Background: Individualized corneal refractive surgery requires an understanding of the basis of higher-order aberrations before surgery. To investigate the characteristics and distribution of anterior surface wavefron...Background: Individualized corneal refractive surgery requires an understanding of the basis of higher-order aberrations before surgery. To investigate the characteristics and distribution of anterior surface wavefront aberrations in patients suitable for corneal refractive surgery. Methods: A total of 121 myopic patients (121 eyes, 18 - 45 years old) who underwent corneal refractive surgery were recruited from January to May 2016 at Affiliated Hospital, Yanbian University. Patients were randomly selected by the Pentacam anterior segment analysis system with a spherical equivalent (SE) of -0.25 to -10.00 D. The corneal anterior aberrations (total higher-order aberration;spherical aberration;Coma;Trefoil) and Q and K values were detected, and a correlation analysis of the relevant parameters was carried out. Results: The root-mean-square (RMS) of the third to sixth order aberrations of the corneal anterior wavefront aberrations at a 6 mm analysis diameter showed a decreasing trend in patients suitable for the corneal refractive surgery, and the RMS of the third order aberrations accounted for 62.92% of the total HOAs. The coma ratio (coma/total cornea higher-order aberrations) was increased with the increasing diopters, while the spherical aberration ratio (spherical aberration/total cornea higher-order aberrations) was not changed. In addition, the spherical aberration was 0.203 ± 0.082 μm (range: 0.061 to 0.503 μm), and the Q30 was -0.19 ± 0.03 (range: -0.58 to 0.31). There were significant differences in the coma aberrations of preoperative corneal anterior surface (3, 1) between the low, middle and high myopia groups (P = 0.013). The spherical equivalent was positively correlated with the corneal coma of the anterior corneal surfaces (R =?-0.241, P = 0.009), and the Q value was positively correlated with the total higher-order aberrations (R = 0.326, P Conclusions: Individual wavefront aberrations on the anterior surfaces of the cornea are comparatively different, and the Zernike coefficients are related to the degree of myopia. Spherical aberrations are the most overriding aberrations of the cornea.展开更多
The coexistence of inorganic and organic contaminants is a challenge for real-life water treatment applications.Therefore,in this research,we used NH_2-MIL-125(Ti)to evaluate the single adsorption of hexavalent chromi...The coexistence of inorganic and organic contaminants is a challenge for real-life water treatment applications.Therefore,in this research,we used NH_2-MIL-125(Ti)to evaluate the single adsorption of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ))or Rhodamine B(RhB)in an aqueous solution and further investigate simultaneous adsorption experiments to compare the adsorption behavior changes.The main influencing factors,for example,reaction time,initial concentration,reaction temperature,and pH were studied in detail.In all reaction systems,the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models were well illuminated the adsorption progress of Cr(Ⅵ)and RhB.Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.As compared to the single system,the adsorption capacity of Cr(Ⅵ)in the binary system gradually decreased as the additive amount of RhB increased,whereas the adsorption capacity of RhB in the binary system was expanded brilliantly.When the binary reaction system contained 100 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ),the removal rate of RhB increased to 97.58%.The formation of Cr(Ⅵ)-RhB and Cr(Ⅲ)-RhB complexes was the cause that provided facilitation for the adsorption of RhB.These findings prove that the interactions during the water treatment process between contaminants may obtain additional benefits,contributing to a better adsorption capacity of co-existing contaminant.展开更多
Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different an...Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different analysis requirements and selecting appropriate models to analyzing the wheel rail interaction,it is crucial to understand the influence of wheelset flexibility on the wheel-rail dynamics under different speeds and track excitations condition.Design/methodology/approach-The wheel rail contact points solving method and vehicle dynamics equations considering wheelset flexibility in the trajectory body coordinate system were investigated in this paper.As for the wheel-rail contact forces,which is a particular force element in vehicle multibody system,a method for calculating the Jacobian matrix of the wheel-rail contact force is proposed to better couple the wheel-rail contact force calculation with the vehicle dynamics response calculation.Based on the flexible wheelset modeling approach in this paper,two vehicle dynamic models considering the wheelset as both elastic and rigid bodies are established,two kinds of track excitations,namely normal measured track irregularities and short-wave irregularities are used,wheel-rail geometric contact characteristic and wheel-rail contact forces in both time and frequency domains are compared with the two models in order to study the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force.Findings-Under normal track irregularity excitations,the amplitudes of vertical,longitudinal and lateral forces computed by the flexible wheelset model are smaller than those of the rigid wheelset model,and the virtual penetration and equivalent contact patch are also slightly smaller.For the flexible wheelset model,the wheel rail longitudinal and lateral creepages will also decrease.The higher the vehicle speed,the larger the differences in wheel-rail forces computed by the flexible and rigid wheelset model.Under track short-wave irregularity excitations,the vertical force amplitude computed by the flexible wheelset is also smaller than that of the rigid wheelset.However,unlike the excitation case of measured track irregularity,under short-wave excitations,for the speed within the range of 200 to 350 km/h,the difference in the amplitude of the vertical force between the flexible and rigid wheelset models gradually decreases as the speed increase.This is partly due to the contribution of wheelset's elastic vibration under short-wave excitations.For low-frequency wheel-rail force analysis problems at speeds of 350 km/h and above,as well as high-frequency wheel-rail interaction analysis problems under various speed conditions,the flexible wheelset model will give results agrees better with the reality.Originality/value-This study provides reference for the modeling method of the flexible wheelset and the coupling method of wheel-rail contact force to the vehicle multibody dynamics system.Furthermore,by comparative research,the influence of wheelset flexibility and rotation on wheel-rail dynamic behavior are obtained,which is useful to the application scope of rigid and flexible wheelset models.展开更多
Along with the overall progress and development of market economy,Sponge City has received extensive attention,in order to establish a more compatible with the market development trend and environmental protection req...Along with the overall progress and development of market economy,Sponge City has received extensive attention,in order to establish a more compatible with the market development trend and environmental protection requirements of the control mechanism,it is necessary to scientifically plan synthetic materials,to a certain extent,to maintain the basic level of sponge city supervision work.In this paper,the research background of Geosynthetics applied in Sponge City construction is briefly analyzed,and the basic principles and specific application paths are discussed,which are for reference only.展开更多
Purpose:To compare the corneal thickness of young subjects (aged 18 to 30 years).with moderate and high myopia living in Shantou and Zhengzhou.Methods:One hundred and forty myopic subjects from Shantou (Guangdong,sout...Purpose:To compare the corneal thickness of young subjects (aged 18 to 30 years).with moderate and high myopia living in Shantou and Zhengzhou.Methods:One hundred and forty myopic subjects from Shantou (Guangdong,southern China) and 101 from Zhengzhou (Henan,central China)were selected and divided into 2 groups (moderate-myopic group and high-myopic group).The participants were sex-and age-matched.The central corneal thickness (CCT) and thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) were measured by Orbscan and compared between the two groups.Results:In the high-myopic group,CCT (515.47±40.39 μm) and TCT (510.22±40.95 μm) of the Shantou subjects (mean spherical equivalent.[SE]-7.56±1.35),were thinner than those of their Zhengzhou counterparts.(mean SE-7.47 ±0.88).In the moderate-myopic group.(Shantou mean SE-4.52 ±0.83;Zhengzhou-4.67 ± 0.77),CCT and TCT did not differ between the two cities.Conclusion:The corneal thickness of high-myopic eyes may differ between Shantou and Zhengzhou.展开更多
