The stable carbon isotope composition of cellulose(δ^(13)Ccell)in fossil wood is valuable for reconstructing past climatic and ecological changes,on seasonal to decadal timescales.However,extracting cellulose from fo...The stable carbon isotope composition of cellulose(δ^(13)Ccell)in fossil wood is valuable for reconstructing past climatic and ecological changes,on seasonal to decadal timescales.However,extracting cellulose from fossil wood is challenging,leading to a lack ofδ^(13)Ccell data over deep time;moreover,there is a debate about whether the stable carbon isotope composition of whole wood(δ^(13)Cwood)can reliably reflect past paleoclimatic or palaeoecological conditions.Here,we present an improved method for extracting cellulose from fossil wood.We initially used conventional methods to extract cellulose from a fossil wood sample a drill core from the Yuncheng Basin,near the Chinese Loess Plateau;however,we were unsuccessful.Subsequently,we successfully extracted cellulose and recovered 94%of the cellulose after modifying the conventional procedure.This involved increasing the reaction time during lignin removal,reducing the concentration of NaOH solution during hemicellulose removal,and employing multiple centrifugation steps for sample separation instead of a single step.We examined the relationship betweenδ^(13)Ccell andδ^(13)Cwood values(n=136),and the results revealed a positive correlation between them(R^(2)=0.51,P<0.001).This indicates thatδ^(13)Cwood is a dependable proxy for qualitative paleoclimatic reconstruction.However,the apparent enrichment factorεbetweenδ^(13)Ccell andδ^(13)Cwood values varied between samples,highlighting the need for caution when using records ofδ^(13)Cwood for quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstruction.展开更多
Sepsis-induced acute lung injury(ALI)is a major clinical challenge,with limited treatment options and high mortality.Ginsenoside Rb1,a bioactive compound derived from ginseng,has shown promising anti-inflammatory and ...Sepsis-induced acute lung injury(ALI)is a major clinical challenge,with limited treatment options and high mortality.Ginsenoside Rb1,a bioactive compound derived from ginseng,has shown promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.This study is the first to systematically investigate the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1,specifically F2 and CK,in the context of sepsis-induced ALI modeled by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)administration,a widely used preclinical approach to mimic key inflammatory features of clinical sepsis.Unlike other studies,which primarily focus on ginsenoside Rb1 itself,our research specifically emphasizes the role of its metabolites in this process.We demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 significantly improved lung histopathological damage,reduced inflammation,and inhibited cell apoptosis in a sepsis-induced ALI mouse model.Metabolomics and proteomics analyses revealed that Rb1 is metabolized into F2 and CK,which activate the AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/Sirtuin 1(SIRT1)signaling pathway.This activation promotes Forkhead Box O1(FOXO1)deacetylation,inhibiting its cytoplasmic translocation and enhancing mitochondrial unfolded protein response(mtUPR)gene transcription.In vitro experiments confirmed that ginsenoside Rb1 protected alveolar typeⅡ(AT2)cells from oxidative stress and senescence,while restoring mitochondrial function.Blocking the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway or silencing FOXO1 reversed these protective effects,highlighting their crucial roles in Rb1's mitigation of ALI.Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates sepsis-induced ALI and offer a potential therapeutic approach for treating sepsis-related lung injuries.展开更多
The interactions among drugs,tumor and host are critical for a response to therapy and for outcome.Anticancer herbs used in Chinese medicine are classified into 4 groups based on their target (tumor,patient and drug) ...The interactions among drugs,tumor and host are critical for a response to therapy and for outcome.Anticancer herbs used in Chinese medicine are classified into 4 groups based on their target (tumor,patient and drug) as follows:eliminating pathogenic factors,strengthening the body resistance,enhancing effects of chemotherapy and detoxication of chemotherapy. Correspondingly,anticancer drugs used in Western medicine can be classified into 4 groups as follows:cytotoxic drugs,biological response modifiers,chemosensitizers and chemoprotectants. Based on the theory of Chinese medicinal formulas,prescriptions are composed of four constituents,namely,primary constituent (main component of the formula prescription),minister constituent (second component of formula prescription),adjuvant constituent (adjuvant component of the formula prescription) and messenger constituent (component making the formula prescription targeting pathological tissues).To control the interaction among drugs and to modulate the interaction among the tumor,patient and drugs,we suggest that combined therapy for Western medicine might include 4 constituents,i.e.,primary,cooperative,adjuvant and modulatory constituent. Cytotoxic drugs frequently are used as primary and cooperative constituents,whereas biological response modifiers and biochemical modulators are usually regarded respectively as adjuvant drugs and modulatory constituents. We believe these new concepts may be helpful for the aim of appropriately designing,evaluating or providing combination therapy.展开更多
