Objective: To determine heavy metal concentrations in holothurians (Holothuria arenicola, Holothuria pardalis, Holothuria verrucosa, Holothuria atra, Ohshimella ehrenbergii, Holothuria cinerascens, Stolus buccalis and...Objective: To determine heavy metal concentrations in holothurians (Holothuria arenicola, Holothuria pardalis, Holothuria verrucosa, Holothuria atra, Ohshimella ehrenbergii, Holothuria cinerascens, Stolus buccalis and Holothuria leucospilota), sediments and sea water samples from both Buleji and Sunehri coasts bordering Northern Arabian Sea during January to December 2014 and to assess the level of bioaccumulation using bioaccumulation factors. Methods: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb levels were determined by Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 700 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Biota concentration factor (BCF) and biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) were also calculated. Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals in body wall of sea cucumber ranged from 0.11 to 2.67, 0.43 to 8.93, 14 to 73, 0.76 to 7.12, 0.52 to 3.02 and 11 to 46 μg/g dry wright for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. The greatest biota-sediment bioaccumulation factor (BSAF) value for Zn (3.29) was observed in H. leucospilota at Buleji during pre-monsoon, indicating the species as microconcentrator. The BSAF values for Cd in sea cucumber ranged from 0.042 to 1.492. Conclusions: The results suggested that the studied sea cucumber species ranged from being microconcentrators to deconcentrators. The BSAF values of Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb were low, indicating the species as deconcentrators. Zn in all species from Sunehri coast is 'very bioaccumulative' (BCF > 5000) during all sampling periods. Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb can be considered 'bioaccumulative' (BCF < 5000).展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effect of copper on Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) (C. crangon) and Syngnathus acus (Linnaeus, 1758) (S. acus) from Black Sea. Methods: The acute toxicity of copper in water with clean ...Objective: To investigate the effect of copper on Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) (C. crangon) and Syngnathus acus (Linnaeus, 1758) (S. acus) from Black Sea. Methods: The acute toxicity of copper in water with clean sediment to C. crangon and S. acus from Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea was evaluated by static 10-day and 21-day bioassays. Results: Mortality of both organisms increased with increase in concentrations of copper. The results showed that S. acus was more sensitive to copper than C. crangon. Conclusions: In the present study, both C. crangon and S. acus have been shown to be a suitable test species to assess heavy metal toxicity using static 21-day and 10-day bioassays.展开更多
Objective: To determine the levels of six heavy metals in the liver and edible tissues of different sizes of Drepane longimana collected at Karachi fish harbor of Pakistan during fisheries seasons in 2016. Methods: Th...Objective: To determine the levels of six heavy metals in the liver and edible tissues of different sizes of Drepane longimana collected at Karachi fish harbor of Pakistan during fisheries seasons in 2016. Methods: The concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, Aanalyst 700). Results: In muscle and liver tissues, Fe is detected in highest concentrations, followed by Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Pb. Concentrations of Cd and Pb of some individuals were not detected in the edible tissues. Large differences in these metal concentrations were observed between different tissues within each size of fish except Mn in 24–28 cm sizes. The liver of Drepane longimana accumulates significant higher levels of metals than those in the edible tissues. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the bioaccumulation of metals in the muscles of concertina fish did not exceed the permissible limits set for heavy metals by European Commission Regulation, Food and Agriculture Organization and Turkish Food Codex. It could be concluded that there is no risk in consumption of Concertina fish from Karachi fish harbor of Pakistan in 2016.