Through in situ transmission electron microscopy observation on SUS304 metastable austenitic stainless steel during stretching at room temperature,it is found that e martensite plates were induced preferentially from ...Through in situ transmission electron microscopy observation on SUS304 metastable austenitic stainless steel during stretching at room temperature,it is found that e martensite plates were induced preferentially from the sites of dislocation pile-ups.With increasing deformation,some of ε thin martensite platelets disappear and reversibly transform toγ austenite without heating treatment,which is different from the previous result that ε martensite can entirely transform toα＇martensite.Then,some of deformation twins appear and grow along the vertical direction of ε martensite due to（111）_γ⊥（1010）_ε.Moreover,it is directly observed that multiple transformation mechanisms via γ→ε→γ,γ→ε,γ→α′,γ→ε→α′,γ→ deformation twins →α′ can co-exist.展开更多
Background Some new progress and evidence have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acute infectious diarrhea since the publication of the“Chinese clinical practice guidelines for acute infectious di...Background Some new progress and evidence have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acute infectious diarrhea since the publication of the“Chinese clinical practice guidelines for acute infectious diarrhea in children”(2018 edition guidelines).The updated“Chinese clinical practice guidelines for acute infectious diarrhea in children”incorporates new evidence-based recommendations for managing acute infectious diarrhea in the Chinese pediatric population.Data sources Building on the 2018 edition guidelines,expert panels reviewed clinical evidence,assessed preliminary recommendations,and conducted open-ended discussions to finalize the updated guidelines.These guidelines are founded on the latest literature and evidence-based practices.A literature review was performed in databases such as PubMed,Cochrane,EMBASE,China Biomedical Database,and the Chinese Journal Full-text Database up to June 2024.The search focused on the terms“acute diarrhea”or“enteritis”,along with“adolescent”,“child”,“pediatric patient”,“baby”,or“infant”.Results The updated guidelines address various aspects of acute infectious diarrhea,including diagnosis,etiological evaluation,dehydration assessment,fluid therapy,diet therapy,medical therapy,and prevention strategies.The main updates focused on etiological diagnosis and the use of probiotics,racecadotril,zinc,and antibiotics in treating acute infectious diarrhea.Conclusions The updated guidelines address disputed treatments for acute infectious diarrhea through evidence-based revisions.Standardized etiological evaluations guide management.Probiotics are moderately advised for viral watery diarrhea;racecadotril remains unsupported.Zinc supplementation is recommended for children>6 months in deficient regions.Antibiotics are restricted to cases with dysenteric-like symptoms,suspected cholera with severe dehydration,or comorbidities.展开更多
Background The guidelines addressed the evidence-based indications for the management of children with acute infectious diarrhea in Chinese pediatric population. Data sources The experts group of evidence development ...Background The guidelines addressed the evidence-based indications for the management of children with acute infectious diarrhea in Chinese pediatric population. Data sources The experts group of evidence development put forward clinical problems, collects evidence, forms prelimi-nary recommendations, and then uses open-ended discussions to form recommendations. The literature review was done for developing this guideline in databases including PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, China Biomedical Database, and Chinese Journal Full-text Database up to June 2013. Search the topic 'acute diarrhea' or 'enteritis' and 'adolescent' or 'child' or'Pediatric patient' or 'Baby' or 'Infant'. Results For the treatment of mild, moderate dehydration, hypotonic oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are strongly recom-mended. Intravenous (IV) rehydration is recommended for severe dehydration, with a mixture of alkali-containing dextrose sodium solution. Nasogastric feeding tube rehydration is used for children with severe dehydration without IV infusion conditions with ORS solution. Regular feeding should resume as soon as possible after oral rehydration or IV rehydration. The lactose-free diet can shorten the diarrhea duration. Zinc supplements are recommended in children with acute infectious diarrhea. Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus Rhamnus are recommended to be used in acute watery diarrhea. Sac-charomyces boulardii is recommended in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea as well. Montmorillonite and Racec-adotril (acetorphan) can improve the symptoms of diarrhea or shorten the course of acute watery diarrhea. Antibiotics are recommended with dysenteric-like diarrhea, suspected cholera with severe dehydration, immunodeficiency, and premature delivery children with chronic underlying disease;otherwise, antibiotics are not recommended. Conclusion The principles of the most controversial treatments with of acute infectious disease are reaching to a consensus in China.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51105248)
文摘Through in situ transmission electron microscopy observation on SUS304 metastable austenitic stainless steel during stretching at room temperature,it is found that e martensite plates were induced preferentially from the sites of dislocation pile-ups.With increasing deformation,some of ε thin martensite platelets disappear and reversibly transform toγ austenite without heating treatment,which is different from the previous result that ε martensite can entirely transform toα＇martensite.Then,some of deformation twins appear and grow along the vertical direction of ε martensite due to（111）_γ⊥（1010）_ε.Moreover,it is directly observed that multiple transformation mechanisms via γ→ε→γ,γ→ε,γ→α′,γ→ε→α′,γ→ deformation twins →α′ can co-exist.
