The electrochemistry of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries differs significantly from lithium-ion batteries and offers distinct advantages.Overall,the progress of commercializing sodium-ion batteries is curren...The electrochemistry of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries differs significantly from lithium-ion batteries and offers distinct advantages.Overall,the progress of commercializing sodium-ion batteries is currently impeded by the inherent inefficiencies exhibited by these cathode materials,which include insufficient conductivity,slow kinetics,and substantial volume changes throughout the process of intercalation and deintercalation cycles.Consequently,numerous methodologies have been utilized to tackle these challenges,encompassing structural modulation,surface modification,and elemental doping.This paper aims to highlight fundamental principles and strategies for the development of sodium transition metal oxide cathodes.Specifically,it emphasizes the role of various elemental doping techniques in initiating anionic redox reactions,improving cathode stability,and enhancing the operational voltage of these cathodes,aiming to provide readers with novel perspectives on the design of sodium metal oxide cathodes through the doping approach,as well as address the current obstacles that can be overcome/alleviated through these dopant strategies.展开更多
Commercial lithium(Li)-ion batteries(LIBs)are approaching their theoretical limits in energy density.As a result,Li metal batteries(LMBs)with either liquid or solid-state electrolytes have been proposed as a next-gene...Commercial lithium(Li)-ion batteries(LIBs)are approaching their theoretical limits in energy density.As a result,Li metal batteries(LMBs)with either liquid or solid-state electrolytes have been proposed as a next-generation alternative,although they currently pose major safety and stability issues.To resolve these issues,most research has focused on the development and production of novelmaterials and coatings.Although promising performance benchmarks have been achieved,these strategiesmay generate issues for large-scale production,due to the added costs associated with using novel materials and developing the required cell fabrication process and infrastructure.Optimizing external conditions,such as selecting specific cell cycling protocols,testing the cell or synthesizing materials at specific temperatures,testing or fabricating the cell under specific mechanical pressures,etc.,are often overlooked as a means of directly improving battery performance without requiring complex material modifications.In this review,we will discuss how these external parameters can address the key failure mechanisms and challenges in LMBs that use either liquid or solid electrolytes.Similarities and differences in mechanisms(Li+transport,Li dendrite propagation,thermal effects,etc.)observed in liquid and solid-state configurations will also be discussed.Finally,we propose the outstanding scientific and economic gaps in LMBs,thereby providing future directions to explore.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22250710676)the Fujian Provice Super 100 Talents Program,and the Fujian Provice 100 Talents Program,Fujian Provice Minjiang Scholar Program.
文摘The electrochemistry of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries differs significantly from lithium-ion batteries and offers distinct advantages.Overall,the progress of commercializing sodium-ion batteries is currently impeded by the inherent inefficiencies exhibited by these cathode materials,which include insufficient conductivity,slow kinetics,and substantial volume changes throughout the process of intercalation and deintercalation cycles.Consequently,numerous methodologies have been utilized to tackle these challenges,encompassing structural modulation,surface modification,and elemental doping.This paper aims to highlight fundamental principles and strategies for the development of sodium transition metal oxide cathodes.Specifically,it emphasizes the role of various elemental doping techniques in initiating anionic redox reactions,improving cathode stability,and enhancing the operational voltage of these cathodes,aiming to provide readers with novel perspectives on the design of sodium metal oxide cathodes through the doping approach,as well as address the current obstacles that can be overcome/alleviated through these dopant strategies.
文摘Commercial lithium(Li)-ion batteries(LIBs)are approaching their theoretical limits in energy density.As a result,Li metal batteries(LMBs)with either liquid or solid-state electrolytes have been proposed as a next-generation alternative,although they currently pose major safety and stability issues.To resolve these issues,most research has focused on the development and production of novelmaterials and coatings.Although promising performance benchmarks have been achieved,these strategiesmay generate issues for large-scale production,due to the added costs associated with using novel materials and developing the required cell fabrication process and infrastructure.Optimizing external conditions,such as selecting specific cell cycling protocols,testing the cell or synthesizing materials at specific temperatures,testing or fabricating the cell under specific mechanical pressures,etc.,are often overlooked as a means of directly improving battery performance without requiring complex material modifications.In this review,we will discuss how these external parameters can address the key failure mechanisms and challenges in LMBs that use either liquid or solid electrolytes.Similarities and differences in mechanisms(Li+transport,Li dendrite propagation,thermal effects,etc.)observed in liquid and solid-state configurations will also be discussed.Finally,we propose the outstanding scientific and economic gaps in LMBs,thereby providing future directions to explore.
