Despite significant advancements in the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells,improving carrier management in top cells remains challenging due to the defective dual interfaces of wi...Despite significant advancements in the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells,improving carrier management in top cells remains challenging due to the defective dual interfaces of wide-bandgap perovskite,particularly on textured silicon surfaces.Herein,a series of halide ions(Cl^(-),Br^(-),I^(-))substituted piperazinium salts are designed and synthesized as post-treatment modifiers for perovskite surfaces.Notably,piperazinium chloride induces an asymmetric bidirectional ions distribution from the top to the bottom surface,with large piperazinium cations concentrating at the perovskite surface and small chloride anions migrating downward to accumulate at the buried interface.This results in effective dual-interface defect passivation and energy band modulation,enabling wide-bandgap(1.68 eV)perovskite solar cells to achieve a PCE of 22.3%and a record product of open-circuit voltage×fill factor(84.4%relative to the Shockley-Queisser limit).Furthermore,the device retains 91.3%of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of maximum power point tracking without encapsulation.When integrated with double-textured silicon heterojunction solar cells,a remarkable PCE of 31.5%is achieved for a 1.04 cm^(2) monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell,exhibiting excellent long-term operational stability(T_(80)=755 h)without encapsulation in ambient air.This work provides a convenient strategy on dual-interface engineering for making high-efficiency and stable perovskite platforms.展开更多
Palladium-exchanged chabazite(Pd-CHA) zeolites as passive NO_x adsorbers(PNAs) enable efficient purification of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) in cold-start diesel exhausts. Their commercial application, however,is limited by ...Palladium-exchanged chabazite(Pd-CHA) zeolites as passive NO_x adsorbers(PNAs) enable efficient purification of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) in cold-start diesel exhausts. Their commercial application, however,is limited by the lack of facile preparation method. Here, high-performance CHA-type Pd-SAPO-34 zeolite was synthesized by a modified solid-state ion exchange(SSIE) method using PdO as Pd precursor,and demonstrated superior PNA performance as compared to Pd-SAPO-34 prepared by conventional wetchemistry strategies. Structural characterization using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the SSIE method avoided water-induced damage to the zeolite framework during Pd loading. Mechanistic investigations on the SSIE process by in situ infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy disclosed that, while PdO precursor was mainly converted to Pd^(2+) cations coordinated to the zeolite framework by consuming the-OH groups of the zeolite, a portion of PdO could also undergo thermal decomposition to form highly dispersed Pd~0 clusters in the pore channels. This simplified and scalable SSIE method paves a new way for the cost-effective synthesis of defect-free high-performance Pd-SAPO-34 zeolites as PNA catalysts.展开更多
Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of up to 34.6%;however,their performance is still limited by non-radiative recombination at the perovskite/C_(60)interface.While t...Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of up to 34.6%;however,their performance is still limited by non-radiative recombination at the perovskite/C_(60)interface.While traditional passivation strategies,such as organic Lewis acids/bases and ino rganic alkali metal fluorides,have shown potential in mitigating recombination,they often compromise stability and scalability.In this work,we report the first demonstration of a p-i-n perovskite solar cell(PSC)based on a stable and industrially scalable TiO_(x) electron-selective passivation contact deposited via soft obliqueangle evaporation.This inorganic interlayer effectively reduces the PbI_(2) content on the perovskite surface,passivates uncoordinated Pb^(2+)ions,enhances n-type doping,and decreases the conduction band offset with C_(60).Furthermore,it provides field-effect passivation to enhance electron selectivity through fixed charges and suppresses carrier trapping at interface defects by introducing dielectric screening.As a result,the optimized 1.68 eV single-junction PSC achieved a notable PCE of 21.4%,along with enhanced shelf,thermal,and operational stability compared to the control devices.When integrated with a doublesided tunnel oxide passivated contact silicon bottom cell,the 0.14 cm^(2) tandem device exhibited a stabilized PCE of 31.3%(29.7%for a 1 cm^(2) area),representing one of the highest PCEs reported for perovskite/silicon homojunction tandems.This study underscores the industrial feasibility of TiO_(X) passivating contacts,demonstrating an effective interface passivation strategy between perovskite and C_(60)in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and highlighting its critical role in achieving high-efficiency,stable,and commercially relevant devices.展开更多
With the iteration of vehicle brand design,the applicability of the current Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier(MPDB)scheme has declined.The Advanced Chinese Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier(AC-MPDB)is introduc...With the iteration of vehicle brand design,the applicability of the current Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier(MPDB)scheme has declined.The Advanced Chinese Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier(AC-MPDB)is introduced,which incorporates segmented Zdirectional design and increased mass distribution to better align with the Chinese vehicle front-end structure.This study utilizes Camry and Rogue models to design an MPDB-to-vehicle and a vehicle-to-vehicle simulation matrix.The compatibility of the barrier schemes,Euro-NCAP MPDB(E-MPDB)and AC-MPDB,is evaluated using energy equivalent speed,occupant load criteria,peak force,and acceleration.The simulation results indicate that,compared to E-MPDB,the AC-MPDB barrier scheme exhibits excessive stiffness for medium-sized sedans with smaller mass but demonstrates better compatibility with SUVs.Further analysis of the target vehicle’s longitudinal beam deformation animation and pedal intrusion reveals that AC-MPDB achieves superior vehicle reproducibility,particularly for SUVs.展开更多
