaCl concentration,cultivation temperature,and initial pH in the MRS medium significantly influenced the ability of BNCC194165 to degrade nitrite.Furthermore,inoculation with BNCC194165 effectively reduced nitrite levels in pickles,moderated spiciness,and shortened the fermentation period.These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nitrite formation and degradation in pickled foods and their intrinsic relationship with fundamental components and microorganisms,providing valuable guidance for producing safer fermented vegetables.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD2401601,2024YFD2401602)Research and Development Program in Key Areas of Hunan Province,China(2024JK2154,2024JK2156)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(2023RC1056)Scientific Research Project Funded by Hunan Provincial Department of Education,China(24C0148)Dongting Laboratory Cultivation Project of Hunan Yuelushan Center for Industrial Innovation,China(2024-DTPY-006).
文摘Highland barley(Hordeum vulgare L.),a salt-tolerant plant,can transform its phenolic substances from bound to free forms under stress,thus enhancing antioxidant activity.This study optimized the salt stress-induced germination technology of black(BHB)and white highland barley(WHB),for BHB was 6 h:2 h steeping,84 h germination,and germinated at 30℃,while those of WHB were 6 h:2 h,84 h,and 25℃,respectively.Then,we compared phenolics and flavonoids in BHB and WHB during salt stress-induced germination,selecting WHB for further analysis due to its higher phenolics and antioxidant activity.Using non-targeted metabolomics,1255 metabolites were identified in WHB across eight germination stages,including 37 phenols,60 flavonoids,16 alkaloids,1 lignan,and 65 organic acids.Key metabolites like saponarin and coumarin increased significantly post-germination.We identified metabolic pathways such as bisphenol degradation and flavonoid biosynthesis,and found strong correlations between specific phenolics/flavonoids and antioxidant activities.Among the top 20 metabolites,2 phenolics and 11 flavonoids positively correlated with DPPH⋅scavenging ability,while 4 phenolics and 3 flavonoids linked to ABTS⋅scavenging and Fe^(3+)reduction ability.Altogether,salt stress-induced germination effectively boosts phenolic and flavonoid levels in WHB,thereby enhancing its antioxidant properties.
基金supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202246,32160614)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(325RC646,322QN237)+1 种基金Hainan Litchi Agriculture Research System(HNARS-08)the Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan University(KYQD(ZR)-21042,KYQD(ZR)-20080).
文摘Litchi downy blight,caused by the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora litchii,is one of the most devastating diseases impacting litchi cultivation,resulting in significant economic loss.The elongator protein complex is crucial for the growth and virulence of filamentous fungi;however,the specific role of the elongator protein component Elp3 within oomycetes remains poorly understood.In this study,we identified and characterized two homologs of Elp3,namely PlElp3a and PlElp3b,in P.litchii.The targeted deletion of PlELP3b utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique resulted in impaired vegetative proliferation and reproductive development.Furthermore,the elimination of PlELP3b was found to affect the sensitivity of P.litchii to various stressors.The Atg8 protein,recognized as a marker for autophagy across multiple species,was analyzed using Western blotting,revealing that PlElp3b is essential for maintaining autophagic homeostasis by modulating mCherry-PlAtg8 degradation.Notably,PlElp3b showed no interaction with PlAtg8 in yeast two-hybrid assays.Furthermore,virulence evaluations indicated that the lack of PlELP3b significantly reduced the virulence of P.litchii.Collectively,our findings underscore the critical functions of PlElp3b in regulating radial growth,stress response,sexual reproduction,autophagic equilibrium,and virulence in P.litchii.This research enhances the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of the elongator protein employed by P.litchii and offers valuable insights for the formulation of more effective strategies for managing oomycete-related diseases.