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the suitability of Palaemon adspersus (P. adspersus) as a bio-indicator for 4 and 10 days of cadmium toxicity bioassays. Methods: Four and ten days experiments were designed. CdCl2·2?H2O wa...Objective: To evaluate the suitability of Palaemon adspersus (P. adspersus) as a bio-indicator for 4 and 10 days of cadmium toxicity bioassays. Methods: Four and ten days experiments were designed. CdCl2·2?H2O was dissolved in distilled water and a stock solution was made. At 4-day bioassay, the larvae of Baltic prawns were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L of Cd for 4 days. The 4-day LC50 was calculated by the probit analysis. At 10-day bioassay, the concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/L were introduced into each of the jars in triplicate treatments and 0 mg/L as control. Each tank containing 20 larvae was exposed to test solutions. Results: Results from probit analysis showed that the 96-h LC50 value was 0.14 mg/L for Cd. The 10 days bioassays were conducted with nominal concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/L Cd. Mortality increased in parallel with the increase in concentrations of Cd on Zoea – I stage of P. adspersus and time of exposure. The toxicity rate of the organism is concentration-dependent. All organisms except the control group died at the end of 10 days. Less than 25% of the animals survived at the 5 days of the exposure to concentrations of 0.5 mg/kg Cd or more. Only 20% of the organisms survived at the 7 days of the exposure to concentrations of 0.1 mg/kg Cd or less in seawater with clean sediment. Conclusions: The results showed that Cd was highly toxic to P. adspersus. When the larvae were exposed to concentrations of Cd, they become slightly excited and swam erratically, probably due to stress. However, behavioural and swimming patterns in control groups were normal, and there was not any mortality during the course of the experiment.展开更多
Objective:To determine the levels of some heavy metals in the liver and edible tissues of four fish species[Mugil cephalus L.,1758(M.cephalus),Cyprinus carpio L.,1758(C.carpio),Perca fluviatilis L.,1758(P.fluviatilis)...Objective:To determine the levels of some heavy metals in the liver and edible tissues of four fish species[Mugil cephalus L.,1758(M.cephalus),Cyprinus carpio L.,1758(C.carpio),Perca fluviatilis L.,1758(P.fluviatilis)and Stizostedion lucioperca L.,1758(S.lucioperca)]collected from Lake Balik,Kizilirmak Delta(Samsun)for analysis of Cu,Co,Pb,Zn,Cd,Mn,Ni and Fe.These metals were chosen because at higher concentrations there might be toxic to the fish and by extension humans that depends on such fish as food.Methods:The concentrations of the metals were carried out by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(UNICAM 929).Results:Large differences in heavy metal levels were observed between liver and muscle tissues within each fish.The results showed that the Fe concentrations were the highest and Cd concentrations were the lowest in livers and edible tissues of the four species.The muscles of C.carpio accumulated significant higher levels of Co,Zn and Ni than other species.Cu was higher in the muscles of S.lucioperca than those in other species,while M.cephalus showed more of Mn and Fe levels.The muscles of P.fluviatilis accumulated significant higher levels of Pb and Cd than other species.However,the liver of M.cephalus accumulated significant higher levels of Co,Mn and Fe than other species.The level of Cd was the highest in the liver of P.fluviatilis,while S.lucioperca showed more of Cu and Pb,and the higher levels of Zn and Ni was measured in the liver of C.carpio.Conclusions:The metal levels obtained were compared with the maximum permitted levels in food of the Turkish Food Codex and Commission Regulation(EC).The results of this study showed that estimated daily and weekly intakes of selected metals via consumption of fish were below the permissible tolerable daily intake and provisional tolerable weekly intake values established by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.展开更多
Objective:To describe the environmental factors that effect to the shoreline and how they interact with tourism development.Methods:In the study,both the existing problems of the coastal area of Sinop and the probable...Objective:To describe the environmental factors that effect to the shoreline and how they interact with tourism development.Methods:In the study,both the existing problems of the coastal area of Sinop and the probable solutions to these problems are stated.The system of the coast area of the province was examined with all details and the system was examined in 3 sections,namely anthropogenic components,natural components and tourism components.Results:Tourism which is also