Various strains of powdery mildew(PM),a notorious plant fungal disease,are prevalent and pose a significant threat to plant health.To control PM,transgenic technology can be used to cultivate more resistant plant vari...Various strains of powdery mildew(PM),a notorious plant fungal disease,are prevalent and pose a significant threat to plant health.To control PM,transgenic technology can be used to cultivate more resistant plant varieties.In the present study,we utilized the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE)technique to clone the full-length cDNA sequence of the EuCHIT30.7 gene to explore plant genes with disease resistance functions.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that this gene belongs to the GH18 family and is classified as a class III chitinase.The EuCHIT30.7 gene is expressed throughout the Eucommia ulmoides plant,with the most abundant expression in male flowers.Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the protein encoded by this gene was detected within both the cell membrane and cytoplasm.Upon PM inoculation,overexpression of EuCHIT30.7 in tobacco plants led to a significantly reduced relative lesion area and a decreased spore count compared to both wild-type and empty vector control plants.Activities of the protective enzymes,namely,peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and phenylalaninammo-nialyase(PAL),in tobacco plants overexpressing EuCHIT30.7 were significantly greater than those in wild-type and empty vector tobacco plants.Furthermore,the rate of increase in malondialdehyde(MDA)content was significantly lower in tobacco plants expressing EuCHIT30.7 compared to control tobacco plants.In EuCHIT30.7 transgenic tobacco,the expression of pathogen-related protein genes,namely,PR2,PR5,PR1a,PDF1.2,and MLP423,along with the tobacco PM negative regulatory gene,MLO2,were significantly higher compared to control tobacco plants.These findings suggested that EuCHIT30.7 significantly enhances the resistance of tobacco to PM.展开更多
Tillage methods play a crucial role in controlling rainwater partitioning and soil erosion.This study utilized rainfall simulation experiments to investigate the impact of four tillage methods(manual digging(MD),manua...Tillage methods play a crucial role in controlling rainwater partitioning and soil erosion.This study utilized rainfall simulation experiments to investigate the impact of four tillage methods(manual digging(MD),manual hoeing(MH),traditional ploughing(TP),and ridged ploughing(RP))on runoff and soil erosion at the plot scale.The smooth slope(SS)was used as a benchmark.Rainfall intensities of 30,60,90,and 120 mm h−1 were considered.The study revealed that tillage altered rainwater distribution into depression storage,infiltration,and runoff.Tillage reduces runoff and increases infiltration.The four tillage methods(30–73%)increased the proportion of rainwater converted to infiltration to varying degrees compared to the SS(22–53%).Microrelief features influenced the role of tillage methods in soil erosion.Surface roughness and depression storage accounted for 79%of the variation in sediment yield.The four tillage methods reduced runoff by 2.1–64.7%and sediment yield by 2.5–77.2%.Moreover,increased rainfall intensity weakens the ability of tillage to control soil erosion.When rainfall intensity increased to 120 mm h−1,there was no significant difference in runoff yield among RP,TP,MH,and SS.Therefore,assessing the effectiveness of tillage in reducing soil erosion should consider changes in rainfall intensity.Additionally,the cover management(C)factor of the RUSLE was used to assess the effects of different tillage methods on soil loss.Overall,the C factor values for tilled slopes are in the order MH>TP>RP>MD with a range of 0.23–0.97.As the surface roughness increases,the C factor tends to decrease,and the two are exponential functions(R2=0.86).These studies contribute to our understanding of how different tillage methods impact runoff and soil erosion in sloped farmland and provide guidance for selecting appropriate local manual tillage methods.展开更多
Modeling the soil evaporation under vegetation conditions is of theoretical and practical significance for water resources management in the Loess Plateau.In this study,a three-year field experiment was conducted in a...Modeling the soil evaporation under vegetation conditions is of theoretical and practical significance for water resources management in the Loess Plateau.In this study,a three-year field experiment was conducted in a bare land and three grasslands to measure soil evaporation using micro-lysimeters.The Van Bavel-Hillel model was then validated in the bare land.Based on this,the vegetation coverage resistance was proposed to reflect the comprehensive effects of vegetation,and it was applied into the Van Bavel-Hillel model to improve the model’s applicability under vegetation conditions.The results showed that the Van Bavel-Hillel model was effective in simulating evaporation from bare land,and the application of validated soil surface resistance and vegetation coverage resistance can make