Charcoal is commonly preserved in both natural and artificial sediments,and is intensively used in paleontological,paleoenvironmental,and archaeological studies due to the abundant bio-information it contains.The bioc...Charcoal is commonly preserved in both natural and artificial sediments,and is intensively used in paleontological,paleoenvironmental,and archaeological studies due to the abundant bio-information it contains.The biochemical properties of charcoal are also used for paleoclimatic reconstruction;however,the reliability of this approach has been challenged due to a lack of clarity on how physicochemical properties change during the charring process,as well as the temperatures required for charcoalification.To address this lack,in this study,Qinghai spruce and Chinese pine wood samples from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were heated at different temperatures and for different lengths of time under restricted oxygen conditions.The reflectance;carbon,nitrogen,and oxygen content;and tracheid morphology were quantified before and after heating to assess changes related to the charring process.Archaeological charcoal remains were then evaluated to determine the charcoalification temperatures by comparing with the experimental results.The minimum temperature required for wood charcoalification was∼300℃,while temperatures recorded by archaeological charcoal were concentrated at 400-500℃.During the charring experiments,the tracheid cell walls gradually homogenized,and tracheid cell wall thickness and lumen area decreased by∼20%.On average,50%mass losses were observed;the carbon and oxygen content(%wt.)approximately changed from 47%to 60%and 48%to 35%respectively,while the nitrogen content(%wt.)fluctuated around 0.2%.The reflectance increased slightly from 0%to 0.5%.We propose that the charcoalification of wood tissue refers to charring(in restricted air)and carbonization(in the almost absence of air)when the wood is exposed to a heat source,which then finally transforms into a black,inert solid.This quantitative study provided valuable data and a thorough assessment of the process of wood charcoalification,as well as accurately estimated the feasibility of using charcoal physicochemical properties in paleoclimatic research.展开更多
Mild cognitive impairment （MCI） is common in patients with Parkinson＇s disease （PD）, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of this disease state remain unclear. We investigated alterations in the spontaneous brain...Mild cognitive impairment （MCI） is common in patients with Parkinson＇s disease （PD）, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of this disease state remain unclear. We investigated alterations in the spontaneous brain activity of PD patients with MCI （PD-MCI） relative to cognitively normal PD patients （PD-CN） and healthy control （HC） subjects. In this work, 13 PD-MCI patients, 16 PD-CN patients, and 16 HC subjects completed resting state functional MRI. Spontaneous brain activity was measured by calculating amplitude of low frequency fluctuation （ALFF） values across the whole brain. Between-group differences and correlations between ALFF values and cognitive test scores were analyzed. ALFF values decreased in the right superior temporal gyrus and increased in the left middle temporal gyrus and left superior frontal gyms of PD-MCI patients compared with PD-CN patients. In the PD-MCI group, ALFF values in the left middle temporal gyrus were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment and vocabulary test scores, and the ALFF values in the left superior frontal gyms were negatively correlated with vocabulary test scores. Our study demonstrates that PD-MCI is associated with abnormal spontaneous brain activity in the temporal and frontal lobes. These findings inform the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive impairment in PD.展开更多
