In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperatur...In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper.First,a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed.Then,the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving.Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss,the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed,which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss.In this way,the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%.Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction.展开更多
Most forest fires in the Margalla Hills are related to human activities and socioeconomic factors are essential to assess their likelihood of occurrence.This study considers both environmental(altitude,precipitation,f...Most forest fires in the Margalla Hills are related to human activities and socioeconomic factors are essential to assess their likelihood of occurrence.This study considers both environmental(altitude,precipitation,forest type,terrain and humidity index)and socioeconomic(population density,distance from roads and urban areas)factors to analyze how human behavior affects the risk of forest fires.Maximum entropy(Maxent)modelling and random forest(RF)machine learning methods were used to predict the probability and spatial diffusion patterns of forest fires in the Margalla Hills.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the ROC curve(AUC)were used to compare the models.We studied the fire history from 1990 to 2019 to establish the relationship between the probability of forest fire and environmental and socioeconomic changes.Using Maxent,the AUC fire probability values for the 1999 s,2009 s,and 2019 s were 0.532,0.569,and 0.518,respectively;using RF,they were 0.782,0.825,and 0.789,respectively.Fires were mainly distributed in urban areas and their probability of occurrence was related to accessibility and human behaviour/activity.AUC principles for validation were greater in the random forest models than in the Maxent models.Our results can be used to establish preventive measures to reduce risks of forest fires by considering socio-economic and environmental conditions.展开更多
Porous carbon(PC)is a promising electromagnetic(EM)wave absorbing material thanks to its light weight,large specific surface area as well as good dissipating capacity.To further improve its microwave absorbing perform...Porous carbon(PC)is a promising electromagnetic(EM)wave absorbing material thanks to its light weight,large specific surface area as well as good dissipating capacity.To further improve its microwave absorbing performance,silver coated porous carbon(Ag@PC)is synthesized by one-step hydro-thermal synthesis process making use of fir as a biomass formwork.Phase compositions,morphological structure,and microwave absorption capability of the Ag@PC has been explored.Research results show that the metallic Ag was successfully reduced and the particles are evenly distributed inward the pores of the carbon formwork,which accelerates graphitization process of the amorphous carbon.The Ag@PC composite without adding polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)exhibits higher dielectric constant and better EM wave dissipating capability.This is because the larger particles of Ag give rise to higher electric conductivity.After combing with frequency selective surface(FSS),the EM wave absorbing performance is further improved and the frequency region below-10 d B is located in8.20-11.75 GHz,and the minimal reflection loss value is-22.5 dB.This work indicates that incorporating metallic Ag particles and FSS provides a valid way to strengthen EM wave absorbing capacity of PC material.展开更多
The interaction between m^(6)A-methylated RNA and chromatin modification remains largely unknown.We found that targeted inhibition of bromodomain-containing protein 4(BRD4)by siRNA or its inhibitor(JQ1)significantly d...The interaction between m^(6)A-methylated RNA and chromatin modification remains largely unknown.We found that targeted inhibition of bromodomain-containing protein 4(BRD4)by siRNA or its inhibitor(JQ1)significantly decreases mRNA m^(6)A levels and suppresses the malignancy of breast cancer(BC)cells via increased expression of demethylase AlkB homolog 5(ALKBH5).Mechanistically,inhibition of BRD4 increases the mRNA stability of ALKBH5 via enhanced binding between its 3′untranslated regions(3′UTRs)with RNA-binding protein RALY.Further,BRD4 serves as a scaffold for ubiquitin enzymes tripartite motif containing-21(TRIM21)and ALKBH5,resulting in the ubiquitination and degradation of ALKBH5 protein.JQ1-increased ALKBH5 then demethylates mRNA of extra spindle pole bodies like 1(ESPL1)and reduces binding between ESPL1 mRNA and m^(6)A reader insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3(IGF2BP3),leading to decay of ESPL1 mRNA.Animal and clinical studies confirm a critical role of BRD4/ALKBH5/ESPL1 pathway in BC progression.Further,our study sheds light on the crosstalks between histone modification and RNA methylation.展开更多
Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients. To improve the outcomes of patients undergoing a surgery, new adjuvant therapies that can effectively inhibit metastases have to be developed. Studies have sho...Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients. To improve the outcomes of patients undergoing a surgery, new adjuvant therapies that can effectively inhibit metastases have to be developed. Studies have shown that flavonoid naringenin, a natural product that is mainly present in grapes and citrus, may contribute to cancer prevention. It has many advantages compared to traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as low toxicity. To determine whether naringenin can also inhibit metastases, a breast cancer resection model that mimics clinical situations was established. We found that orally administered naringenin significantly decreased the number of metastatic tumor cells in the lung and extended the life span of tumor resected mice. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that T cells displayed enhanced antitumor activity in naringenin treated mice, with an increased proportion of IFN-γ and IL-2 expressing T cells. In vitro studies further demonstrated that relief of immunosuppression caused by regulatory T cells might be the fundamental mechanism of metastasis inhibition by naringenin. These results indicate that orally administered naringenin can inhibit the outgrowth of metastases after surgery via regulating host immunity. Thus, naringenin can be an ideal surgical adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients.展开更多
Acidosis,regardless of hypoxia involvement,is recognized as a chronic and harsh tumor microenvironment(TME)that educates malignant cells to thrive and metastasize.Although overwhelming evidence supports an acidic envi...Acidosis,regardless of hypoxia involvement,is recognized as a chronic and harsh tumor microenvironment(TME)that educates malignant cells to thrive and metastasize.Although overwhelming evidence supports an acidic environment as a driver or ubiquitous hallmark of cancer progression,the unrevealed core mechanisms underlying the direct effect of acidification on tumorigenesis have hindered the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and clinical therapy.Here,chemical-induced and transgenic mouse models for colon,liver and lung cancer were established,respectively.miR-7 and TGF-β2 expressions were examined in clinical tissues(n=184).RNA-seq,miRNA-seq,proteomics,biosynthesis analyses and functional studies were performed to validate the mechanisms involved in the acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis.Our data show that lung cancer is sensitive to the increased acidification of TME,and acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis via inhibition of miR-7-5 p.TGF-β2 is a direct target of miR-7-5 p.The reduced expression of miR-7-5 p subsequently increases the expression of TGF-β2 which enhances the metastatic potential of the lung cancer.Indeed,overexpression of miR-7-5 p reduces the acidic p H-enhanced lung cancer metastasis.Furthermore,the human lung tumor samples also show a reduced miR-7-5 p expression but an elevated level of activated TGF-β2;the expressions of both miR-7-5 p and TGF-β2 are correlated with patients’survival.We are the first to identify the role of the miR-7/TGF-β2 axis in acidic p H-enhanced lung cancer metastasis.Our study not only delineates how acidification directly affects tumorigenesis,but also suggests miR-7 is a novel reliable biomarker for acidic TME and a novel therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)treatment.Our study opens an avenue to explore the p H-sensitive subcellular components as novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.展开更多
The local climate zone(LCZ)scheme has been widely utilized in regional climate modeling,urban planning,and thermal comfort investigations.However,existing LCz classification methods face challenges in characterizing c...The local climate zone(LCZ)scheme has been widely utilized in regional climate modeling,urban planning,and thermal comfort investigations.However,existing LCz classification methods face challenges in characterizing complex urban structures and human activities involving local climatic environments.In this study,we proposed a novel LCZ mapping method that fully uses space-borne multi-view and diurnal observations,i.e.daytime Ziyuan-3 stereo imageries(2.1 m)and Luojia-1 nighttime light(NTL)data(130 m).Firstly,we performed land cover classification using multiple machine learning methods(i.e.random forest(RF)and XGBoost algorithms)and various features(i.e.spectral,textural,multi-view features,3D urban structure parameters(USPs),and NTL).In addition,we developed a set of new cumulative elevation indexes to improve building roughness assessments.The indexes can estimate building roughness directly from fused point clouds generated by both along-and across-track modes.Finally,based on the land cover and building roughness results,we extracted 2D and 3D USPs for different land covers and used multi-classifiers to perform LCZ mapping.The results for Beijing,China,show that our method yielded satisfactory accuracy for LCZ mapping,with an overall accuracy(OA)of 90.46%.The overall accuracy of land cover classification using 3D USPs generated from both along-and across-track modes increased by 4.66%,compared to that of using the single along-track mode.Additionally,the OA value of LCZ mapping using 2D and 3D USPs(88.18%)achieved a better result than using only 2D USPs(83.83%).The use of NTL data increased the classification accuracy of LCZs E(bare rock or paved)and F(bare soil or sand)by 6.54%and 3.94%,respectively.The refined LCZ classification achieved through this study will not only contribute to more accurate regional climate modeling but also provide valuable guidance for urban planning initiatives aimed at enhancing thermal comfort and overall livabillity in urban areas.Ultimately,this study paves the way for more comprehensive and effective strategies in addressing the challenges posed by urban microclimates.展开更多