文摘Background Some new progress and evidence have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acute infectious diarrhea since the publication of the“Chinese clinical practice guidelines for acute infectious diarrhea in children”(2018 edition guidelines).The updated“Chinese clinical practice guidelines for acute infectious diarrhea in children”incorporates new evidence-based recommendations for managing acute infectious diarrhea in the Chinese pediatric population.Data sources Building on the 2018 edition guidelines,expert panels reviewed clinical evidence,assessed preliminary recommendations,and conducted open-ended discussions to finalize the updated guidelines.These guidelines are founded on the latest literature and evidence-based practices.A literature review was performed in databases such as PubMed,Cochrane,EMBASE,China Biomedical Database,and the Chinese Journal Full-text Database up to June 2024.The search focused on the terms“acute diarrhea”or“enteritis”,along with“adolescent”,“child”,“pediatric patient”,“baby”,or“infant”.Results The updated guidelines address various aspects of acute infectious diarrhea,including diagnosis,etiological evaluation,dehydration assessment,fluid therapy,diet therapy,medical therapy,and prevention strategies.The main updates focused on etiological diagnosis and the use of probiotics,racecadotril,zinc,and antibiotics in treating acute infectious diarrhea.Conclusions The updated guidelines address disputed treatments for acute infectious diarrhea through evidence-based revisions.Standardized etiological evaluations guide management.Probiotics are moderately advised for viral watery diarrhea;racecadotril remains unsupported.Zinc supplementation is recommended for children>6 months in deficient regions.Antibiotics are restricted to cases with dysenteric-like symptoms,suspected cholera with severe dehydration,or comorbidities.
文摘Background The guidelines addressed the evidence-based indications for the management of children with acute infectious diarrhea in Chinese pediatric population. Data sources The experts group of evidence development put forward clinical problems, collects evidence, forms prelimi-nary recommendations, and then uses open-ended discussions to form recommendations. The literature review was done for developing this guideline in databases including PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, China Biomedical Database, and Chinese Journal Full-text Database up to June 2013. Search the topic 'acute diarrhea' or 'enteritis' and 'adolescent' or 'child' or'Pediatric patient' or 'Baby' or 'Infant'. Results For the treatment of mild, moderate dehydration, hypotonic oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are strongly recom-mended. Intravenous (IV) rehydration is recommended for severe dehydration, with a mixture of alkali-containing dextrose sodium solution. Nasogastric feeding tube rehydration is used for children with severe dehydration without IV infusion conditions with ORS solution. Regular feeding should resume as soon as possible after oral rehydration or IV rehydration. The lactose-free diet can shorten the diarrhea duration. Zinc supplements are recommended in children with acute infectious diarrhea. Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus Rhamnus are recommended to be used in acute watery diarrhea. Sac-charomyces boulardii is recommended in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea as well. Montmorillonite and Racec-adotril (acetorphan) can improve the symptoms of diarrhea or shorten the course of acute watery diarrhea. Antibiotics are recommended with dysenteric-like diarrhea, suspected cholera with severe dehydration, immunodeficiency, and premature delivery children with chronic underlying disease;otherwise, antibiotics are not recommended. Conclusion The principles of the most controversial treatments with of acute infectious disease are reaching to a consensus in China.