The efficiency of a fluidized-bed flocculator with 800-um particles of 1360 kg/m3 in density was studied, and the anti-shock capability of the unit was estimated for three kinds of industrial wastewater： heavy turbid...The efficiency of a fluidized-bed flocculator with 800-um particles of 1360 kg/m3 in density was studied, and the anti-shock capability of the unit was estimated for three kinds of industrial wastewater： heavy turbidity wastewater, dispersed dyeing wastewater and starch wastewater. Steady removal efficiency was contributed by the following characteristics of the flocculator： （1） the dynamic conditions, flocculation time and velocity gradient, which were stabilized at a steady level as the loading rate changed; （2） hydrodynamic characteristics, especially the considerable rise of expanded bed height with increasing superficial velocity when small and light particles were employed as the solid phase; （3） flocs growth characteristics in the fluidized bed, which caused the density and size of the flocs being maintained at a compensational relationship, resulted the stabilized settling velocity of the flocs.展开更多
Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology （2012） 9, 431-433; do i= 10.1038/c m i. 2012.49; published on li ne 15 October 2012 The innate immune system provides the first line of defense for protectionagainst pathogenic bacte...Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology （2012） 9, 431-433; do i= 10.1038/c m i. 2012.49; published on li ne 15 October 2012 The innate immune system provides the first line of defense for protectionagainst pathogenic bacteria or viruses. The host ＇senses＇ pathogen infection by re- cognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns via germ-line-encoded pattern- recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors （RLRs）,展开更多
In order to increase children’s daily intake of dietary fiber and protein,the effects of soluble dietary fiber(SDF)supplement including high-amylose corn starch(HACS),inulin,fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS),galactose oli...In order to increase children’s daily intake of dietary fiber and protein,the effects of soluble dietary fiber(SDF)supplement including high-amylose corn starch(HACS),inulin,fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS),galactose oligo-saccharides(GOS),β-glucan(BG),arabinogalactan(AG),arabinoxylan(AX),and xylo-oligosaccharides(XOS)on protein digestion of multigrain noodles and the fecal microbiota of school-age children were evaluated by in vitro digestion and fermentation in this study.The addition of SDF in multigrain noodles retained a high protein content,which is beneficial for children intake.Except HACS and inulin,the addition of other SDFs significantly increased protein hydrolysis(p<0.05)during gastrointestinal digestion,which will enhance the protein digestion for the children.In addition,noodles(after digestion)containing SDF could reduce fermentation pH,increase short-chain fatty acid levels,and regulate microbiota composition during in vitro fermentation for 24 h.Noodles with HACS resulted in the highest short-chain fatty acids production during fermentation.Noodles containing FOS,GOS and HACS significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Clostridium-sensu_stricto_1(p<0.05)at genus level in fecal microbiota during fermentation.Results indicated that FOS,GOS and HACS are more suitable to be added to multigrain noodles to improve protein and fiber intake for school-age children.展开更多
基金support for this research was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42072211)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.lzujbky-2021-ey12).
文摘The stable carbon isotope composition of cellulose(δ^(13)Ccell)in fossil wood is valuable for reconstructing past climatic and ecological changes,on seasonal to decadal timescales.However,extracting cellulose from fossil wood is challenging,leading to a lack ofδ^(13)Ccell data over deep time;moreover,there is a debate about whether the stable carbon isotope composition of whole wood(δ^(13)Cwood)can reliably reflect past paleoclimatic or palaeoecological conditions.Here,we present an improved method for extracting cellulose from fossil wood.We initially used conventional methods to extract cellulose from a fossil wood sample a drill core from the Yuncheng Basin,near the Chinese Loess Plateau;however,we were unsuccessful.Subsequently,we successfully extracted cellulose and recovered 94%of the cellulose after modifying the conventional procedure.This involved increasing the reaction time during lignin removal,reducing the concentration of NaOH solution during hemicellulose removal,and employing multiple centrifugation steps for sample separation instead of a single step.We examined the relationship betweenδ^(13)Ccell andδ^(13)Cwood values(n=136),and the results revealed a positive correlation between them(R^(2)=0.51,P<0.001).This indicates thatδ^(13)Cwood is a dependable proxy for qualitative paleoclimatic reconstruction.However,the apparent enrichment factorεbetweenδ^(13)Ccell andδ^(13)Cwood values varied between samples,highlighting the need for caution when using records ofδ^(13)Cwood for quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstruction.