Closed production systems,such as plant factories and vertical farms,have emerged to ensure a sustainable supply of fresh food,to cope with the increasing consumption of natural resource for the growing population.In ...Closed production systems,such as plant factories and vertical farms,have emerged to ensure a sustainable supply of fresh food,to cope with the increasing consumption of natural resource for the growing population.In a plant factory,a microclimate model is one of the direct control components of a whole system.In order to better realize the dynamic regulation for the microclimate model,energy-saving and consumption reduction,it is necessary to optimize the environmental parameters in the plant factory,and thereby to determine the influencing factors of atmosphere control systems.Therefore,this study aims to identify accurate microclimate models,and further to predict temperature change based on the experimental data,using the classification and regression trees(CART)algorithm.A random forest theory was used to represent the temperature control system.A mechanism model of the temperature control system was proposed to improve the performance of the plant factories.In terms of energy efficiency,the main influencing factors on temperature change in the plant factories were obtained,including the temperature and air volume flow of the temperature control device,as well as the internal relative humidity.The generalization error of the prediction model can reach 0.0907.The results demonstrated that the proposed model can present the quantitative relationship and prediction function.This study can provide a reference for the design of high-precision environmental control systems in plant factories.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62204245,U23A200098)Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LBMHD24E020002)+4 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2022C01215,2024C01092)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M743620,2024T170960)Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(Grant No.2023Z151)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFB3817304)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY24F040003).
文摘Despite significant advancements in the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells,improving carrier management in top cells remains challenging due to the defective dual interfaces of wide-bandgap perovskite,particularly on textured silicon surfaces.Herein,a series of halide ions(Cl^(-),Br^(-),I^(-))substituted piperazinium salts are designed and synthesized as post-treatment modifiers for perovskite surfaces.Notably,piperazinium chloride induces an asymmetric bidirectional ions distribution from the top to the bottom surface,with large piperazinium cations concentrating at the perovskite surface and small chloride anions migrating downward to accumulate at the buried interface.This results in effective dual-interface defect passivation and energy band modulation,enabling wide-bandgap(1.68 eV)perovskite solar cells to achieve a PCE of 22.3%and a record product of open-circuit voltage×fill factor(84.4%relative to the Shockley-Queisser limit).Furthermore,the device retains 91.3%of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of maximum power point tracking without encapsulation.When integrated with double-textured silicon heterojunction solar cells,a remarkable PCE of 31.5%is achieved for a 1.04 cm^(2) monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell,exhibiting excellent long-term operational stability(T_(80)=755 h)without encapsulation in ambient air.This work provides a convenient strategy on dual-interface engineering for making high-efficiency and stable perovskite platforms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21976058)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No.2023A1515011682)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2022ZYGXZR018)the National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology (No.NELMS2020A10)the funding from the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province (No.2019QN01L170)the Innovation & Entrepreneurship Talent Program of Shaoguan City。
文摘Palladium-exchanged chabazite(Pd-CHA) zeolites as passive NO_x adsorbers(PNAs) enable efficient purification of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) in cold-start diesel exhausts. Their commercial application, however,is limited by the lack of facile preparation method. Here, high-performance CHA-type Pd-SAPO-34 zeolite was synthesized by a modified solid-state ion exchange(SSIE) method using PdO as Pd precursor,and demonstrated superior PNA performance as compared to Pd-SAPO-34 prepared by conventional wetchemistry strategies. Structural characterization using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the SSIE method avoided water-induced damage to the zeolite framework during Pd loading. Mechanistic investigations on the SSIE process by in situ infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy disclosed that, while PdO precursor was mainly converted to Pd^(2+) cations coordinated to the zeolite framework by consuming the-OH groups of the zeolite, a portion of PdO could also undergo thermal decomposition to form highly dispersed Pd~0 clusters in the pore channels. This simplified and scalable SSIE method paves a new way for the cost-effective synthesis of defect-free high-performance Pd-SAPO-34 zeolites as PNA catalysts.
