AIM: To investigate the effect of metformin on silibinin-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer(COLO 205) cells.METHODS: MTT assays were performed to quantify cell viability.Western blot assays were applied to i...AIM: To investigate the effect of metformin on silibinin-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer(COLO 205) cells.METHODS: MTT assays were performed to quantify cell viability.Western blot assays were applied to identify the expression of signaling proteins.RESULTS: The combined treatment of COLO 205 cells with metformin and silibinin decreased cell survival at a dose insufficient to influence the non-malignant cells [Human colonic epithelial cells(HCo Epi C)].Silibinin and metformin increased phosphatase and tensin homolog and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase expression in COLO 205 cells and inhibited the phosphorylation of mammol/Lalian target of rapamycin.This combined treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of activated caspase 3 and apoptosis inducing factor, indicating apoptosis.CONCLUSION: The combined treatment of human colorectal cancer cells with silibinin and metformin may induce apoptosis at a dose that does not affect HCo Epi C.This finding reveals a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.展开更多
We investigate the correlation between Disturbance Storm Time(Dst)characteristics and solar wind conditions for the main phase of geomagnetic storms,seeking possible factors that distinguish extreme storms(minimum Dst...We investigate the correlation between Disturbance Storm Time(Dst)characteristics and solar wind conditions for the main phase of geomagnetic storms,seeking possible factors that distinguish extreme storms(minimum Dst<−250 nT)and major storms(minimum Dst<−100 nT).In our analysis of 170 storms,there is a marked correlation between the average rate of change of Dst during a storm’s main phase(ΔDst/Δt)and the storm’s minimum Dst,indicating a fasterΔDst/Δt as storm intensity increases.Extreme events add a new regime toΔDst/Δt,the hourly time derivative of Dst(dDst/dt),and sustained periods of large amplitudes for southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz and solar wind convection electric field Ey.We find that Ey is a less efficient driver of dDst/dt for extreme storms compared to major storms,even after incorporating the effects of solar wind pressure and ring current decay.When minimum Dst is correlated with minimum Bz,we observe a similar divergence,with extreme storms tending to have more negative Dst than the trend predicted on the basis of major storms.Our results enable further improvements in existing models for storm predictions,including extreme events,based on interplanetary measurements.展开更多
基金Supported by A grant from the Chi Mei Medical Center in Taiwan(partly),No.CMFHR10302
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of metformin on silibinin-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer(COLO 205) cells.METHODS: MTT assays were performed to quantify cell viability.Western blot assays were applied to identify the expression of signaling proteins.RESULTS: The combined treatment of COLO 205 cells with metformin and silibinin decreased cell survival at a dose insufficient to influence the non-malignant cells [Human colonic epithelial cells(HCo Epi C)].Silibinin and metformin increased phosphatase and tensin homolog and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase expression in COLO 205 cells and inhibited the phosphorylation of mammol/Lalian target of rapamycin.This combined treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of activated caspase 3 and apoptosis inducing factor, indicating apoptosis.CONCLUSION: The combined treatment of human colorectal cancer cells with silibinin and metformin may induce apoptosis at a dose that does not affect HCo Epi C.This finding reveals a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
文摘We investigate the correlation between Disturbance Storm Time(Dst)characteristics and solar wind conditions for the main phase of geomagnetic storms,seeking possible factors that distinguish extreme storms(minimum Dst<−250 nT)and major storms(minimum Dst<−100 nT).In our analysis of 170 storms,there is a marked correlation between the average rate of change of Dst during a storm’s main phase(ΔDst/Δt)and the storm’s minimum Dst,indicating a fasterΔDst/Δt as storm intensity increases.Extreme events add a new regime toΔDst/Δt,the hourly time derivative of Dst(dDst/dt),and sustained periods of large amplitudes for southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz and solar wind convection electric field Ey.We find that Ey is a less efficient driver of dDst/dt for extreme storms compared to major storms,even after incorporating the effects of solar wind pressure and ring current decay.When minimum Dst is correlated with minimum Bz,we observe a similar divergence,with extreme storms tending to have more negative Dst than the trend predicted on the basis of major storms.Our results enable further improvements in existing models for storm predictions,including extreme events,based on interplanetary measurements.