Background: To investigate early change of corneal aberrations after 2.8-mm superior incision phacoemulsification.Methods: This study comprised 80 eyes of 75 patients. All the patients underwent phacoemulsification wi...Background: To investigate early change of corneal aberrations after 2.8-mm superior incision phacoemulsification.Methods: This study comprised 80 eyes of 75 patients. All the patients underwent phacoemulsification with monofocal foldable intraocular lens(IOLs) implanted through a 2.8-mm superior corneal incision. The anterior corneal wavefront aberrations for the 6.0-mm pupillary diameter was measured by i Trace wavefront aberrometer(Tracey Technologies, Inc.) preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. Changes of root mean square(RMS) values of Z(3,-3), Z(3, 3), Z(3,-1), Z(3, 1), and Z(4, 0) and total high order aberration(HOA) were evaluated.Results: The uncorrected and corrected visual acuities improve significantly(P<0.001). No significant postoperative changes were observed in spherical aberration(P=0.652). Significant changes in vertical coma and vertical trefoil(0.005±0.214 vs.-0.049±0.242, P=0.037;-0.141±0.222 vs.-0.258±0.359, P=0.001; separately). However, the total HOAs increased after cataract surgery(0.567±0.161 vs. 0.688±0.343, P<0.001).Conclusions: Corneal vertical coma and vertical trefoil changes significantly in 2.8mm superior corneal incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery. In addition, those had a trend to negative direction.展开更多
Based on the research of predictingβ-hairpin motifs in proteins, we apply Random Forest and Support Vector Machine algorithm to predictβ-hairpin motifs in ArchDB40 dataset. The motifs with the loop length of 2 to 8 ...Based on the research of predictingβ-hairpin motifs in proteins, we apply Random Forest and Support Vector Machine algorithm to predictβ-hairpin motifs in ArchDB40 dataset. The motifs with the loop length of 2 to 8 amino acid residues are extracted as research object and thefixed-length pattern of 12 amino acids are selected. When using the same characteristic parameters and the same test method, Random Forest algorithm is more effective than Support Vector Machine. In addition, because of Random Forest algorithm doesn’t produce overfitting phenomenon while the dimension of characteristic parameters is higher, we use Random Forest based on higher dimension characteristic parameters to predictβ-hairpin motifs. The better prediction results are obtained;the overall accuracy and Matthew’s correlation coefficient of 5-fold cross-validation achieve 83.3% and 0.59, respectively.展开更多
Purpose:To compare the measurement of flap thickness using intraoperative ultrasound pachymetry and postoperative visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography (Visante-OCT) in eyes receiving laser in situ ker...Purpose:To compare the measurement of flap thickness using intraoperative ultrasound pachymetry and postoperative visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography (Visante-OCT) in eyes receiving laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods: Seventeen patients (34 eyes) received LASIK using a Technolas-217Z100 laser and AMADEUSⅡ mechanical microkeratome(140 μm head). Flap thickness was assessed with an ultrasound pachymeter intraoperatively and a Visante-OCT postoperatively at 1 week and 1 month. Results: The intraoperative mean flap thickness by ultrasound pachymetry was (124±13.9) μm (range: 96.5 to 160 μm), and mean flap thickness by Visante-OCT was (145±7.13) μm (range: 130 to 158 μm) and (143±5.32) μm (range: 132 to 155 μm) postoperatively at 1 week and 1 month respectively (F=63.52,P<0.01). Intraoperative subtraction pachymetry underestimated flap thickness compared with postoperative Visante-OCT.(P<0.01)..There was no significant difference between postoperative Visante-OCT measurements at 1 week and 1 month after LASIK.(P=0.16). The 95% limit of agreement.(LoA).of flap thickness between ultrasound Visante-OCT and pachymetry was -5.40 to 42.10 μm. Conclusion: OCT overestimates flap thickness compared with intraoperative ultrasound pachymetry when using the AMADEUSⅡ mechanical microkeratome.展开更多
Background:Prognosis of multiple myeloma(MM)patients with extramedullary disease(EMD)remains poor.T cell dysfunction and an immunosuppressive environment have been reported in the bone marrow(BM)of MM patients.However...Background:Prognosis of multiple myeloma(MM)patients with extramedullary disease(EMD)remains poor.T cell dysfunction and an immunosuppressive environment have been reported in the bone marrow(BM)of MM patients.However,the immunosuppressive microenvironment and immune checkpoint receptors(ICRs)on CD8^(+)T cells in the EMD tissue of newly diagnosed MM(NDMM)patients have not been thoroughly studied.Methods:We investigated the expression levels of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-domain-containing-3(TIM-3)and T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain(TIGIT)on CD8^(+)T cells and the expression of their ligands(Galectin-9 and CD155)on myeloma cells in EMD tissue of NDMM patients.The expression levels of