The onset of global urbanization has led to a population shift from rural to urban areas and the expansion of urban development [1-3]. Urban land areas are growing at faster rates than their populations in most parts ...The onset of global urbanization has led to a population shift from rural to urban areas and the expansion of urban development [1-3]. Urban land areas are growing at faster rates than their populations in most parts of the world [4]. The urban sprawl process refers to dispersed land development characterized by low-density, unplanned, and uneven patter ns of growth duri ng urban expansion. This process can result in inefficient use of land resources contradictory to the principle of sustainable development [5]. Additionally, urban sprawl has various environmental, economic, and social consequences, including the following: loss of agricultural land, higher costs for transportation infrastructure, increased landscape fragmentation, degeneration of soil ecological functions, and reduced ecosystem resilience. It is crucial to understand the trends and patterns of urban sprawl to implement a framework for sustainable urban development in developing regions.展开更多
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta(IKKβ)is one of important kinases in inflammation to phosphorylate inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B(IκBα)and then activate nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB).In...Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta(IKKβ)is one of important kinases in inflammation to phosphorylate inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B(IκBα)and then activate nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB).Inhibition of IKKβhas been a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.Here we report that IKKβis constitutively activated in healthy donors and healthy Ikkβ^(C46A)(cysteine 46 mutated to alanine)knock-in mice although they possess intensive IKKβ-IκBα-NF-κB signaling activation.These indicate that IKKβactivation probably plays homeostatic role instead of causing inflammation.Compared to IkkβWTlittermates,lipopolysaccharides(LPS)could induce high mortality rate in Ikkβ^(C46A) mice which is correlated to breaking the homeostasis by intensively activating p-IκBα-NF-κB signaling and inhibiting phosphorylation of 5’adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(p-AMPK)expression.We then demonstrated that IKKβkinase domain(KD)phosphorylates AMPKa1 via interacting with residues Thr183,Ser184,and Thr388,while IKKβhelix-loop-helix motifs is essential to phosphorylate IκBαaccording to the previous reports.Kinase assay further demonstrated that IKKβsimultaneously catalyzes phosphorylation of AMPK and IκBαto mediate homeostasis.Accordingly,activation of AMPK rather than inhibition of IKKβcould substantially rescue LPS-induced mortality in Ikkβ^(C46A) mice by rebuilding the homeostasis.We conclude that IKKβactivates AMPK to restrict inflammation and IKKβmediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively phosphorylating AMPK and IκBα.展开更多
World cultural heritage refers to properties recognized as having historical, social, and anthropological value. Global urbanization has changed the land cover, land use, transportation, landscape, and local environme...World cultural heritage refers to properties recognized as having historical, social, and anthropological value. Global urbanization has changed the land cover, land use, transportation, landscape, and local environment in cities, and thus exposed World Heritage sites to risks induced by direct or indirect damaging factors. In this paper, an urbanization intensity index (UII) was developed to quantitatively measure urban dynamics in the vicinity of World Heritage sites. This index is based on three global Earth observation datasets, including a global human settlement layer, a global population grid product, and a global nighttime light imagery. Large UII values represent high urbanization levels and intensive human activities in the study area and vice versa. The assessment results show that the mean UII value at 79 world cultural heritage sites in the Belt and Road region increased from 0.26 in 2000 to 0.29 in 2015. The heritage sites were then classified into four types based on the change rates of UIIs. A total of seven heritage sites were identified as exposed to risks due to urban sprawl and infrastructure expansion. The UII dataset can be combined with UNESCO’s periodic reports and site-specific data to provide valuable information for international communities to develop heritage preservation policies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62271109)。
文摘In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper.First,a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed.Then,the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving.Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss,the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed,which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss.In this way,the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%.Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFE0127700)。