基金supported by the High-Quality Development Projects of China Medical Universitysupported by the Science and Technology Bureau of Liaoning Province(2023JH2/20200121)。
文摘Sepsis-induced acute lung injury(ALI)is a major clinical challenge,with limited treatment options and high mortality.Ginsenoside Rb1,a bioactive compound derived from ginseng,has shown promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.This study is the first to systematically investigate the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1,specifically F2 and CK,in the context of sepsis-induced ALI modeled by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)administration,a widely used preclinical approach to mimic key inflammatory features of clinical sepsis.Unlike other studies,which primarily focus on ginsenoside Rb1 itself,our research specifically emphasizes the role of its metabolites in this process.We demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 significantly improved lung histopathological damage,reduced inflammation,and inhibited cell apoptosis in a sepsis-induced ALI mouse model.Metabolomics and proteomics analyses revealed that Rb1 is metabolized into F2 and CK,which activate the AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/Sirtuin 1(SIRT1)signaling pathway.This activation promotes Forkhead Box O1(FOXO1)deacetylation,inhibiting its cytoplasmic translocation and enhancing mitochondrial unfolded protein response(mtUPR)gene transcription.In vitro experiments confirmed that ginsenoside Rb1 protected alveolar typeⅡ(AT2)cells from oxidative stress and senescence,while restoring mitochondrial function.Blocking the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway or silencing FOXO1 reversed these protective effects,highlighting their crucial roles in Rb1's mitigation of ALI.Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates sepsis-induced ALI and offer a potential therapeutic approach for treating sepsis-related lung injuries.
文摘The interactions among drugs,tumor and host are critical for a response to therapy and for outcome.Anticancer herbs used in Chinese medicine are classified into 4 groups based on their target (tumor,patient and drug) as follows:eliminating pathogenic factors,strengthening the body resistance,enhancing effects of chemotherapy and detoxication of chemotherapy. Correspondingly,anticancer drugs used in Western medicine can be classified into 4 groups as follows:cytotoxic drugs,biological response modifiers,chemosensitizers and chemoprotectants. Based on the theory of Chinese medicinal formulas,prescriptions are composed of four constituents,namely,primary constituent (main component of the formula prescription),minister constituent (second component of formula prescription),adjuvant constituent (adjuvant component of the formula prescription) and messenger constituent (component making the formula prescription targeting pathological tissues).To control the interaction among drugs and to modulate the interaction among the tumor,patient and drugs,we suggest that combined therapy for Western medicine might include 4 constituents,i.e.,primary,cooperative,adjuvant and modulatory constituent. Cytotoxic drugs frequently are used as primary and cooperative constituents,whereas biological response modifiers and biochemical modulators are usually regarded respectively as adjuvant drugs and modulatory constituents. We believe these new concepts may be helpful for the aim of appropriately designing,evaluating or providing combination therapy.
基金This work was supported by the funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41825001 and 41991251)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(2019QZKK0601).
文摘Charcoal is commonly preserved in both natural and artificial sediments,and is intensively used in paleontological,paleoenvironmental,and archaeological studies due to the abundant bio-information it contains.The biochemical properties of charcoal are also used for paleoclimatic reconstruction;however,the reliability of this approach has been challenged due to a lack of clarity on how physicochemical properties change during the charring process,as well as the temperatures required for charcoalification.To address this lack,in this study,Qinghai spruce and Chinese pine wood samples from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were heated at different temperatures and for different lengths of time under restricted oxygen conditions.The reflectance;carbon,nitrogen,and oxygen content;and tracheid morphology were quantified before and after heating to assess changes related to the charring process.Archaeological charcoal remains were then evaluated to determine the charcoalification temperatures by comparing with the experimental results.The minimum temperature required for wood charcoalification was∼300℃,while temperatures recorded by archaeological charcoal were concentrated at 400-500℃.During the charring experiments,the tracheid cell walls gradually homogenized,and tracheid cell wall thickness and lumen area decreased by∼20%.On average,50%mass losses were observed;the carbon and oxygen content(%wt.)approximately changed from 47%to 60%and 48%to 35%respectively,while the nitrogen content(%wt.)fluctuated around 0.2%.The reflectance increased slightly from 0%to 0.5%.We propose that the charcoalification of wood tissue refers to charring(in restricted air)and carbonization(in the almost absence of air)when the wood is exposed to a heat source,which then finally transforms into a black,inert solid.This quantitative study provided valuable data and a thorough assessment of the process of wood charcoalification,as well as accurately estimated the feasibility of using charcoal physicochemical properties in paleoclimatic research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81271429 and 81571228)
文摘Mild cognitive impairment （MCI） is common in patients with Parkinson＇s disease （PD）, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of this disease state remain unclear. We investigated alterations in the spontaneous brain activity of PD patients with MCI （PD-MCI） relative to cognitively normal PD patients （PD-CN） and healthy control （HC） subjects. In this work, 13 PD-MCI patients, 16 PD-CN patients, and 16 HC subjects completed resting state functional MRI. Spontaneous brain activity was measured by calculating amplitude of low frequency fluctuation （ALFF） values across the whole brain. Between-group differences and correlations between ALFF values and cognitive test scores were analyzed. ALFF values decreased in the right superior temporal gyrus and increased in the left middle temporal gyrus and left superior frontal gyms of PD-MCI patients compared with PD-CN patients. In the PD-MCI group, ALFF values in the left middle temporal gyrus were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment and vocabulary test scores, and the ALFF values in the left superior frontal gyms were negatively correlated with vocabulary test scores. Our study demonstrates that PD-MCI is associated with abnormal spontaneous brain activity in the temporal and frontal lobes. These findings inform the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive impairment in PD.