TIM-3 and TIGIT on T cells and their ligands(Galectin-9 and CD155)on myeloma cells were analyzed by multicolored fluorescent flow cytometry in the peripheral blood(PB),BM,and EMD tissue.Additionally,the expression of ICRs was compared among PB,BM,and EMD tissue.Results:The expression levels of TIGIT and TIM-3 on CD8^(+)T cell subsets,including CD8^(+)Naïve T(T_(N))cells and CD8^(+)terminally differentiated effector memory T(TEMRA)cells,were significantly higher in EMD than in PB(p<0.05 for all).The expression levels of TIGIT and TIM-3 on CD8^(+)T_(N)cells were higher in EMD than in BM(p<0.05 for all).There were no differences in Galectin-9 and CD155 expression on myeloma cells among PB,BM,and EMD tissue.Conclusion:Our data add new evidence that T cells express increased TIGIT and TIM-3,suggesting that there may be T-cell exhaustion in EMD of patients with MM.展开更多
文摘Background: Individualized corneal refractive surgery requires an understanding of the basis of higher-order aberrations before surgery. To investigate the characteristics and distribution of anterior surface wavefront aberrations in patients suitable for corneal refractive surgery. Methods: A total of 121 myopic patients (121 eyes, 18 - 45 years old) who underwent corneal refractive surgery were recruited from January to May 2016 at Affiliated Hospital, Yanbian University. Patients were randomly selected by the Pentacam anterior segment analysis system with a spherical equivalent (SE) of -0.25 to -10.00 D. The corneal anterior aberrations (total higher-order aberration;spherical aberration;Coma;Trefoil) and Q and K values were detected, and a correlation analysis of the relevant parameters was carried out. Results: The root-mean-square (RMS) of the third to sixth order aberrations of the corneal anterior wavefront aberrations at a 6 mm analysis diameter showed a decreasing trend in patients suitable for the corneal refractive surgery, and the RMS of the third order aberrations accounted for 62.92% of the total HOAs. The coma ratio (coma/total cornea higher-order aberrations) was increased with the increasing diopters, while the spherical aberration ratio (spherical aberration/total cornea higher-order aberrations) was not changed. In addition, the spherical aberration was 0.203 ± 0.082 μm (range: 0.061 to 0.503 μm), and the Q30 was -0.19 ± 0.03 (range: -0.58 to 0.31). There were significant differences in the coma aberrations of preoperative corneal anterior surface (3, 1) between the low, middle and high myopia groups (P = 0.013). The spherical equivalent was positively correlated with the corneal coma of the anterior corneal surfaces (R =?-0.241, P = 0.009), and the Q value was positively correlated with the total higher-order aberrations (R = 0.326, P Conclusions: Individual wavefront aberrations on the anterior surfaces of the cornea are comparatively different, and the Zernike coefficients are related to the degree of myopia. Spherical aberrations are the most overriding aberrations of the cornea.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31971508)the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2018YFC1902105)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.JUSRP22005)。
文摘The coexistence of inorganic and organic contaminants is a challenge for real-life water treatment applications.Therefore,in this research,we used NH_2-MIL-125(Ti)to evaluate the single adsorption of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ))or Rhodamine B(RhB)in an aqueous solution and further investigate simultaneous adsorption experiments to compare the adsorption behavior changes.The main influencing factors,for example,reaction time,initial concentration,reaction temperature,and pH were studied in detail.In all reaction systems,the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models were well illuminated the adsorption progress of Cr(Ⅵ)and RhB.Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.As compared to the single system,the adsorption capacity of Cr(Ⅵ)in the binary system gradually decreased as the additive amount of RhB increased,whereas the adsorption capacity of RhB in the binary system was expanded brilliantly.When the binary reaction system contained 100 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ),the removal rate of RhB increased to 97.58%.The formation of Cr(Ⅵ)-RhB and Cr(Ⅲ)-RhB complexes was the cause that provided facilitation for the adsorption of RhB.These findings prove that the interactions during the water treatment process between contaminants may obtain additional benefits,contributing to a better adsorption capacity of co-existing contaminant.
基金China National Railway Group Science and Technology Program(N2022J009)China Academy of Railway Sciences Group Co.,Ltd.Program(2021YJ036).