文摘Most forest fires in the Margalla Hills are related to human activities and socioeconomic factors are essential to assess their likelihood of occurrence.This study considers both environmental(altitude,precipitation,forest type,terrain and humidity index)and socioeconomic(population density,distance from roads and urban areas)factors to analyze how human behavior affects the risk of forest fires.Maximum entropy(Maxent)modelling and random forest(RF)machine learning methods were used to predict the probability and spatial diffusion patterns of forest fires in the Margalla Hills.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the ROC curve(AUC)were used to compare the models.We studied the fire history from 1990 to 2019 to establish the relationship between the probability of forest fire and environmental and socioeconomic changes.Using Maxent,the AUC fire probability values for the 1999 s,2009 s,and 2019 s were 0.532,0.569,and 0.518,respectively;using RF,they were 0.782,0.825,and 0.789,respectively.Fires were mainly distributed in urban areas and their probability of occurrence was related to accessibility and human behaviour/activity.AUC principles for validation were greater in the random forest models than in the Maxent models.Our results can be used to establish preventive measures to reduce risks of forest fires by considering socio-economic and environmental conditions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52103361)Shaanxi University Youth Outstanding Talents Support Plan,Scientific and Technological Plan Project of Xi’an Beilin District(No.GX2143)。
文摘Porous carbon(PC)is a promising electromagnetic(EM)wave absorbing material thanks to its light weight,large specific surface area as well as good dissipating capacity.To further improve its microwave absorbing performance,silver coated porous carbon(Ag@PC)is synthesized by one-step hydro-thermal synthesis process making use of fir as a biomass formwork.Phase compositions,morphological structure,and microwave absorption capability of the Ag@PC has been explored.Research results show that the metallic Ag was successfully reduced and the particles are evenly distributed inward the pores of the carbon formwork,which accelerates graphitization process of the amorphous carbon.The Ag@PC composite without adding polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)exhibits higher dielectric constant and better EM wave dissipating capability.This is because the larger particles of Ag give rise to higher electric conductivity.After combing with frequency selective surface(FSS),the EM wave absorbing performance is further improved and the frequency region below-10 d B is located in8.20-11.75 GHz,and the minimal reflection loss value is-22.5 dB.This work indicates that incorporating metallic Ag particles and FSS provides a valid way to strengthen EM wave absorbing capacity of PC material.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2601800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82472761,32161143017,82173833,82372743,82173126,82373893,82341053,and 32100584)+10 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2023B1515040006,China)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2023B1111020007,China)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Program(No.2024A04J6480,China)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation(No.2023B1212060022,China)the Shenzhen Bay Scholars Program,the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021QC061,China)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(No.2022JJ40413)the Outstanding Youth Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(No.22B0814,China)the Young Teachers Cultivation Program of Basic Research Operating Expenses of Universities at Sun Yat-sen University(No.23qnpy117,China)the Research Project of TCM Bureau of Guangdong Province(No.20231324,China)the Special Fund of Foshan Climbing Peak Plan(No.2020B018,China)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2022A1515140091,China).
文摘The interaction between m^(6)A-methylated RNA and chromatin modification remains largely unknown.We found that targeted inhibition of bromodomain-containing protein 4(BRD4)by siRNA or its inhibitor(JQ1)significantly decreases mRNA m^(6)A levels and suppresses the malignancy of breast cancer(BC)cells via increased expression of demethylase AlkB homolog 5(ALKBH5).Mechanistically,inhibition of BRD4 increases the mRNA stability of ALKBH5 via enhanced binding between its 3′untranslated regions(3′UTRs)with RNA-binding protein RALY.Further,BRD4 serves as a scaffold for ubiquitin enzymes tripartite motif containing-21(TRIM21)and ALKBH5,resulting in the ubiquitination and degradation of ALKBH5 protein.JQ1-increased ALKBH5 then demethylates mRNA of extra spindle pole bodies like 1(ESPL1)and reduces binding between ESPL1 mRNA and m^(6)A reader insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3(IGF2BP3),leading to decay of ESPL1 mRNA.Animal and clinical studies confirm a critical role of BRD4/ALKBH5/ESPL1 pathway in BC progression.Further,our study sheds light on the crosstalks between histone modification and RNA methylation.