it perform well in the evaporation simulation in all studied grasslands.The obtained vegetation coverage resistances decreased linearly with the increase of soil moisture contents in all three grasslands,and the decreasing rates were similar in the M.sativa and P.giganteum plots,which were higher than that in the I.cylindrica plot.Soil surface resistances ranged between 533.4-746.5,767.4-1154.7,and 133.4-1334.5 s/m in the I.cylindrica,M.sativa,and P.giganteum plots,respectively,and all showed the characteristics of first increasing and then decreasing during the growing season.When compared with natural grassland,M.sativa increased the soil surface resistance in all months,while P.giganteum reduced it in the early growing season,but increased it in the middle and late growing season.This research proposes a new idea for the simulation of soil evaporation under vegetated conditions,and provides a basic reference for water resources management in the vegetation restoration of the Loess Plateau.展开更多
Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers CCCP and niclosamide inhibited artery constriction and the mechanism involved AMPK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. BAM15 is a novel type of mitochon...Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers CCCP and niclosamide inhibited artery constriction and the mechanism involved AMPK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. BAM15 is a novel type of mitochondrial uncoupler. The aim of the present study is to identify the vasoactivity of BAM15 and characterize the BAM15-induced AMPK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells(A10 cells). BAM15 relaxed phenylephrine(PE)-induced constricted rat mesenteric arteries with intact and denuded endothelium. Pretreatment with BAM15 inhibited PEinduced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries with intact and denuded endothelium. BAM15, CCCP,and niclosamide had the comparable IC50 value of vasorelaxation in PE-induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. BAM15 was less cytotoxic in A10 cells compared with CCCP and niclosamide.BAM15 depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, induced mitochondrial fission, increased mitochondrial ROS production, and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in A10 cells.BAM15 potently activated AMPK in A10 cells and the efficacy of BAM15 was stronger than that of CCCP, niclosamide, and AMPK positive activators metformin and AICAR. In conclusion, BAM15 activates AMPK in vascular smooth muscle cells with higher potency than that of CCCP, niclosamide and the known AMPK activators metformin and AICAR. The present work indicates that BAM15 is a potent AMPK activator.展开更多
基金the NSCF(Nos.31360272&31870285)Talent Special Project of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences(No.2022-02)Talent Base for Germplasm Resources Utilization and Innovation of Characteristic Plant in Guizhou(Grant No.RCJD2018-14).
文摘Various strains of powdery mildew(PM),a notorious plant fungal disease,are prevalent and pose a significant threat to plant health.To control PM,transgenic technology can be used to cultivate more resistant plant varieties.In the present study,we utilized the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE)technique to clone the full-length cDNA sequence of the EuCHIT30.7 gene to explore plant genes with disease resistance functions.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that this gene belongs to the GH18 family and is classified as a class III chitinase.The EuCHIT30.7 gene is expressed throughout the Eucommia ulmoides plant,with the most abundant expression in male flowers.Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the protein encoded by this gene was detected within both the cell membrane and cytoplasm.Upon PM inoculation,overexpression of EuCHIT30.7 in tobacco plants led to a significantly reduced relative lesion area and a decreased spore count compared to both wild-type and empty vector control plants.Activities of the protective enzymes,namely,peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and phenylalaninammo-nialyase(PAL),in tobacco plants overexpressing EuCHIT30.7 were significantly greater than those in wild-type and empty vector tobacco plants.Furthermore,the rate of increase in malondialdehyde(MDA)content was significantly lower in tobacco plants expressing EuCHIT30.7 compared to control tobacco plants.In EuCHIT30.7 transgenic tobacco,the expression of pathogen-related protein genes,namely,PR2,PR5,PR1a,PDF1.2,and MLP423,along with the tobacco PM negative regulatory gene,MLO2,were significantly higher compared to control tobacco plants.These findings suggested that EuCHIT30.7 significantly enhances the resistance of tobacco to PM.
基金jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771259&41171034)Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2023-JC-ZD-30&2019JZ-45)+1 种基金Shaanxi Provincial Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project(2016slkj-11)Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory Project of Department of Education(14JS059).