referred as smokeless industry provides a tremendous potential for the coastal cities.This sector is a considerable resource of income for coastal cities,so long as environmental factors are also paid attention.Otherwise,it is a mistake to expect sustainable proceeds from tourism.Coastal management is a dynamic,multi-disciplinary process.It includes a complete cycle such as collecting information,planning and decision making and the monitoring management and application,and revealing the problems for the purpose of ensuring a sustainable tourism.Conclusions:This study examines the environmental factors that have driven new approaches to shoreline management and how they interact with tourism development.Then,the integrated coastal zone management study procedure and its prospected outcomes are explained,and importance of the findings on Sinop’s integrated coastal zone management is emphasized.展开更多
Objective:To determine the concentrations of Fe,Zn,Ni,Cu,Mn,Pb,Cd and Co in macroalgae from Sinop coasts of the Sounthern Black Sea.Methods:Chlorophyta-green algae(Chaetomorpha spp.,Cladophora spp.,Ulva linza,Ulva int...Objective:To determine the concentrations of Fe,Zn,Ni,Cu,Mn,Pb,Cd and Co in macroalgae from Sinop coasts of the Sounthern Black Sea.Methods:Chlorophyta-green algae(Chaetomorpha spp.,Cladophora spp.,Ulva linza,Ulva intestinalis,Ulva lactuca,Ulva rigida);Ochrophyta-brown alga[Cystoseira barbata(C.barbata)]and Rhodophyta-red algae(Ceramium spp.,Corallina panizzoi)were collected seasonally in the year 2010 from the upper infralittoral zone of inner harbour,outer harbour,Gerze and Ayancık of Sinop coasts of the Black Sea.The samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in order to determine heavy metal levels in different algal division species along Sinop coasts and to provide information of marine environment quality as marine strategy framework directive is aimed to ensure good environmental status of the seas by 2020 in the European Union.Results:The results showed that metal concentrations in all studied green algae,brown alga and red algae increase in the order:Cd<Co<Ni<Pb<Cu<Zn<Mn<Fe,Cd<Co<Cu<Ni<Pb<Mn<Zn<Fe and Co<Cd<Ni<Cu<Pb<Mn<Zn<Fe,respectively.In all divisions,among the essential elements the highest concentrations exhibited by Fe,in Gerze station-(2328±89)μg/g dry weight in Chaetomorpha spp.;(2143±78)μg/g dry weight in C.barbata and(968±20)μg/g dry weight in Ceramium spp.Conclusions:The highest accumulation of different metals in the analysed algae species were:Fe and Co in Chaetomorpha spp.,Zn in C.barbata,Ni and Cu in Ulva linza,Mn in Ulva intestinalis,Pb and Cd in Corallina panizzoi.展开更多
There is an increasing demand for energy in the world.It is well known that non-renewable energy reserves will be irreversibly used at some point.The effects of climate change and limited fossil energy resources have ...There is an increasing demand for energy in the world.It is well known that non-renewable energy reserves will be irreversibly used at some point.The effects of climate change and limited fossil energy resources have led to an increasing interest in generating energy such as electricity from renewable energy resources.Wind energy is currently the most important renewable energy source for electricity generation which is rapidly becoming a key objective of most European and other countries due to a high demand,both economically and politically.Wind energy provides a safe,clean,sustainable and competitive alternative for conventional sources of energy.European countries like Germany,the Netherlands,United Kingdom,Denmark and Sweden are currently operating offshore wind farms(OWFs)and have plans to increase the production of electricity by wind power.The growth of OWFs has raised concerns about their impact on the marine environment.Focus of this review is to show possible impacts of OWFs on the physical and biological environment reviewing existing knowledge from the literature.展开更多