基金supported by The State Key Development Plan Project(Grant No.2011CB707705).
文摘Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients. To improve the outcomes of patients undergoing a surgery, new adjuvant therapies that can effectively inhibit metastases have to be developed. Studies have shown that flavonoid naringenin, a natural product that is mainly present in grapes and citrus, may contribute to cancer prevention. It has many advantages compared to traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as low toxicity. To determine whether naringenin can also inhibit metastases, a breast cancer resection model that mimics clinical situations was established. We found that orally administered naringenin significantly decreased the number of metastatic tumor cells in the lung and extended the life span of tumor resected mice. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that T cells displayed enhanced antitumor activity in naringenin treated mice, with an increased proportion of IFN-γ and IL-2 expressing T cells. In vitro studies further demonstrated that relief of immunosuppression caused by regulatory T cells might be the fundamental mechanism of metastasis inhibition by naringenin. These results indicate that orally administered naringenin can inhibit the outgrowth of metastases after surgery via regulating host immunity. Thus, naringenin can be an ideal surgical adjuvant therapy for breast cancer patients.
基金supported by the projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81874367 and 82074019)Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer research of Chinese Medicine(2018B030322011,China)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangdong Province,China(2017A030306033)Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(2016,China)Project of Educational Commission of Guangdong Province of China(2016KTSCX012)Pearl River Nova Program of Guangzhou,China(201710010108)。
文摘Acidosis,regardless of hypoxia involvement,is recognized as a chronic and harsh tumor microenvironment(TME)that educates malignant cells to thrive and metastasize.Although overwhelming evidence supports an acidic environment as a driver or ubiquitous hallmark of cancer progression,the unrevealed core mechanisms underlying the direct effect of acidification on tumorigenesis have hindered the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and clinical therapy.Here,chemical-induced and transgenic mouse models for colon,liver and lung cancer were established,respectively.miR-7 and TGF-β2 expressions were examined in clinical tissues(n=184).RNA-seq,miRNA-seq,proteomics,biosynthesis analyses and functional studies were performed to validate the mechanisms involved in the acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis.Our data show that lung cancer is sensitive to the increased acidification of TME,and acidic TME-induced lung cancer metastasis via inhibition of miR-7-5 p.TGF-β2 is a direct target of miR-7-5 p.The reduced expression of miR-7-5 p subsequently increases the expression of TGF-β2 which enhances the metastatic potential of the lung cancer.Indeed,overexpression of miR-7-5 p reduces the acidic p H-enhanced lung cancer metastasis.Furthermore,the human lung tumor samples also show a reduced miR-7-5 p expression but an elevated level of activated TGF-β2;the expressions of both miR-7-5 p and TGF-β2 are correlated with patients’survival.We are the first to identify the role of the miR-7/TGF-β2 axis in acidic p H-enhanced lung cancer metastasis.Our study not only delineates how acidification directly affects tumorigenesis,but also suggests miR-7 is a novel reliable biomarker for acidic TME and a novel therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)treatment.Our study opens an avenue to explore the p H-sensitive subcellular components as novel therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number:41930650]the Scientific Research Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission[grant number:KM202110016004]the Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering[grant number 20220111].
