Straw return has demonstrated significant potential for enhancing carbon(C)sequestration and nitrogen(N)uptake while concurrently promoting plant productivity.However,the specific transport and distribution of C produ...Straw return has demonstrated significant potential for enhancing carbon(C)sequestration and nitrogen(N)uptake while concurrently promoting plant productivity.However,the specific transport and distribution of C produced by photosynthesis and exogenous N within the rice plant-soil system under straw return remains unclear.A long-term straw return pot trial experiment was conducted in a double cropping rice system,incorporating treatments of inorganic fertilizer application with straw removal(F),straw burning and ash return with reducing inorganic fertilizers(SBR),and straw return with reducing inorganic fertilizers(SR)to investigate C sequestration and exogenous N uptake using ^(13)C pulse and ^(15)N isotope tracer techniques.The SR treatment had significantly higher soil ^(13)C abundance,by 24.4 and 25.4%,respectively,^(13)C concentrations in aboveground plant parts,by 18.4 and 35.8%respectively,and ^(15)N concentrations in rice panicles,by 12.8 and 34.3%than the SBR and F treatments.This enhancement contributed to a higher total organic C concentration and increased rice grain yield in the SR treatment.Furthermore,the SR treatment had significantly higher photosynthetic C,by 9.8%,which was directly transferred to soil C.The SR treatment had a higher distribution of photosynthetic C in the leaves and stems,but a lower distribution in the panicle compared to the SBR treatment.This finding is advantageous for sequestering photosynthetic C into the soil through straw return;conversely,opposite trends were observed in ^(15)N distribution.In addition,rice plants in the SR treatment had increased N uptake from urea and soil N sources,enhancing N recovery by 9.2 and 12.5%,respectively,and reducing soil N residues.Correlation analysis showed that the SR treatment increased the concentrations of ^(13)C in leaves and roots while decreasing the ^(15)N abundance in all rice organs,thereby contributing to an increase in rice yield.The partial least square path model suggested that the increase in rice yield under the SR treatment was primarily linked to ^(13)C accumulation within the rice plant-soil system.The results suggest that straw return increases the sequestration of photosynthetic C and exogenous N in the rice plant-soil system and increases N utilization efficiency,which subsequently improves both rice and soil productivity.展开更多
The high-temperature mechanical behaviors of Multi-Layer Composite Panels(MCP)and Corrugated Sandwich Panels(CSP)of Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene(CGFRPP)are critical for their application in aerospac...The high-temperature mechanical behaviors of Multi-Layer Composite Panels(MCP)and Corrugated Sandwich Panels(CSP)of Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene(CGFRPP)are critical for their application in aerospace fields,which have been rarely mentioned in previous studies.High-temperature quasi-static tensile and compression tests on CGFRPP MCP are conducted first.The results showed that the tensile and compression strength,stiffness,and tensile modulus of MCP decreased with increasing temperature.The Gibson model was found to be more suitable for predicting the high-temperature mechanical performance of MCP after comparing the calculated results of different theoretical models with experimental data.Secondly,hightemperature planar compression tests were conducted on the CGFRPP CSP,revealing that the main failure modes were corrugated core buckling and delamination between the face panel and core material,with delamination being intensified at higher temperatures.Therefore,we proposed a strength theoretical model that considers structural buckling failure and interface delamination failure,and introduced the influence factor to evaluate the effect of interface delamination on structural strength.展开更多
Designing efficient and durable hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts for seawater electrolysis is crucial for large-scale hydrogen production.Here,we introduce a theory-driven design of metal/WN electrocatalysts,...Designing efficient and durable hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts for seawater electrolysis is crucial for large-scale hydrogen production.Here,we introduce a theory-driven design of metal/WN electrocatalysts,with metal strongly coupled to lattice-matched WN.Theoretical calculations for Pt/WN reveal that W sites enhance H_(2)O adsorption/dissociation,optimizing Pt's H binding.The prepared Pt/WN@CP nanorods can catalyze HER with low overpotentials of 107 and 113 mV at 500 mA cm^(-2)in alkaline water/seawater,respectively,surpassing Pt/C.Extended calculations and experiments show that the optimized Ni/WN@CP-90 achieves an optimal ΔG_(H*)and overpotential of 219 mV at 500 mA cm^(-2)in alkaline seawater,demonstrating the versatility of the WN support to promote HER activity.Notably,the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)constructed by Pt/WN@CP or Ni/WN@CP-90 with NiFe-LDH@NF demonstrates outstanding hydrogen production activity with excellent Faraday efficiency(~100%)and durability(120 h),indicating the potential application of WN-supported catalysts for efficient and stable seawater electrolysis.展开更多
Conductive hydrogels have garnered widespread attention as a versatile class of flexible electronics.Despite considerable advancements,current methodologies struggle to reconcile the fundamental trade-off between high...Conductive hydrogels have garnered widespread attention as a versatile class of flexible electronics.Despite considerable advancements,current methodologies struggle to reconcile the fundamental trade-off between high conductivity and effective absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,as dictated by classical impedance matching theory.This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel synthesis of aramid nanofiber/MXene-reinforced polyelectrolyte hydrogels.Leveraging the unique properties of polyelectrolytes,this innovative approach enhances ionic conductivity and exploits the hydration effect of hydrophilic polar groups to induce the formation of intermediate water.This critical innovation facilitates polarization relaxation and rearrangement in response to electromagnetic fields,thereby significantly enhancing the EMI shielding effectiveness of hydrogels.The electromagnetic wave attenuation capacity of these hydrogels was thoroughly evaluated across both X-band and terahertz band frequencies,with further investigation into the impact of varying water content states-hydrated,dried,and frozen-on their electromagnetic properties.Moreover,the hydrogels exhibited promising capabilities beyond mere EMI shielding;they also served effectively as strain sensors for monitoring human motions,indicating their potential applicability in wearable electronics.This work provides a new approach to designing multifunctional hydrogels,advancing the integration of flexible,multifunctional materials in modern electronics,with potential applications in both EMI shielding and wearable technology.展开更多