Objective:To determine common physico-chemical parameters of coastal water.Methods:Physicochemical properties of water were determined according to the standards of the American Public Health Association.Generally,all...Objective:To determine common physico-chemical parameters of coastal water.Methods:Physicochemical properties of water were determined according to the standards of the American Public Health Association.Generally,all those parameters were recorded a small variation between stations.The variation in physico-chemical parameters like salinity,temperature,dissolved oxygen and pH at Gwadar(Coastal water of Balochistan)were recorded.Results:The range of air temperature of coastal water of Balochistan during 2004 and 2006 varies from 25℃to 37℃,water temperature ranged from 15.00℃to 33.00℃,pH ranged from 7.08 to 8.95,salinity ranged from 37.4‰to 41.3‰and dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.32 to 8.67 mg/L.Conclusions:Results showed that these parameters of Balochistan coast of Pakistan is not dangerous for marine habitat and the use of these parameters in monitoring programs to assess ecosystem health has the potential to inform the general public and decision-makers about the state of the coastal ecosystems.To save this vital important habitat,the government agencies and scientists should work with proper attention.展开更多
文摘Objective: To determine heavy metal concentrations in holothurians (Holothuria arenicola, Holothuria pardalis, Holothuria verrucosa, Holothuria atra, Ohshimella ehrenbergii, Holothuria cinerascens, Stolus buccalis and Holothuria leucospilota), sediments and sea water samples from both Buleji and Sunehri coasts bordering Northern Arabian Sea during January to December 2014 and to assess the level of bioaccumulation using bioaccumulation factors. Methods: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb levels were determined by Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 700 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Biota concentration factor (BCF) and biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) were also calculated. Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals in body wall of sea cucumber ranged from 0.11 to 2.67, 0.43 to 8.93, 14 to 73, 0.76 to 7.12, 0.52 to 3.02 and 11 to 46 μg/g dry wright for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. The greatest biota-sediment bioaccumulation factor (BSAF) value for Zn (3.29) was observed in H. leucospilota at Buleji during pre-monsoon, indicating the species as microconcentrator. The BSAF values for Cd in sea cucumber ranged from 0.042 to 1.492. Conclusions: The results suggested that the studied sea cucumber species ranged from being microconcentrators to deconcentrators. The BSAF values of Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb were low, indicating the species as deconcentrators. Zn in all species from Sunehri coast is 'very bioaccumulative' (BCF > 5000) during all sampling periods. Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb can be considered 'bioaccumulative' (BCF < 5000).
基金Supported by the Department of Hydrobiology,Fisheries Faculty,Sinop University(Grant No.S.049).
文摘Objective: To investigate the effect of copper on Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) (C. crangon) and Syngnathus acus (Linnaeus, 1758) (S. acus) from Black Sea. Methods: The acute toxicity of copper in water with clean sediment to C. crangon and S. acus from Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea was evaluated by static 10-day and 21-day bioassays. Results: Mortality of both organisms increased with increase in concentrations of copper. The results showed that S. acus was more sensitive to copper than C. crangon. Conclusions: In the present study, both C. crangon and S. acus have been shown to be a suitable test species to assess heavy metal toxicity using static 21-day and 10-day bioassays.
文摘Objective: To determine the levels of six heavy metals in the liver and edible tissues of different sizes of Drepane longimana collected at Karachi fish harbor of Pakistan during fisheries seasons in 2016. Methods: The concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, Aanalyst 700). Results: In muscle and liver tissues, Fe is detected in highest concentrations, followed by Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Pb. Concentrations of Cd and Pb of some individuals were not detected in the edible tissues. Large differences in these metal concentrations were observed between different tissues within each size of fish except Mn in 24–28 cm sizes. The liver of Drepane longimana accumulates significant higher levels of metals than those in the edible tissues. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the bioaccumulation of metals in the muscles of concertina fish did not exceed the permissible limits set for heavy metals by European Commission Regulation, Food and Agriculture Organization and Turkish Food Codex. It could be concluded that there is no risk in consumption of Concertina fish from Karachi fish harbor of Pakistan in 2016.
基金Supported by the University of Sinop,Fisheries Faculty,Department of Hydrobiology(Grant No.S.049).