基金supported by several funding sources,including the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFB3817304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U23A200098,62204245)+3 种基金the"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(Grant Nos.2025C01154,2024C01092)the Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LBMHD24E020002)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY24F040003)the Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(Grant Nos.2023Z151,2024QL037)。
文摘Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of up to 34.6%;however,their performance is still limited by non-radiative recombination at the perovskite/C_(60)interface.While traditional passivation strategies,such as organic Lewis acids/bases and ino rganic alkali metal fluorides,have shown potential in mitigating recombination,they often compromise stability and scalability.In this work,we report the first demonstration of a p-i-n perovskite solar cell(PSC)based on a stable and industrially scalable TiO_(x) electron-selective passivation contact deposited via soft obliqueangle evaporation.This inorganic interlayer effectively reduces the PbI_(2) content on the perovskite surface,passivates uncoordinated Pb^(2+)ions,enhances n-type doping,and decreases the conduction band offset with C_(60).Furthermore,it provides field-effect passivation to enhance electron selectivity through fixed charges and suppresses carrier trapping at interface defects by introducing dielectric screening.As a result,the optimized 1.68 eV single-junction PSC achieved a notable PCE of 21.4%,along with enhanced shelf,thermal,and operational stability compared to the control devices.When integrated with a doublesided tunnel oxide passivated contact silicon bottom cell,the 0.14 cm^(2) tandem device exhibited a stabilized PCE of 31.3%(29.7%for a 1 cm^(2) area),representing one of the highest PCEs reported for perovskite/silicon homojunction tandems.This study underscores the industrial feasibility of TiO_(X) passivating contacts,demonstrating an effective interface passivation strategy between perovskite and C_(60)in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and highlighting its critical role in achieving high-efficiency,stable,and commercially relevant devices.
基金supported by the science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2022RC3044)the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province(Grant Nos.CX20240257 and CX20240283)the Graduate Innovation Project of Central South University(Grant Nos.2023XQLH127 and 2023XQLH125).
文摘With the iteration of vehicle brand design,the applicability of the current Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier(MPDB)scheme has declined.The Advanced Chinese Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier(AC-MPDB)is introduced,which incorporates segmented Zdirectional design and increased mass distribution to better align with the Chinese vehicle front-end structure.This study utilizes Camry and Rogue models to design an MPDB-to-vehicle and a vehicle-to-vehicle simulation matrix.The compatibility of the barrier schemes,Euro-NCAP MPDB(E-MPDB)and AC-MPDB,is evaluated using energy equivalent speed,occupant load criteria,peak force,and acceleration.The simulation results indicate that,compared to E-MPDB,the AC-MPDB barrier scheme exhibits excessive stiffness for medium-sized sedans with smaller mass but demonstrates better compatibility with SUVs.Further analysis of the target vehicle’s longitudinal beam deformation animation and pedal intrusion reveals that AC-MPDB achieves superior vehicle reproducibility,particularly for SUVs.
文摘Closed production systems,such as plant factories and vertical farms,have emerged to ensure a sustainable supply of fresh food,to cope with the increasing consumption of natural resource for the growing population.In a plant factory,a microclimate model is one of the direct control components of a whole system.In order to better realize the dynamic regulation for the microclimate model,energy-saving and consumption reduction,it is necessary to optimize the environmental parameters in the plant factory,and thereby to determine the influencing factors of atmosphere control systems.Therefore,this study aims to identify accurate microclimate models,and further to predict temperature change based on the experimental data,using the classification and regression trees(CART)algorithm.A random forest theory was used to represent the temperature control system.A mechanism model of the temperature control system was proposed to improve the performance of the plant factories.In terms of energy efficiency,the main influencing factors on temperature change in the plant factories were obtained,including the temperature and air volume flow of the temperature control device,as well as the internal relative humidity.The generalization error of the prediction model can reach 0.0907.The results demonstrated that the proposed model can present the quantitative relationship and prediction function.This study can provide a reference for the design of high-precision environmental control systems in plant factories.