Hyperhomocysteinemia and abnormal blood lipids are independent risk factors for stroke. However, whether both factors exert a synergistic effect in the onset of stroke remains unclear. The present study is a retrospec...Hyperhomocysteinemia and abnormal blood lipids are independent risk factors for stroke. However, whether both factors exert a synergistic effect in the onset of stroke remains unclear. The present study is a retrospective analysJs of 2 089 cases of stroke and 2 089 control cases of simple in- tervertebral disk protrusion using a paired multivariate logistic regression method. Adjusting for known confounding variables including the patients＇ age, gender, smoking status, alcohol con- sumption status, patient and family medical history, and clinical biochemical indices, elevated ho- mocysteine level was related to the onset of stroke. Patients with elevated homocysteJne levels and abnormal blood lipids showed a 40.9 % increase in the risk for stroke compared to patients with normal homocysteine levels and blood lipids （odds ratio 1.409; 95% confidence interval 1.127-1.761）. These results indicate that elevated homocysteine and abnormal blood lipids exert synergistic effects in the onset of stroke. Patients with elevated homocysteine levels and abnormal blood lipids are predisposed to stroke.展开更多
Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical regi...Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes.展开更多
In the Internet of Things(IoT),security and privacy issues of physical objects are crucial to the related applications.In order to clarify the complicated security and privacy issues,the life cycle of a physical objec...In the Internet of Things(IoT),security and privacy issues of physical objects are crucial to the related applications.In order to clarify the complicated security and privacy issues,the life cycle of a physical object is divided into three stages of pre-working,in-working,and post-working.On this basis,a physical object-based security architecture for the IoT is put forward.According to the security architecture,security and privacy requirements and related protecting technologies for physical objects in different working stages are analyzed in detail.Considering the development of IoT technologies,potential security and privacy challenges that IoT objects may face in the pervasive computing environment are summarized.At the same time,possible directions for dealing with these challenges are also pointed out.展开更多
Gastrodin, the major component isolated from the rhizome of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Gastrodia elata（‘‘Tianma＇＇）, has a long history in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders.Ho...Gastrodin, the major component isolated from the rhizome of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Gastrodia elata（‘‘Tianma＇＇）, has a long history in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders.However, the molecular mechanisms are not clear. Here,we found that gastrodin ameliorated pentylenetetrazole（PTZ）-induced epileptic seizures with improvement of the electroencephalographic pattern in mice. Further studies demonstrated that gastrodin decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-a while increasing interleukin-10, an antiinflammatory cytokine in the brain. Furthermore, gastrodin attenuated the PTZ-induced microglial activation along with inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases,c AMP response element binding protein, and NF-j B. Our data suggest that gastrodin attenuates seizures by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase-associated inflammatory responses.展开更多
Salinization and sodicity are obstacles for vegetation reconstruction of coastal tidal flat soils. A study was conducted with flue gas desulfurization（FGD）-gypsum applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg/ha to re...Salinization and sodicity are obstacles for vegetation reconstruction of coastal tidal flat soils. A study was conducted with flue gas desulfurization（FGD）-gypsum applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg/ha to remediate tidal flat soils of the Yangtze River estuary.Exchangeable sodium percentage（ESP）, exchangeable sodium（ExNa）, p H, soluble salt concentration, and composition of soluble salts were measured in 10 cm increments from the surface to 30 cm depth after 6 and 18 months. The results indicated that the effect of FGD-gypsum is greatest in the 0–10 cm mixing soil layer and 60 Mg/ha was the optimal rate that can reduce the ESP to below 6% and decrease soil p H to neutral（7.0）. The improvement effect was reached after 6 months, and remained after 18 months. The composition of soluble salts was transformed from sodic salt ions mainly containing Na~＋, HCO_3^-＋ CO_3^（2-）and Cl-to neutral salt ions mainly containing Ca^（2＋）and SO_4^（2-）. Non-halophyte plants were survived at 90%. The study demonstrates that the use of FGD-gypsum for remediating tidal flat soils is promising.展开更多
