Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have ...Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated.Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection.However,standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective,high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.In our review,we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training,emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models.We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research,including the choice of exercise models,control of exercise protocols,exercise at different stages of disease,and other considerations,such as age,sex,and genetic background.We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND Ovarian metastasis is a special type of distant metastasis unique to female patients with gastric cancer.The pathogenesis of ovarian metastasis is incompletely understood,and the treatment options are contr...BACKGROUND Ovarian metastasis is a special type of distant metastasis unique to female patients with gastric cancer.The pathogenesis of ovarian metastasis is incompletely understood,and the treatment options are controversial.Few studies have predicted the risk of ovarian metastasis.It is not clear which type of gastric cancer is more likely to metastasize to the ovary.A prediction model based on risk factors is needed to improve the rate of detection and diagnosis.AIM To analyze risk factors of ovarian metastasis in female patients with gastric cancer and establish a nomogram to predict the probability of occurrence based on different clinicopathological features.METHODS A retrospective cohort of 1696 female patients with gastric cancer between January 2006 and December 2017 were included in a single center,and patients with distant metastasis other than ovary and peritoneum metastasis were excluded.Potential risk factors for ovarian metastasis were analyzed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression.Independent risk factors were chosen to construct a nomogram which received internal validation.RESULTS Ovarian metastasis occurred in 83 of 1696 female patients.Univariate analysis showed that age,Lauren type,whether the primary lesion contained signet-ring cells,vascular tumor emboli,T stage,N stage,the expression of estrogen receptor,the expression of progesterone receptor,serum carbohydrate antigen 125 and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were risk factors for ovarian metastasis of gastric cancer(all P<0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that age<50 years,Lauren typing of non-intestinal,gastric cancer lesions containing signet-ring cell components,N stage>N2,positive expression of estrogen receptor,serum carbohydrate antigen 125>35 U/mL,and a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio>2.16 were independent risk factors(all P<0.05).The independent risk factors were constructed into a nomogram model using R language software.The consistency index after continuous correction was 0.840[95%confidence interval:(0.7740.906)].After the internal self-sampling(Bootstrap)test,the calibration curve of the model was obtained with an average absolute error of 0.007.The receiver operating characteristic curve of the obtained model was drawn.The area under the curve was 0.867,the maximal Youden index was 0.613,the corresponding sensitivity was 0.794,and the specificity was 0.819.CONCLUSION The nomogram model performed well in the prediction of ovarian metastasis.Attention should be paid to the possibility of ovarian metastasis in high-risk populations during re-examination,to ensure early detection and treatment.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Project(2020YFA0803800 to YB)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82020108002 and 81911540486 to JX,81772444 to LW,81772466 to RD)+2 种基金Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2017-01-07-00-09-E00042 to JX)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(18410722200 and 17010500100 to JX)“Dawn”Program of the Shanghai Education Commission(19SG34 to JX)。
文摘Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated.Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection.However,standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective,high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.In our review,we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training,emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models.We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research,including the choice of exercise models,control of exercise protocols,exercise at different stages of disease,and other considerations,such as age,sex,and genetic background.We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China,No.81972790and Beijing Nova Program,No.Z181100006218011.
文摘BACKGROUND Ovarian metastasis is a special type of distant metastasis unique to female patients with gastric cancer.The pathogenesis of ovarian metastasis is incompletely understood,and the treatment options are controversial.Few studies have predicted the risk of ovarian metastasis.It is not clear which type of gastric cancer is more likely to metastasize to the ovary.A prediction model based on risk factors is needed to improve the rate of detection and diagnosis.AIM To analyze risk factors of ovarian metastasis in female patients with gastric cancer and establish a nomogram to predict the probability of occurrence based on different clinicopathological features.METHODS A retrospective cohort of 1696 female patients with gastric cancer between January 2006 and December 2017 were included in a single center,and patients with distant metastasis other than ovary and peritoneum metastasis were excluded.Potential risk factors for ovarian metastasis were analyzed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression.Independent risk factors were chosen to construct a nomogram which received internal validation.RESULTS Ovarian metastasis occurred in 83 of 1696 female patients.Univariate analysis showed that age,Lauren type,whether the primary lesion contained signet-ring cells,vascular tumor emboli,T stage,N stage,the expression of estrogen receptor,the expression of progesterone receptor,serum carbohydrate antigen 125 and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were risk factors for ovarian metastasis of gastric cancer(all P<0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that age<50 years,Lauren typing of non-intestinal,gastric cancer lesions containing signet-ring cell components,N stage>N2,positive expression of estrogen receptor,serum carbohydrate antigen 125>35 U/mL,and a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio>2.16 were independent risk factors(all P<0.05).The independent risk factors were constructed into a nomogram model using R language software.The consistency index after continuous correction was 0.840[95%confidence interval:(0.7740.906)].After the internal self-sampling(Bootstrap)test,the calibration curve of the model was obtained with an average absolute error of 0.007.The receiver operating characteristic curve of the obtained model was drawn.The area under the curve was 0.867,the maximal Youden index was 0.613,the corresponding sensitivity was 0.794,and the specificity was 0.819.CONCLUSION The nomogram model performed well in the prediction of ovarian metastasis.Attention should be paid to the possibility of ovarian metastasis in high-risk populations during re-examination,to ensure early detection and treatment.