文摘Objective: To evaluate the suitability of Palaemon adspersus (P. adspersus) as a bio-indicator for 4 and 10 days of cadmium toxicity bioassays. Methods: Four and ten days experiments were designed. CdCl2·2?H2O was dissolved in distilled water and a stock solution was made. At 4-day bioassay, the larvae of Baltic prawns were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L of Cd for 4 days. The 4-day LC50 was calculated by the probit analysis. At 10-day bioassay, the concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/L were introduced into each of the jars in triplicate treatments and 0 mg/L as control. Each tank containing 20 larvae was exposed to test solutions. Results: Results from probit analysis showed that the 96-h LC50 value was 0.14 mg/L for Cd. The 10 days bioassays were conducted with nominal concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/L Cd. Mortality increased in parallel with the increase in concentrations of Cd on Zoea – I stage of P. adspersus and time of exposure. The toxicity rate of the organism is concentration-dependent. All organisms except the control group died at the end of 10 days. Less than 25% of the animals survived at the 5 days of the exposure to concentrations of 0.5 mg/kg Cd or more. Only 20% of the organisms survived at the 7 days of the exposure to concentrations of 0.1 mg/kg Cd or less in seawater with clean sediment. Conclusions: The results showed that Cd was highly toxic to P. adspersus. When the larvae were exposed to concentrations of Cd, they become slightly excited and swam erratically, probably due to stress. However, behavioural and swimming patterns in control groups were normal, and there was not any mortality during the course of the experiment.
文摘Objective:To determine the levels of some heavy metals in the liver and edible tissues of four fish species[Mugil cephalus L.,1758(M.cephalus),Cyprinus carpio L.,1758(C.carpio),Perca fluviatilis L.,1758(P.fluviatilis)and Stizostedion lucioperca L.,1758(S.lucioperca)]collected from Lake Balik,Kizilirmak Delta(Samsun)for analysis of Cu,Co,Pb,Zn,Cd,Mn,Ni and Fe.These metals were chosen because at higher concentrations there might be toxic to the fish and by extension humans that depends on such fish as food.Methods:The concentrations of the metals were carried out by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(UNICAM 929).Results:Large differences in heavy metal levels were observed between liver and muscle tissues within each fish.The results showed that the Fe concentrations were the highest and Cd concentrations were the lowest in livers and edible tissues of the four species.The muscles of C.carpio accumulated significant higher levels of Co,Zn and Ni than other species.Cu was higher in the muscles of S.lucioperca than those in other species,while M.cephalus showed more of Mn and Fe levels.The muscles of P.fluviatilis accumulated significant higher levels of Pb and Cd than other species.However,the liver of M.cephalus accumulated significant higher levels of Co,Mn and Fe than other species.The level of Cd was the highest in the liver of P.fluviatilis,while S.lucioperca showed more of Cu and Pb,and the higher levels of Zn and Ni was measured in the liver of C.carpio.Conclusions:The metal levels obtained were compared with the maximum permitted levels in food of the Turkish Food Codex and Commission Regulation(EC).The results of this study showed that estimated daily and weekly intakes of selected metals via consumption of fish were below the permissible tolerable daily intake and provisional tolerable weekly intake values established by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.
文摘Objective:To describe the environmental factors that effect to the shoreline and how they interact with tourism development.Methods:In the study,both the existing problems of the coastal area of Sinop and the probable solutions to these problems are stated.The system of the coast area of the province was examined with all details and the system was examined in 3 sections,namely anthropogenic components,natural components and tourism components.Results:Tourism which is also referred as smokeless industry provides a tremendous potential for the coastal cities.This sector is a considerable resource of income for coastal cities,so long as environmental factors are also paid attention.Otherwise,it is a mistake to expect sustainable proceeds from tourism.Coastal management is a dynamic,multi-disciplinary process.It includes a complete cycle such as collecting information,planning and decision making and the monitoring management and application,and revealing the problems for the purpose of ensuring a sustainable tourism.Conclusions:This study examines the environmental factors that have driven new approaches to shoreline management and how they interact with tourism development.Then,the integrated coastal zone management study procedure and its prospected outcomes are explained,and importance of the findings on Sinop’s integrated coastal zone management is emphasized.