Deciphering the atomic‐level properties and mechanism of electrocatalysts for water splitting is vital for the development of highly active non‐noble‐metal catalysts.Herein,we conduct a detailed study of layered cr...Deciphering the atomic‐level properties and mechanism of electrocatalysts for water splitting is vital for the development of highly active non‐noble‐metal catalysts.Herein,we conduct a detailed study of layered crystalline CoMoO_(4)using density functional theory(DFT)calculations.The layered arrangement of CoMoO_(4)along the[110]lattice direction is observed,and the two thermodynamically stable and most exposed(110)A and(001)A crystal facets are selected among all low‐index facets by surface energy calculations and Wulff construction to study the electrocatalytic activity for alkaline water splitting and corresponding mechanism.CoMoO_(4)with an exposed(110)A facet(i.e.,CMO(110)A)exhibited a high hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity,with aΔGH*of 0.22 eV,which is similar to that of Pt because the adsorbed H is allowed to interact with two oxygen atoms(O_(3)and Oadj).The(110)A facet also possesses better H_(2)O adsorption and dissociation abilities than the(001)A facet,benefiting the HER performance in alkaline solutions.Moreover,the overpotential of the(110)A facet for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is only 0.74 V according to the Gibbs free‐energy calculation,this overpotential is lower than that of the(001)A facet(0.84 V)owing to the stronger binding and more stable adsorption states between Co and O for the intermediate*O.By allowing us to identify highly active facets and sites,this approach guided the selective synthesis of CoMoO_(4)and its isostructural substances,such as Mn(Ni,Fe)MoO4 nanocatalysts,for alkaline water splitting.展开更多
Colloidal synthesis of metal nanoclusters will inevitably lead to the blockage of catalytically active sites by organic ligands.Here,taking[Au_(25)(PET)_(18)]-(PET=2-phenylethanethiol)nanocluster as a model catalyst,t...Colloidal synthesis of metal nanoclusters will inevitably lead to the blockage of catalytically active sites by organic ligands.Here,taking[Au_(25)(PET)_(18)]-(PET=2-phenylethanethiol)nanocluster as a model catalyst,this work reports a feasible procedure to achieve the controllably partial removal of thiolate ligands from unsupported[Au_(25)(PET)_(18)]-nanoclusters with the preservation of the core structure.This procedure shortens the processing duration by rapid heating and cooling on the basis of traditional annealing treatment,avoiding the reconfiguration or agglomeration of Au_(25)nanoclusters,where the degree of dethiolation can be regulated by the control of duration.This work finds that a moderate degree of dethiolation can expose the Au active sites while maintaining the suppression of the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.Consequently,the activity and selectivity towards CO formation in electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction of Au_(25)nanoclusters can be promoted.This work provides a new approach for the removal of thiolate ligands from atomically precise gold nanoclusters.展开更多
Estrogen receptor alpha(ERα/ESR1)is overexpressed in over half of all breast cancers and is considered a valuable therapeutic target in ERαpositive breast cancer.Here,we designed a membrane-permeant Chaperonemediate...Estrogen receptor alpha(ERα/ESR1)is overexpressed in over half of all breast cancers and is considered a valuable therapeutic target in ERαpositive breast cancer.Here,we designed a membrane-permeant Chaperonemediated Autophagy Targeting Chimeras(CMATAC)peptide to knockdown endogenous ERαprotein through chaperone-mediated autophagy.The peptide contains a cell membrane-penetrating peptide(TAT)that allows the peptide to by-pass the plasma membrane,anαI peptide as a protein-binding peptide(PBD)that binds specifically to ERα,and CMA-targeting peptide(CTM)that targeting chaperone-mediated autophagy.We validated that ERαtargeting peptide was able to target and degrade ERαto reduce the viability of ERαpositive breast cancer cells.Taken together,our studies provided a new method to reduce the level of intracellular ERαprotein via CMATAC,and thus may provide a new strategy for the treatment of ERαpositive breast cancer.展开更多
This study systematically examines the energy dissipation mechanisms and ballistic characteristics of foam sandwich panels(FSP)under high-velocity impact using the explicit non-linear finite element method.Based on th...This study systematically examines the energy dissipation mechanisms and ballistic characteristics of foam sandwich panels(FSP)under high-velocity impact using the explicit non-linear finite element method.Based on the geometric topology of the FSP system,three FSP configurations with the same areal density are derived,namely multi-layer,gradient core and asymmetric face sheet,and three key structural parameters are identified:core thickness(t_(c)),face sheet thickness(t_(f))and overlap face/core number(n_(o)).The ballistic performance of the FSP system is comprehensively evaluated in terms of the ballistic limit velocity(BLV),deformation modes,energy dissipation mechanism,and specific penetration energy(SPE).The results show that the FSP system exhibits a significant configuration dependence,whose ballistic performance ranking is:asymmetric face sheet>gradient core>multi-layer.The mass distribution of the top and bottom face sheets plays a critical role in the ballistic resistance of the FSP system.Both BLV and SPE increase with tf,while the raising tcor noleads to an increase in BLV but a decrease in SPE.Further,a face-core synchronous enhancement mechanism is discovered by the energy dissipation analysis,based on which the ballistic optimization procedure is also conducted and a design chart is established.This study shed light on the anti-penetration mechanism of the FSP system and might provide a theoretical basis for its engineering application.展开更多
With the development of multimedia presentation technology,image acquisition technology and the Internet industry,long-distance communication methods have changed from the previous letter,the audio to the current audi...With the development of multimedia presentation technology,image acquisition technology and the Internet industry,long-distance communication methods have changed from the previous letter,the audio to the current audio/video.And the proportion of video in work,study and entertainment keeps increasing,high-definition video is getting more and more attention.Due to the limits of the network environment and storage capacity,the original video must be encoded to be efficiently transmitted and stored.High Efficient Video Coding(HEVC)requires a large amount of time to recursively traverse all possible quantization parameter values of the coding unit in the adaptive quantization process.The optimal quantization parameter is calculated by comparing the rate distortion cost.In this paper,we propose a fast decision method for HEVC quantization parameters selection based on convolutional neural network,which saves video’s encoding time.展开更多
