Codonopsis lanceolata,traditionally used in Asian herbal medicine to treat respiratory inflammation,contains various bioactive compounds,including saponins.The influenza A virus(IAV)is notorious for causing pandemics ...Codonopsis lanceolata,traditionally used in Asian herbal medicine to treat respiratory inflammation,contains various bioactive compounds,including saponins.The influenza A virus(IAV)is notorious for causing pandemics due to its ability to undergo antigenic shifts and drifts,complicating vaccine effectiveness and treatment ap-proaches.This study investigates the protective and therapeutic effects of fermented C.lanceolata root extracts(FCLE)against IAV,comparing its efficacy with that of the original C.lanceolata root extracts(CLE)in both in vitro and in vivo models.FCLE demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity and an increased content of total polyphenols,saponins,and reducing sugars compared to CLE,although the content of lancemaside A was decreased in FCLE.FCLE also showed superior efficacy in reducing IAV-induced cytopathic effects and nucleo-capsid protein expression in A549 cells,and virus titer in MDCK cells,particularly in post-treatment mode.However,CLE did not exhibit any protective effects against IAV infection.FCLE effectively inhibited neur-aminidase(NA)activity and also tended to inhibit hemagglutinin.Furthermore,oral administration of FCLE at 100 mg/kg dramatically protected against lethal IAV infection,achieving a 100%survival rate,reducing virus titer,and ameliorating lung histopathological changes,with specific reductions in KC and IL-1βlevels in bron-choalveolar lavage fluid(BALF).These results suggest that FCLE has considerable antiviral efficacy against IAV by both directly inhibiting viral replication via NA activity and orchestrating an antiviral immune response.Collectively,our findings indicate that FCLE could be a promising nutraceutical ingredient for respiratory health.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(RS-2022-00164733)to E.-B.B,Ministry of SMEsStartups(MSS)grant funded by Korea government(RS-2023-00223479)to H.-Y.S.
文摘Codonopsis lanceolata,traditionally used in Asian herbal medicine to treat respiratory inflammation,contains various bioactive compounds,including saponins.The influenza A virus(IAV)is notorious for causing pandemics due to its ability to undergo antigenic shifts and drifts,complicating vaccine effectiveness and treatment ap-proaches.This study investigates the protective and therapeutic effects of fermented C.lanceolata root extracts(FCLE)against IAV,comparing its efficacy with that of the original C.lanceolata root extracts(CLE)in both in vitro and in vivo models.FCLE demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity and an increased content of total polyphenols,saponins,and reducing sugars compared to CLE,although the content of lancemaside A was decreased in FCLE.FCLE also showed superior efficacy in reducing IAV-induced cytopathic effects and nucleo-capsid protein expression in A549 cells,and virus titer in MDCK cells,particularly in post-treatment mode.However,CLE did not exhibit any protective effects against IAV infection.FCLE effectively inhibited neur-aminidase(NA)activity and also tended to inhibit hemagglutinin.Furthermore,oral administration of FCLE at 100 mg/kg dramatically protected against lethal IAV infection,achieving a 100%survival rate,reducing virus titer,and ameliorating lung histopathological changes,with specific reductions in KC and IL-1βlevels in bron-choalveolar lavage fluid(BALF).These results suggest that FCLE has considerable antiviral efficacy against IAV by both directly inhibiting viral replication via NA activity and orchestrating an antiviral immune response.Collectively,our findings indicate that FCLE could be a promising nutraceutical ingredient for respiratory health.