文摘The local climate zone(LCZ)scheme has been widely utilized in regional climate modeling,urban planning,and thermal comfort investigations.However,existing LCz classification methods face challenges in characterizing complex urban structures and human activities involving local climatic environments.In this study,we proposed a novel LCZ mapping method that fully uses space-borne multi-view and diurnal observations,i.e.daytime Ziyuan-3 stereo imageries(2.1 m)and Luojia-1 nighttime light(NTL)data(130 m).Firstly,we performed land cover classification using multiple machine learning methods(i.e.random forest(RF)and XGBoost algorithms)and various features(i.e.spectral,textural,multi-view features,3D urban structure parameters(USPs),and NTL).In addition,we developed a set of new cumulative elevation indexes to improve building roughness assessments.The indexes can estimate building roughness directly from fused point clouds generated by both along-and across-track modes.Finally,based on the land cover and building roughness results,we extracted 2D and 3D USPs for different land covers and used multi-classifiers to perform LCZ mapping.The results for Beijing,China,show that our method yielded satisfactory accuracy for LCZ mapping,with an overall accuracy(OA)of 90.46%.The overall accuracy of land cover classification using 3D USPs generated from both along-and across-track modes increased by 4.66%,compared to that of using the single along-track mode.Additionally,the OA value of LCZ mapping using 2D and 3D USPs(88.18%)achieved a better result than using only 2D USPs(83.83%).The use of NTL data increased the classification accuracy of LCZs E(bare rock or paved)and F(bare soil or sand)by 6.54%and 3.94%,respectively.The refined LCZ classification achieved through this study will not only contribute to more accurate regional climate modeling but also provide valuable guidance for urban planning initiatives aimed at enhancing thermal comfort and overall livabillity in urban areas.Ultimately,this study paves the way for more comprehensive and effective strategies in addressing the challenges posed by urban microclimates.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA19030502)the National Key Research & Development Program of China (2017YFE0100800)+1 种基金the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (131C11KYSB20160061)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41471369)
文摘The onset of global urbanization has led to a population shift from rural to urban areas and the expansion of urban development [1-3]. Urban land areas are growing at faster rates than their populations in most parts of the world [4]. The urban sprawl process refers to dispersed land development characterized by low-density, unplanned, and uneven patter ns of growth duri ng urban expansion. This process can result in inefficient use of land resources contradictory to the principle of sustainable development [5]. Additionally, urban sprawl has various environmental, economic, and social consequences, including the following: loss of agricultural land, higher costs for transportation infrastructure, increased landscape fragmentation, degeneration of soil ecological functions, and reduced ecosystem resilience. It is crucial to understand the trends and patterns of urban sprawl to implement a framework for sustainable urban development in developing regions.
基金Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province for financially supporting Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseasefunded by The Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(project code 0017/2018/A1,0002/2019/APDChina)。
文摘Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta(IKKβ)is one of important kinases in inflammation to phosphorylate inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B(IκBα)and then activate nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB).Inhibition of IKKβhas been a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.Here we report that IKKβis constitutively activated in healthy donors and healthy Ikkβ^(C46A)(cysteine 46 mutated to alanine)knock-in mice although they possess intensive IKKβ-IκBα-NF-κB signaling activation.These indicate that IKKβactivation probably plays homeostatic role instead of causing inflammation.Compared to IkkβWTlittermates,lipopolysaccharides(LPS)could induce high mortality rate in Ikkβ^(C46A) mice which is correlated to breaking the homeostasis by intensively activating p-IκBα-NF-κB signaling and inhibiting phosphorylation of 5’adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(p-AMPK)expression.We then demonstrated that IKKβkinase domain(KD)phosphorylates AMPKa1 via interacting with residues Thr183,Ser184,and Thr388,while IKKβhelix-loop-helix motifs is essential to phosphorylate IκBαaccording to the previous reports.Kinase assay further demonstrated that IKKβsimultaneously catalyzes phosphorylation of AMPK and IκBαto mediate homeostasis.Accordingly,activation of AMPK rather than inhibition of IKKβcould substantially rescue LPS-induced mortality in Ikkβ^(C46A) mice by rebuilding the homeostasis.We conclude that IKKβactivates AMPK to restrict inflammation and IKKβmediates homeostatic function in inflammation via competitively phosphorylating AMPK and IκBα.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA19090107)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFE0100800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41471369).
文摘World cultural heritage refers to properties recognized as having historical, social, and anthropological value. Global urbanization has changed the land cover, land use, transportation, landscape, and local environment in cities, and thus exposed World Heritage sites to risks induced by direct or indirect damaging factors. In this paper, an urbanization intensity index (UII) was developed to quantitatively measure urban dynamics in the vicinity of World Heritage sites. This index is based on three global Earth observation datasets, including a global human settlement layer, a global population grid product, and a global nighttime light imagery. Large UII values represent high urbanization levels and intensive human activities in the study area and vice versa. The assessment results show that the mean UII value at 79 world cultural heritage sites in the Belt and Road region increased from 0.26 in 2000 to 0.29 in 2015. The heritage sites were then classified into four types based on the change rates of UIIs. A total of seven heritage sites were identified as exposed to risks due to urban sprawl and infrastructure expansion. The UII dataset can be combined with UNESCO’s periodic reports and site-specific data to provide valuable information for international communities to develop heritage preservation policies.