We report a universal transfer methodology for producing artificial heterostructures of large-area freestanding single-crystalline WTe_(2) membranes on diverse target substrates.The transferred WTe_(2) membranes exhib...We report a universal transfer methodology for producing artificial heterostructures of large-area freestanding single-crystalline WTe_(2) membranes on diverse target substrates.The transferred WTe_(2) membranes exhibit a nondestructive structure with a carrier mobility comparable to that of as-grown films(∼179–1055 cm^(2)·V^(−1)·s^(−1)).Furthermore,the transferred membranes show distinct Shubnikov–de Haas quantum oscillations as well as weak localization/weak anti-localization.These results provide a new approach to the development of atom manufacturing and devices based on atomic-level,large-area topological quantum films.展开更多
Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong ...Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China.And to analyze,from multiple angles,the variations in the methods of TM used in each countries and regions.Methods:Fifty commonly used traditional herbs(TOP50)from classical formulae were selected,and descriptive statistics,correlation analyses,and Friedman test were used to compare methods of clinical application and dosages in the countries and regions of interest based on a retrospective review of randomly-selected medical records.Results:There were significant differences in sequencing TOP50 among the five countries and regions(P<.01).The adherence to the classical formulae,from strong to weak was Japan;China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea.There were also significant differences in TOP50 dosing regimens(P<.01).Overall dosages of TOP50 from high to low were:China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China;South Korea;Japan.Finally,there were significant differences in the dosage intervals(P<.01),with dosage intervals from maximum to minimum as follows:China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea;Japan.Conclusions:The clinical dosages of traditional herbal medicine used in the China's Mainland are relatively large compared with those prescribed in the other four countries and regions,and the range of dosages in China's Mainland is more flexible.On the other hand,clinical dosages of TOP50 are the lowest in Japan,where the dosage range is also the narrowest,supporting the idea that Doctors of Kampo medicine are highly cautious and are likely to adhere strictly to classical formulae,while Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China are in the middle.The dosage of TOP50 in South Korea is significantly lower than that used in the China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China where the adherence to the classical formulae was the lowest,albeit slightly higher than that in Japan.The methods of clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in the five countries and regions were affected by multiple factors,including history,geography,climate,and culture.展开更多
The utilization of fiber reinforced thermoplastics(FRTP)is expected to fulfill lightweight demand in mass-produced aerospace products.Facing the unavoidable assembly of FRTP parts,fusion bonding methods such as resist...The utilization of fiber reinforced thermoplastics(FRTP)is expected to fulfill lightweight demand in mass-produced aerospace products.Facing the unavoidable assembly of FRTP parts,fusion bonding methods such as resistance welding are promising compared with mechanical joint and adhesive bonding.In this paper,a procedure has been brought out to understand the relationship between processing conditions and performance of the FRTP welding joints.The adherends were continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene(GF/PP)laminates fabricated by hotpressing method.The influences of time,current and pressure on the bending strength of the resistance welding joints were investigated.A processing window was drawn based on the optical observation of welded surfaces.The quantitative relationship between process parameters and mechanical property of GF/PP welding joint was established by Response Surface Method(RSM)with high accuracy.It was found that bending strength of GF/PP welding joint was improved by 31%compared with hot-pressing benchmark.展开更多
With the increasingly widespread application of rubber in many fields,there is a growing demand for quantitative characterization of temperature-dependent mechanical properties in high-temperature service environments...With the increasingly widespread application of rubber in many fields,there is a growing demand for quantitative characterization of temperature-dependent mechanical properties in high-temperature service environments.The critical tearing energy is an important criterion for determining whether rubber materials will experience tearing instability,while tear strength is a key parameter for rubber materials to resist tearing.It is necessary to quantitatively characterize their evolution with temperature.Current theoretical research mainly relies on fitting a large amount of experimental data,which is not convenient for engineering applications.Therefore,in this work,a temperature-dependent critical tearing energy model is firstly developed based on the force-heat equivalence energy density principle.This model considers the equivalent relationship between the critical tearing energy required for crack instability propagation and the thermal energy stored in the rubber material.It is demonstrated that our model has higher prediction accuracy when compared to other models.Furthermore,combining with the Griffith fracture theory,temperature-dependent tear strength models applicable to three different crack modes are separately established.These models are validated using experimental data for Mode I opening cracks and ModeⅢtearing cracks,and good consistency is achieved.Additionally,a quantitative analysis of the influence of elastic modulus on tear strength at different temperatures is conducted.This work provides a reliable way for predicting temperature-dependent tearing instability behavior and offers beneficial suggestions for improving the tear strength of rubber materials at different temperatures.展开更多