文摘Objective:To determine the concentrations of Fe,Zn,Ni,Cu,Mn,Pb,Cd and Co in macroalgae from Sinop coasts of the Sounthern Black Sea.Methods:Chlorophyta-green algae(Chaetomorpha spp.,Cladophora spp.,Ulva linza,Ulva intestinalis,Ulva lactuca,Ulva rigida);Ochrophyta-brown alga[Cystoseira barbata(C.barbata)]and Rhodophyta-red algae(Ceramium spp.,Corallina panizzoi)were collected seasonally in the year 2010 from the upper infralittoral zone of inner harbour,outer harbour,Gerze and Ayancık of Sinop coasts of the Black Sea.The samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in order to determine heavy metal levels in different algal division species along Sinop coasts and to provide information of marine environment quality as marine strategy framework directive is aimed to ensure good environmental status of the seas by 2020 in the European Union.Results:The results showed that metal concentrations in all studied green algae,brown alga and red algae increase in the order:Cd<Co<Ni<Pb<Cu<Zn<Mn<Fe,Cd<Co<Cu<Ni<Pb<Mn<Zn<Fe and Co<Cd<Ni<Cu<Pb<Mn<Zn<Fe,respectively.In all divisions,among the essential elements the highest concentrations exhibited by Fe,in Gerze station-(2328±89)μg/g dry weight in Chaetomorpha spp.;(2143±78)μg/g dry weight in C.barbata and(968±20)μg/g dry weight in Ceramium spp.Conclusions:The highest accumulation of different metals in the analysed algae species were:Fe and Co in Chaetomorpha spp.,Zn in C.barbata,Ni and Cu in Ulva linza,Mn in Ulva intestinalis,Pb and Cd in Corallina panizzoi.
基金Supported by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme(FP7/2007-2013)(Grant No.287844).
文摘There is an increasing demand for energy in the world.It is well known that non-renewable energy reserves will be irreversibly used at some point.The effects of climate change and limited fossil energy resources have led to an increasing interest in generating energy such as electricity from renewable energy resources.Wind energy is currently the most important renewable energy source for electricity generation which is rapidly becoming a key objective of most European and other countries due to a high demand,both economically and politically.Wind energy provides a safe,clean,sustainable and competitive alternative for conventional sources of energy.European countries like Germany,the Netherlands,United Kingdom,Denmark and Sweden are currently operating offshore wind farms(OWFs)and have plans to increase the production of electricity by wind power.The growth of OWFs has raised concerns about their impact on the marine environment.Focus of this review is to show possible impacts of OWFs on the physical and biological environment reviewing existing knowledge from the literature.
基金Supported by University of Karachi for scientific research project.
文摘Objective:To determine common physico-chemical parameters of coastal water.Methods:Physicochemical properties of water were determined according to the standards of the American Public Health Association.Generally,all those parameters were recorded a small variation between stations.The variation in physico-chemical parameters like salinity,temperature,dissolved oxygen and pH at Gwadar(Coastal water of Balochistan)were recorded.Results:The range of air temperature of coastal water of Balochistan during 2004 and 2006 varies from 25℃to 37℃,water temperature ranged from 15.00℃to 33.00℃,pH ranged from 7.08 to 8.95,salinity ranged from 37.4‰to 41.3‰and dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.32 to 8.67 mg/L.Conclusions:Results showed that these parameters of Balochistan coast of Pakistan is not dangerous for marine habitat and the use of these parameters in monitoring programs to assess ecosystem health has the potential to inform the general public and decision-makers about the state of the coastal ecosystems.To save this vital important habitat,the government agencies and scientists should work with proper attention.
