Triterpenoids widely exist in nature,displaying a variety of pharmacological activities.Determining triterpenoids in different matrices,especially in biological samples holds great significance.High-performance liquid...Triterpenoids widely exist in nature,displaying a variety of pharmacological activities.Determining triterpenoids in different matrices,especially in biological samples holds great significance.High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)has become the predominant method for triterpenoids analysis due to its exceptional analytical performance.However,due to the structural similarities among botanical samples,achieving effective separation of each triterpenoid proves challenging,necessitating significant improvements in analytical methods.Additionally,triterpenoids are characterized by a lack of ultraviolet(UV)absorption groups and chromophores,along with low ionization efficiency in mass spectrometry.Consequently,routine HPLC analysis suffers from poor sensitivity.Chemical derivatization emerges as an indispensable technique in HPLC analysis to enhance its performance.Considering the structural characteristics of triterpenoids,various derivatization reagents such as acid chlorides,rhodamines,isocyanates,sulfonic esters,and amines have been employed for the derivatization analysis of triterpenoids.This review comprehensively summarized the research progress made in derivatization strategies for HPLC detection of triterpenoids.Moreover,the limitations and challenges encountered in previous studies are discussed,and future research directions are proposed to develop more effective derivatization methods.展开更多
Urine glucose detection is an important diagnostic tool for screening and early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.Detection of urine glucose has many advantages over blood glucose,such as non-invasive,easy-to-detect,simp...Urine glucose detection is an important diagnostic tool for screening and early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.Detection of urine glucose has many advantages over blood glucose,such as non-invasive,easy-to-detect,simple sampling and being well accepted by patients.Therefore,it is commonly used to monitor diabetes progression,assist in therapeutic intervention as well as in point-of-care testing(POCT).In recent years,with the development of material science,electrochemistry and miniaturization technology,novel applications of natural enzymes,nanozymes as well as nanomaterials,such as metal(Au,Pt,Ni,Co,etc.),alloy,grapheme,in the analysis of urine glucose level have been increasing sharply.In particular,different types of nanozymes-based biosensors,inspired by natural enzymes,have been developed with improved characteristics of being low-cost,stable,and mass-produced.On the other hand,making use of portable devices,such as smartphones and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices,has facilitated on site accurate urine glucose monitoring in real time.All these rapid advancements in nanotechnologies and devices have contributed greatly to the development of cost effective,highly sensitive,user friendly urine glucose biosensors.This review summarizes the most recent improvements in two major types of urine glucose biosensors:the optical-and electrochemical-biosensors.We also discuss the limitations,challenges and perspectives of these biosensors.Finally,we propose future research directions,development trends and potential clinical applications of nanomaterial-based biosensors developed for urine glucose detection.展开更多
基金Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant No.:2022ZYD0026)Biological Resources Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.:KFJ-BRP-008-007)the Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(Grant No.:0028/2019/AGJ).
文摘Triterpenoids widely exist in nature,displaying a variety of pharmacological activities.Determining triterpenoids in different matrices,especially in biological samples holds great significance.High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)has become the predominant method for triterpenoids analysis due to its exceptional analytical performance.However,due to the structural similarities among botanical samples,achieving effective separation of each triterpenoid proves challenging,necessitating significant improvements in analytical methods.Additionally,triterpenoids are characterized by a lack of ultraviolet(UV)absorption groups and chromophores,along with low ionization efficiency in mass spectrometry.Consequently,routine HPLC analysis suffers from poor sensitivity.Chemical derivatization emerges as an indispensable technique in HPLC analysis to enhance its performance.Considering the structural characteristics of triterpenoids,various derivatization reagents such as acid chlorides,rhodamines,isocyanates,sulfonic esters,and amines have been employed for the derivatization analysis of triterpenoids.This review comprehensively summarized the research progress made in derivatization strategies for HPLC detection of triterpenoids.Moreover,the limitations and challenges encountered in previous studies are discussed,and future research directions are proposed to develop more effective derivatization methods.
基金financially supported by the West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Sichuan,China(2018XBZG_XBQNXZ_A_005)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022YFH0117)+1 种基金Faculty Research Grant of Macao University of Science and Technology,Macao,China(FRG-20-004-SKL)Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province,Guangdong,China(2019B121205004).
文摘Urine glucose detection is an important diagnostic tool for screening and early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.Detection of urine glucose has many advantages over blood glucose,such as non-invasive,easy-to-detect,simple sampling and being well accepted by patients.Therefore,it is commonly used to monitor diabetes progression,assist in therapeutic intervention as well as in point-of-care testing(POCT).In recent years,with the development of material science,electrochemistry and miniaturization technology,novel applications of natural enzymes,nanozymes as well as nanomaterials,such as metal(Au,Pt,Ni,Co,etc.),alloy,grapheme,in the analysis of urine glucose level have been increasing sharply.In particular,different types of nanozymes-based biosensors,inspired by natural enzymes,have been developed with improved characteristics of being low-cost,stable,and mass-produced.On the other hand,making use of portable devices,such as smartphones and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices,has facilitated on site accurate urine glucose monitoring in real time.All these rapid advancements in nanotechnologies and devices have contributed greatly to the development of cost effective,highly sensitive,user friendly urine glucose biosensors.This review summarizes the most recent improvements in two major types of urine glucose biosensors:the optical-and electrochemical-biosensors.We also discuss the limitations,challenges and perspectives of these biosensors.Finally,we propose future research directions,development trends and potential clinical applications of nanomaterial-based biosensors developed for urine glucose detection.