Betatron radiation from laser wakefield accelerated electrons and X-rays scattered off a counter-propagating relativistic electron bunch arecollimated and hold the potential to extend the energy range to hard X-ray or...Betatron radiation from laser wakefield accelerated electrons and X-rays scattered off a counter-propagating relativistic electron bunch arecollimated and hold the potential to extend the energy range to hard X-ray or gamma ray band. The peak brightness of these incoherent radiations could reach the level of the brightest synchrotron light sources in the world due to their femtosecond pulse duration and source sizedown to a few micrometers. In this article, the principle and properties of these radiation sources are briefly reviewed and compared. Then wepresent our recent progress in betatron radiation enhancement in the perspective of both photon energy and photon number. The enhancement istriggered by using a clustering gas target, arousing a second injection of a fiercely oscillating electron bunch with large charge or stimulating aresonantly enhanced oscillation of the ionization injected electrons. By adopting these methods, bright photon source with energy over 100 keVis generated which would greatly impact applications such as nuclear physics, diagnostic radiology, laboratory astrophysics and high-energydensity science.展开更多
Topological Weyl semimetal WTe2 with large-scale Him form has a promising prospect for new-generation spintronic devices.However,it remains a hard task to suppress the defect states in large-scale WTe2 films due to th...Topological Weyl semimetal WTe2 with large-scale Him form has a promising prospect for new-generation spintronic devices.However,it remains a hard task to suppress the defect states in large-scale WTe2 films due to the chemical nature.Here we significantly improve the crystalline quality and remove the Te vacancies in WTe2 films by post annealing.We observe the distinct Shubnikov-de Haas quantum oscillations in WTe2 films.The nontrivial Berry phase can be revealed by Landau fan diagram analysis.The Hall mobility of WTe2 films can reach 1245cm^2V^-1s^-1 and 1423cm^2V^-1s^-1 for holes and electrons with the carrier density of 5× 10^19 cm^-3 and 2 × 10^19 cm^-3,respectively.Our work provides a feasible route to obtain high-quality Weyl semimetal films for the future topological quantum device applications.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160503)the Earmarked Fund for Jiangxi Agriculture Research System,China(JXARS-01)the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD2301303).
文摘Straw return has demonstrated significant potential for enhancing carbon(C)sequestration and nitrogen(N)uptake while concurrently promoting plant productivity.However,the specific transport and distribution of C produced by photosynthesis and exogenous N within the rice plant-soil system under straw return remains unclear.A long-term straw return pot trial experiment was conducted in a double cropping rice system,incorporating treatments of inorganic fertilizer application with straw removal(F),straw burning and ash return with reducing inorganic fertilizers(SBR),and straw return with reducing inorganic fertilizers(SR)to investigate C sequestration and exogenous N uptake using ^(13)C pulse and ^(15)N isotope tracer techniques.The SR treatment had significantly higher soil ^(13)C abundance,by 24.4 and 25.4%,respectively,^(13)C concentrations in aboveground plant parts,by 18.4 and 35.8%respectively,and ^(15)N concentrations in rice panicles,by 12.8 and 34.3%than the SBR and F treatments.This enhancement contributed to a higher total organic C concentration and increased rice grain yield in the SR treatment.Furthermore,the SR treatment had significantly higher photosynthetic C,by 9.8%,which was directly transferred to soil C.The SR treatment had a higher distribution of photosynthetic C in the leaves and stems,but a lower distribution in the panicle compared to the SBR treatment.This finding is advantageous for sequestering photosynthetic C into the soil through straw return;conversely,opposite trends were observed in ^(15)N distribution.In addition,rice plants in the SR treatment had increased N uptake from urea and soil N sources,enhancing N recovery by 9.2 and 12.5%,respectively,and reducing soil N residues.Correlation analysis showed that the SR treatment increased the concentrations of ^(13)C in leaves and roots while decreasing the ^(15)N abundance in all rice organs,thereby contributing to an increase in rice yield.The partial least square path model suggested that the increase in rice yield under the SR treatment was primarily linked to ^(13)C accumulation within the rice plant-soil system.The results suggest that straw return increases the sequestration of photosynthetic C and exogenous N in the rice plant-soil system and increases N utilization efficiency,which subsequently improves both rice and soil productivity.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12372127,12202085,12302464)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2024CDJXY009)+1 种基金the Chongqing Outstanding Youth Fund,China(No.CSTB2024NSCQ-JQX0028)the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation,China(Nos.cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0117,CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0608)。