基金the financial support from the Natural Sciences Foundation of China (50908096, 50908097)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20090061120035)Fundamental Research Fund of Jilin University (200903155)
文摘The efficiency of a fluidized-bed flocculator with 800-um particles of 1360 kg/m3 in density was studied, and the anti-shock capability of the unit was estimated for three kinds of industrial wastewater： heavy turbidity wastewater, dispersed dyeing wastewater and starch wastewater. Steady removal efficiency was contributed by the following characteristics of the flocculator： （1） the dynamic conditions, flocculation time and velocity gradient, which were stabilized at a steady level as the loading rate changed; （2） hydrodynamic characteristics, especially the considerable rise of expanded bed height with increasing superficial velocity when small and light particles were employed as the solid phase; （3） flocs growth characteristics in the fluidized bed, which caused the density and size of the flocs being maintained at a compensational relationship, resulted the stabilized settling velocity of the flocs.
文摘Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology （2012） 9, 431-433; do i= 10.1038/c m i. 2012.49; published on li ne 15 October 2012 The innate immune system provides the first line of defense for protectionagainst pathogenic bacteria or viruses. The host ＇senses＇ pathogen infection by re- cognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns via germ-line-encoded pattern- recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors （RLRs）,
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32222065,31960464,31901648)Youth Talent project of scientific and technological innovation(S2019GDQN2825)+3 种基金Jiangxi high level talent cultivation project(20204BCJ24006)Project of State Key Laboratory of food science and technology(SKLF-ZZA-202111)Cultivation of national science and technology award project(20192AEI91004)Central Government Guide Local Special Fund Project for Scientific and Technological Development of Jiangxi Prov-ince(20221ZDD02001,20212ZDD02008)were gratefully acknowledged.
文摘In order to increase children’s daily intake of dietary fiber and protein,the effects of soluble dietary fiber(SDF)supplement including high-amylose corn starch(HACS),inulin,fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS),galactose oligo-saccharides(GOS),β-glucan(BG),arabinogalactan(AG),arabinoxylan(AX),and xylo-oligosaccharides(XOS)on protein digestion of multigrain noodles and the fecal microbiota of school-age children were evaluated by in vitro digestion and fermentation in this study.The addition of SDF in multigrain noodles retained a high protein content,which is beneficial for children intake.Except HACS and inulin,the addition of other SDFs significantly increased protein hydrolysis(p<0.05)during gastrointestinal digestion,which will enhance the protein digestion for the children.In addition,noodles(after digestion)containing SDF could reduce fermentation pH,increase short-chain fatty acid levels,and regulate microbiota composition during in vitro fermentation for 24 h.Noodles with HACS resulted in the highest short-chain fatty acids production during fermentation.Noodles containing FOS,GOS and HACS significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Clostridium-sensu_stricto_1(p<0.05)at genus level in fecal microbiota during fermentation.Results indicated that FOS,GOS and HACS are more suitable to be added to multigrain noodles to improve protein and fiber intake for school-age children.