文摘Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different analysis requirements and selecting appropriate models to analyzing the wheel rail interaction,it is crucial to understand the influence of wheelset flexibility on the wheel-rail dynamics under different speeds and track excitations condition.Design/methodology/approach-The wheel rail contact points solving method and vehicle dynamics equations considering wheelset flexibility in the trajectory body coordinate system were investigated in this paper.As for the wheel-rail contact forces,which is a particular force element in vehicle multibody system,a method for calculating the Jacobian matrix of the wheel-rail contact force is proposed to better couple the wheel-rail contact force calculation with the vehicle dynamics response calculation.Based on the flexible wheelset modeling approach in this paper,two vehicle dynamic models considering the wheelset as both elastic and rigid bodies are established,two kinds of track excitations,namely normal measured track irregularities and short-wave irregularities are used,wheel-rail geometric contact characteristic and wheel-rail contact forces in both time and frequency domains are compared with the two models in order to study the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force.Findings-Under normal track irregularity excitations,the amplitudes of vertical,longitudinal and lateral forces computed by the flexible wheelset model are smaller than those of the rigid wheelset model,and the virtual penetration and equivalent contact patch are also slightly smaller.For the flexible wheelset model,the wheel rail longitudinal and lateral creepages will also decrease.The higher the vehicle speed,the larger the differences in wheel-rail forces computed by the flexible and rigid wheelset model.Under track short-wave irregularity excitations,the vertical force amplitude computed by the flexible wheelset is also smaller than that of the rigid wheelset.However,unlike the excitation case of measured track irregularity,under short-wave excitations,for the speed within the range of 200 to 350 km/h,the difference in the amplitude of the vertical force between the flexible and rigid wheelset models gradually decreases as the speed increase.This is partly due to the contribution of wheelset's elastic vibration under short-wave excitations.For low-frequency wheel-rail force analysis problems at speeds of 350 km/h and above,as well as high-frequency wheel-rail interaction analysis problems under various speed conditions,the flexible wheelset model will give results agrees better with the reality.Originality/value-This study provides reference for the modeling method of the flexible wheelset and the coupling method of wheel-rail contact force to the vehicle multibody dynamics system.Furthermore,by comparative research,the influence of wheelset flexibility and rotation on wheel-rail dynamic behavior are obtained,which is useful to the application scope of rigid and flexible wheelset models.
文摘Along with the overall progress and development of market economy,Sponge City has received extensive attention,in order to establish a more compatible with the market development trend and environmental protection requirements of the control mechanism,it is necessary to scientifically plan synthetic materials,to a certain extent,to maintain the basic level of sponge city supervision work.In this paper,the research background of Geosynthetics applied in Sponge City construction is briefly analyzed,and the basic principles and specific application paths are discussed,which are for reference only.
文摘Purpose:To compare the corneal thickness of young subjects (aged 18 to 30 years).with moderate and high myopia living in Shantou and Zhengzhou.Methods:One hundred and forty myopic subjects from Shantou (Guangdong,southern China) and 101 from Zhengzhou (Henan,central China)were selected and divided into 2 groups (moderate-myopic group and high-myopic group).The participants were sex-and age-matched.The central corneal thickness (CCT) and thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) were measured by Orbscan and compared between the two groups.Results:In the high-myopic group,CCT (515.47±40.39 μm) and TCT (510.22±40.95 μm) of the Shantou subjects (mean spherical equivalent.[SE]-7.56±1.35),were thinner than those of their Zhengzhou counterparts.(mean SE-7.47 ±0.88).In the moderate-myopic group.(Shantou mean SE-4.52 ±0.83;Zhengzhou-4.67 ± 0.77),CCT and TCT did not differ between the two cities.Conclusion:The corneal thickness of high-myopic eyes may differ between Shantou and Zhengzhou.
文摘Background: To investigate early change of corneal aberrations after 2.8-mm superior incision phacoemulsification.Methods: This study comprised 80 eyes of 75 patients. All the patients underwent phacoemulsification with monofocal foldable intraocular lens(IOLs) implanted through a 2.8-mm superior corneal incision. The anterior corneal wavefront aberrations for the 6.0-mm pupillary diameter was measured by i Trace wavefront aberrometer(Tracey Technologies, Inc.) preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. Changes of root mean square(RMS) values of Z(3,-3), Z(3, 3), Z(3,-1), Z(3, 1), and Z(4, 0) and total high order aberration(HOA) were evaluated.Results: The uncorrected and corrected visual acuities improve significantly(P<0.001). No significant postoperative changes were observed in spherical aberration(P=0.652). Significant changes in vertical coma and vertical trefoil(0.005±0.214 vs.-0.049±0.242, P=0.037;-0.141±0.222 vs.-0.258±0.359, P=0.001; separately). However, the total HOAs increased after cataract surgery(0.567±0.161 vs. 0.688±0.343, P<0.001).Conclusions: Corneal vertical coma and vertical trefoil changes significantly in 2.8mm superior corneal incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery. In addition, those had a trend to negative direction.