文摘The high-temperature mechanical behaviors of Multi-Layer Composite Panels(MCP)and Corrugated Sandwich Panels(CSP)of Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene(CGFRPP)are critical for their application in aerospace fields,which have been rarely mentioned in previous studies.High-temperature quasi-static tensile and compression tests on CGFRPP MCP are conducted first.The results showed that the tensile and compression strength,stiffness,and tensile modulus of MCP decreased with increasing temperature.The Gibson model was found to be more suitable for predicting the high-temperature mechanical performance of MCP after comparing the calculated results of different theoretical models with experimental data.Secondly,hightemperature planar compression tests were conducted on the CGFRPP CSP,revealing that the main failure modes were corrugated core buckling and delamination between the face panel and core material,with delamination being intensified at higher temperatures.Therefore,we proposed a strength theoretical model that considers structural buckling failure and interface delamination failure,and introduced the influence factor to evaluate the effect of interface delamination on structural strength.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22478450,22478451,22408408)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515012565,2021A1515010167,2022A1515011196)+3 种基金Guangzhou Key R&D Program/Plan Unveiled Flagship Project(20220602JBGS02)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project(202201011449)Research Fund Program of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology(FC202220,FC202216)100 Talent Research Foundation of Sun Yat-sen University(76110-12230029)。
文摘Designing efficient and durable hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts for seawater electrolysis is crucial for large-scale hydrogen production.Here,we introduce a theory-driven design of metal/WN electrocatalysts,with metal strongly coupled to lattice-matched WN.Theoretical calculations for Pt/WN reveal that W sites enhance H_(2)O adsorption/dissociation,optimizing Pt's H binding.The prepared Pt/WN@CP nanorods can catalyze HER with low overpotentials of 107 and 113 mV at 500 mA cm^(-2)in alkaline water/seawater,respectively,surpassing Pt/C.Extended calculations and experiments show that the optimized Ni/WN@CP-90 achieves an optimal ΔG_(H*)and overpotential of 219 mV at 500 mA cm^(-2)in alkaline seawater,demonstrating the versatility of the WN support to promote HER activity.Notably,the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)constructed by Pt/WN@CP or Ni/WN@CP-90 with NiFe-LDH@NF demonstrates outstanding hydrogen production activity with excellent Faraday efficiency(~100%)and durability(120 h),indicating the potential application of WN-supported catalysts for efficient and stable seawater electrolysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52375204)Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team(2024RS-CXTD-63)+4 种基金Xianyang 2023 Key Research and Development Plan(L2023-ZDYF-QYCX-009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(D5000230356)2024“Double First-Class University”Construction Special Fund Project(0604024GH0201332,0604024SH0201332)Zhiyuan Laboratory(NO.ZYL2024007)Horizon Europe Framework Programme(101086071-CUPOLA).
文摘Conductive hydrogels have garnered widespread attention as a versatile class of flexible electronics.Despite considerable advancements,current methodologies struggle to reconcile the fundamental trade-off between high conductivity and effective absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding,as dictated by classical impedance matching theory.This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel synthesis of aramid nanofiber/MXene-reinforced polyelectrolyte hydrogels.Leveraging the unique properties of polyelectrolytes,this innovative approach enhances ionic conductivity and exploits the hydration effect of hydrophilic polar groups to induce the formation of intermediate water.This critical innovation facilitates polarization relaxation and rearrangement in response to electromagnetic fields,thereby significantly enhancing the EMI shielding effectiveness of hydrogels.The electromagnetic wave attenuation capacity of these hydrogels was thoroughly evaluated across both X-band and terahertz band frequencies,with further investigation into the impact of varying water content states-hydrated,dried,and frozen-on their electromagnetic properties.Moreover,the hydrogels exhibited promising capabilities beyond mere EMI shielding;they also served effectively as strain sensors for monitoring human motions,indicating their potential applicability in wearable electronics.This work provides a new approach to designing multifunctional hydrogels,advancing the integration of flexible,multifunctional materials in modern electronics,with potential applications in both EMI shielding and wearable technology.
基金supported by a grant from Medical Science DataSharing Network,Ministry of Science and Technology,China,No.2005DKA32403Military Medical Scientific Research grants,No.11BJZ32,No.12BJZ271 and No.10BJZ202
文摘Hyperhomocysteinemia and abnormal blood lipids are independent risk factors for stroke. However, whether both factors exert a synergistic effect in the onset of stroke remains unclear. The present study is a retrospective analysJs of 2 089 cases of stroke and 2 089 control cases of simple in- tervertebral disk protrusion using a paired multivariate logistic regression method. Adjusting for known confounding variables including the patients＇ age, gender, smoking status, alcohol con- sumption status, patient and family medical history, and clinical biochemical indices, elevated ho- mocysteine level was related to the onset of stroke. Patients with elevated homocysteJne levels and abnormal blood lipids showed a 40.9 % increase in the risk for stroke compared to patients with normal homocysteine levels and blood lipids （odds ratio 1.409; 95% confidence interval 1.127-1.761）. These results indicate that elevated homocysteine and abnormal blood lipids exert synergistic effects in the onset of stroke. Patients with elevated homocysteine levels and abnormal blood lipids are predisposed to stroke.
文摘Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61872038,61811530335in part by the UK Royal Society-Newton Mobility Grant(No.IEC∖NSFC∖170067).
文摘In the Internet of Things(IoT),security and privacy issues of physical objects are crucial to the related applications.In order to clarify the complicated security and privacy issues,the life cycle of a physical object is divided into three stages of pre-working,in-working,and post-working.On this basis,a physical object-based security architecture for the IoT is put forward.According to the security architecture,security and privacy requirements and related protecting technologies for physical objects in different working stages are analyzed in detail.Considering the development of IoT technologies,potential security and privacy challenges that IoT objects may face in the pervasive computing environment are summarized.At the same time,possible directions for dealing with these challenges are also pointed out.