文摘Tillage methods play a crucial role in controlling rainwater partitioning and soil erosion.This study utilized rainfall simulation experiments to investigate the impact of four tillage methods(manual digging(MD),manual hoeing(MH),traditional ploughing(TP),and ridged ploughing(RP))on runoff and soil erosion at the plot scale.The smooth slope(SS)was used as a benchmark.Rainfall intensities of 30,60,90,and 120 mm h−1 were considered.The study revealed that tillage altered rainwater distribution into depression storage,infiltration,and runoff.Tillage reduces runoff and increases infiltration.The four tillage methods(30–73%)increased the proportion of rainwater converted to infiltration to varying degrees compared to the SS(22–53%).Microrelief features influenced the role of tillage methods in soil erosion.Surface roughness and depression storage accounted for 79%of the variation in sediment yield.The four tillage methods reduced runoff by 2.1–64.7%and sediment yield by 2.5–77.2%.Moreover,increased rainfall intensity weakens the ability of tillage to control soil erosion.When rainfall intensity increased to 120 mm h−1,there was no significant difference in runoff yield among RP,TP,MH,and SS.Therefore,assessing the effectiveness of tillage in reducing soil erosion should consider changes in rainfall intensity.Additionally,the cover management(C)factor of the RUSLE was used to assess the effects of different tillage methods on soil loss.Overall,the C factor values for tilled slopes are in the order MH>TP>RP>MD with a range of 0.23–0.97.As the surface roughness increases,the C factor tends to decrease,and the two are exponential functions(R2=0.86).These studies contribute to our understanding of how different tillage methods impact runoff and soil erosion in sloped farmland and provide guidance for selecting appropriate local manual tillage methods.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2023-JC-ZD-30 and 2019JZ-45)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42301047,41771259 and 41171034)+1 种基金the Shaanxi Provincial Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project(Grant No.2016slkj-11)the Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory Project of Department of Education(Grant No.14JS059).
文摘Modeling the soil evaporation under vegetation conditions is of theoretical and practical significance for water resources management in the Loess Plateau.In this study,a three-year field experiment was conducted in a bare land and three grasslands to measure soil evaporation using micro-lysimeters.The Van Bavel-Hillel model was then validated in the bare land.Based on this,the vegetation coverage resistance was proposed to reflect the comprehensive effects of vegetation,and it was applied into the Van Bavel-Hillel model to improve the model’s applicability under vegetation conditions.The results showed that the Van Bavel-Hillel model was effective in simulating evaporation from bare land,and the application of validated soil surface resistance and vegetation coverage resistance can make it perform well in the evaporation simulation in all studied grasslands.The obtained vegetation coverage resistances decreased linearly with the increase of soil moisture contents in all three grasslands,and the decreasing rates were similar in the M.sativa and P.giganteum plots,which were higher than that in the I.cylindrica plot.Soil surface resistances ranged between 533.4-746.5,767.4-1154.7,and 133.4-1334.5 s/m in the I.cylindrica,M.sativa,and P.giganteum plots,respectively,and all showed the characteristics of first increasing and then decreasing during the growing season.When compared with natural grassland,M.sativa increased the soil surface resistance in all months,while P.giganteum reduced it in the early growing season,but increased it in the middle and late growing season.This research proposes a new idea for the simulation of soil evaporation under vegetated conditions,and provides a basic reference for water resources management in the vegetation restoration of the Loess Plateau.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91739102 and 81773725)
文摘Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers CCCP and niclosamide inhibited artery constriction and the mechanism involved AMPK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. BAM15 is a novel type of mitochondrial uncoupler. The aim of the present study is to identify the vasoactivity of BAM15 and characterize the BAM15-induced AMPK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells(A10 cells). BAM15 relaxed phenylephrine(PE)-induced constricted rat mesenteric arteries with intact and denuded endothelium. Pretreatment with BAM15 inhibited PEinduced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries with intact and denuded endothelium. BAM15, CCCP,and niclosamide had the comparable IC50 value of vasorelaxation in PE-induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. BAM15 was less cytotoxic in A10 cells compared with CCCP and niclosamide.BAM15 depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, induced mitochondrial fission, increased mitochondrial ROS production, and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in A10 cells.BAM15 potently activated AMPK in A10 cells and the efficacy of BAM15 was stronger than that of CCCP, niclosamide, and AMPK positive activators metformin and AICAR. In conclusion, BAM15 activates AMPK in vascular smooth muscle cells with higher potency than that of CCCP, niclosamide and the known AMPK activators metformin and AICAR. The present work indicates that BAM15 is a potent AMPK activator.