文摘Based on the research of predictingβ-hairpin motifs in proteins, we apply Random Forest and Support Vector Machine algorithm to predictβ-hairpin motifs in ArchDB40 dataset. The motifs with the loop length of 2 to 8 amino acid residues are extracted as research object and thefixed-length pattern of 12 amino acids are selected. When using the same characteristic parameters and the same test method, Random Forest algorithm is more effective than Support Vector Machine. In addition, because of Random Forest algorithm doesn’t produce overfitting phenomenon while the dimension of characteristic parameters is higher, we use Random Forest based on higher dimension characteristic parameters to predictβ-hairpin motifs. The better prediction results are obtained;the overall accuracy and Matthew’s correlation coefficient of 5-fold cross-validation achieve 83.3% and 0.59, respectively.
文摘Purpose:To compare the measurement of flap thickness using intraoperative ultrasound pachymetry and postoperative visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography (Visante-OCT) in eyes receiving laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods: Seventeen patients (34 eyes) received LASIK using a Technolas-217Z100 laser and AMADEUSⅡ mechanical microkeratome(140 μm head). Flap thickness was assessed with an ultrasound pachymeter intraoperatively and a Visante-OCT postoperatively at 1 week and 1 month. Results: The intraoperative mean flap thickness by ultrasound pachymetry was (124±13.9) μm (range: 96.5 to 160 μm), and mean flap thickness by Visante-OCT was (145±7.13) μm (range: 130 to 158 μm) and (143±5.32) μm (range: 132 to 155 μm) postoperatively at 1 week and 1 month respectively (F=63.52,P<0.01). Intraoperative subtraction pachymetry underestimated flap thickness compared with postoperative Visante-OCT.(P<0.01)..There was no significant difference between postoperative Visante-OCT measurements at 1 week and 1 month after LASIK.(P=0.16). The 95% limit of agreement.(LoA).of flap thickness between ultrasound Visante-OCT and pachymetry was -5.40 to 42.10 μm. Conclusion: OCT overestimates flap thickness compared with intraoperative ultrasound pachymetry when using the AMADEUSⅡ mechanical microkeratome.
基金supported by S&T Program of Hebei,China(Grant Number 21377754D)the 2021 Hebei Provincial Governmentfunded Clinical Medicine Talents Training Project(Grant Number 2021-99)。
文摘Background:Prognosis of multiple myeloma(MM)patients with extramedullary disease(EMD)remains poor.T cell dysfunction and an immunosuppressive environment have been reported in the bone marrow(BM)of MM patients.However,the immunosuppressive microenvironment and immune checkpoint receptors(ICRs)on CD8^(+)T cells in the EMD tissue of newly diagnosed MM(NDMM)patients have not been thoroughly studied.Methods:We investigated the expression levels of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-domain-containing-3(TIM-3)and T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain(TIGIT)on CD8^(+)T cells and the expression of their ligands(Galectin-9 and CD155)on myeloma cells in EMD tissue of NDMM patients.The expression levels of TIM-3 and TIGIT on T cells and their ligands(Galectin-9 and CD155)on myeloma cells were analyzed by multicolored fluorescent flow cytometry in the peripheral blood(PB),BM,and EMD tissue.Additionally,the expression of ICRs was compared among PB,BM,and EMD tissue.Results:The expression levels of TIGIT and TIM-3 on CD8^(+)T cell subsets,including CD8^(+)Naïve T(T_(N))cells and CD8^(+)terminally differentiated effector memory T(TEMRA)cells,were significantly higher in EMD than in PB(p<0.05 for all).The expression levels of TIGIT and TIM-3 on CD8^(+)T_(N)cells were higher in EMD than in BM(p<0.05 for all).There were no differences in Galectin-9 and CD155 expression on myeloma cells among PB,BM,and EMD tissue.Conclusion:Our data add new evidence that T cells express increased TIGIT and TIM-3,suggesting that there may be T-cell exhaustion in EMD of patients with MM.