文摘Gastrodin, the major component isolated from the rhizome of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Gastrodia elata（‘‘Tianma＇＇）, has a long history in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders.However, the molecular mechanisms are not clear. Here,we found that gastrodin ameliorated pentylenetetrazole（PTZ）-induced epileptic seizures with improvement of the electroencephalographic pattern in mice. Further studies demonstrated that gastrodin decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-a while increasing interleukin-10, an antiinflammatory cytokine in the brain. Furthermore, gastrodin attenuated the PTZ-induced microglial activation along with inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases,c AMP response element binding protein, and NF-j B. Our data suggest that gastrodin attenuates seizures by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase-associated inflammatory responses.
基金supported by the National Public Project of Environmental Protection(No.201109023)the Shanghai Agricultural Committee(No.2012-2-1)
文摘Salinization and sodicity are obstacles for vegetation reconstruction of coastal tidal flat soils. A study was conducted with flue gas desulfurization（FGD）-gypsum applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg/ha to remediate tidal flat soils of the Yangtze River estuary.Exchangeable sodium percentage（ESP）, exchangeable sodium（ExNa）, p H, soluble salt concentration, and composition of soluble salts were measured in 10 cm increments from the surface to 30 cm depth after 6 and 18 months. The results indicated that the effect of FGD-gypsum is greatest in the 0–10 cm mixing soil layer and 60 Mg/ha was the optimal rate that can reduce the ESP to below 6% and decrease soil p H to neutral（7.0）. The improvement effect was reached after 6 months, and remained after 18 months. The composition of soluble salts was transformed from sodic salt ions mainly containing Na~＋, HCO_3^-＋ CO_3^（2-）and Cl-to neutral salt ions mainly containing Ca^（2＋）and SO_4^（2-）. Non-halophyte plants were survived at 90%. The study demonstrates that the use of FGD-gypsum for remediating tidal flat soils is promising.
文摘Deciphering the atomic‐level properties and mechanism of electrocatalysts for water splitting is vital for the development of highly active non‐noble‐metal catalysts.Herein,we conduct a detailed study of layered crystalline CoMoO_(4)using density functional theory(DFT)calculations.The layered arrangement of CoMoO_(4)along the[110]lattice direction is observed,and the two thermodynamically stable and most exposed(110)A and(001)A crystal facets are selected among all low‐index facets by surface energy calculations and Wulff construction to study the electrocatalytic activity for alkaline water splitting and corresponding mechanism.CoMoO_(4)with an exposed(110)A facet(i.e.,CMO(110)A)exhibited a high hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity,with aΔGH*of 0.22 eV,which is similar to that of Pt because the adsorbed H is allowed to interact with two oxygen atoms(O_(3)and Oadj).The(110)A facet also possesses better H_(2)O adsorption and dissociation abilities than the(001)A facet,benefiting the HER performance in alkaline solutions.Moreover,the overpotential of the(110)A facet for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is only 0.74 V according to the Gibbs free‐energy calculation,this overpotential is lower than that of the(001)A facet(0.84 V)owing to the stronger binding and more stable adsorption states between Co and O for the intermediate*O.By allowing us to identify highly active facets and sites,this approach guided the selective synthesis of CoMoO_(4)and its isostructural substances,such as Mn(Ni,Fe)MoO4 nanocatalysts,for alkaline water splitting.
基金the financial support of the Training Program of the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92061124)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975292,21978331,22068008,and 52101186)+3 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515010167 and 2022A1515011196)the Guangzhou Key R&D Program/Plan Unveiled Flagship Project(20220602JBGS02)the Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project(202201011449)the Research Fund Program of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology(FC202220 and FC202216)。
文摘Colloidal synthesis of metal nanoclusters will inevitably lead to the blockage of catalytically active sites by organic ligands.Here,taking[Au_(25)(PET)_(18)]-(PET=2-phenylethanethiol)nanocluster as a model catalyst,this work reports a feasible procedure to achieve the controllably partial removal of thiolate ligands from unsupported[Au_(25)(PET)_(18)]-nanoclusters with the preservation of the core structure.This procedure shortens the processing duration by rapid heating and cooling on the basis of traditional annealing treatment,avoiding the reconfiguration or agglomeration of Au_(25)nanoclusters,where the degree of dethiolation can be regulated by the control of duration.This work finds that a moderate degree of dethiolation can expose the Au active sites while maintaining the suppression of the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.Consequently,the activity and selectivity towards CO formation in electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction of Au_(25)nanoclusters can be promoted.This work provides a new approach for the removal of thiolate ligands from atomically precise gold nanoclusters.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:81272260&81572712 to L.Chen)Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province(SBK2020010058)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Estrogen receptor alpha(ERα/ESR1)is overexpressed in over half of all breast cancers and is considered a valuable therapeutic target in ERαpositive breast cancer.Here,we designed a membrane-permeant Chaperonemediated Autophagy Targeting Chimeras(CMATAC)peptide to knockdown endogenous ERαprotein through chaperone-mediated autophagy.The peptide contains a cell membrane-penetrating peptide(TAT)that allows the peptide to by-pass the plasma membrane,anαI peptide as a protein-binding peptide(PBD)that binds specifically to ERα,and CMA-targeting peptide(CTM)that targeting chaperone-mediated autophagy.We validated that ERαtargeting peptide was able to target and degrade ERαto reduce the viability of ERαpositive breast cancer cells.Taken together,our studies provided a new method to reduce the level of intracellular ERαprotein via CMATAC,and thus may provide a new strategy for the treatment of ERαpositive breast cancer.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11972096,12372127 and 12202085)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2022CDJQY004)+4 种基金Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0117)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M720562)Chongqing Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021XM3022)supported by the opening project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(Beijing Institute of Technology)The opening project number is KFJJ23-18 M。
文摘This study systematically examines the energy dissipation mechanisms and ballistic characteristics of foam sandwich panels(FSP)under high-velocity impact using the explicit non-linear finite element method.Based on the geometric topology of the FSP system,three FSP configurations with the same areal density are derived,namely multi-layer,gradient core and asymmetric face sheet,and three key structural parameters are identified:core thickness(t_(c)),face sheet thickness(t_(f))and overlap face/core number(n_(o)).The ballistic performance of the FSP system is comprehensively evaluated in terms of the ballistic limit velocity(BLV),deformation modes,energy dissipation mechanism,and specific penetration energy(SPE).The results show that the FSP system exhibits a significant configuration dependence,whose ballistic performance ranking is:asymmetric face sheet>gradient core>multi-layer.The mass distribution of the top and bottom face sheets plays a critical role in the ballistic resistance of the FSP system.Both BLV and SPE increase with tf,while the raising tcor noleads to an increase in BLV but a decrease in SPE.Further,a face-core synchronous enhancement mechanism is discovered by the energy dissipation analysis,based on which the ballistic optimization procedure is also conducted and a design chart is established.This study shed light on the anti-penetration mechanism of the FSP system and might provide a theoretical basis for its engineering application.
文摘With the development of multimedia presentation technology,image acquisition technology and the Internet industry,long-distance communication methods have changed from the previous letter,the audio to the current audio/video.And the proportion of video in work,study and entertainment keeps increasing,high-definition video is getting more and more attention.Due to the limits of the network environment and storage capacity,the original video must be encoded to be efficiently transmitted and stored.High Efficient Video Coding(HEVC)requires a large amount of time to recursively traverse all possible quantization parameter values of the coding unit in the adaptive quantization process.The optimal quantization parameter is calculated by comparing the rate distortion cost.In this paper,we propose a fast decision method for HEVC quantization parameters selection based on convolutional neural network,which saves video’s encoding time.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0206304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11874203,61822403,U1732159,11774160,and 61427812)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.021014380080)。
文摘We report a universal transfer methodology for producing artificial heterostructures of large-area freestanding single-crystalline WTe_(2) membranes on diverse target substrates.The transferred WTe_(2) membranes exhibit a nondestructive structure with a carrier mobility comparable to that of as-grown films(∼179–1055 cm^(2)·V^(−1)·s^(−1)).Furthermore,the transferred membranes show distinct Shubnikov–de Haas quantum oscillations as well as weak localization/weak anti-localization.These results provide a new approach to the development of atom manufacturing and devices based on atomic-level,large-area topological quantum films.
文摘Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China.And to analyze,from multiple angles,the variations in the methods of TM used in each countries and regions.Methods:Fifty commonly used traditional herbs(TOP50)from classical formulae were selected,and descriptive statistics,correlation analyses,and Friedman test were used to compare methods of clinical application and dosages in the countries and regions of interest based on a retrospective review of randomly-selected medical records.Results:There were significant differences in sequencing TOP50 among the five countries and regions(P<.01).The adherence to the classical formulae,from strong to weak was Japan;China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea.There were also significant differences in TOP50 dosing regimens(P<.01).Overall dosages of TOP50 from high to low were:China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China;South Korea;Japan.Finally,there were significant differences in the dosage intervals(P<.01),with dosage intervals from maximum to minimum as follows:China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea;Japan.Conclusions:The clinical dosages of traditional herbal medicine used in the China's Mainland are relatively large compared with those prescribed in the other four countries and regions,and the range of dosages in China's Mainland is more flexible.On the other hand,clinical dosages of TOP50 are the lowest in Japan,where the dosage range is also the narrowest,supporting the idea that Doctors of Kampo medicine are highly cautious and are likely to adhere strictly to classical formulae,while Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China are in the middle.The dosage of TOP50 in South Korea is significantly lower than that used in the China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China where the adherence to the classical formulae was the lowest,albeit slightly higher than that in Japan.The methods of clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in the five countries and regions were affected by multiple factors,including history,geography,climate,and culture.
基金Supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11972096 and 11572059)CAST Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program(2017QNRC001)+3 种基金Chinese-Foreign Excellent Youth Exchange Program(2017CASTQNJL042)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2018CDQYHK0029)Chongqing Key R&D Program(cstc2017zdcy-zdyfX0005)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(cstc2018jcyjAX0089)。
文摘The utilization of fiber reinforced thermoplastics(FRTP)is expected to fulfill lightweight demand in mass-produced aerospace products.Facing the unavoidable assembly of FRTP parts,fusion bonding methods such as resistance welding are promising compared with mechanical joint and adhesive bonding.In this paper,a procedure has been brought out to understand the relationship between processing conditions and performance of the FRTP welding joints.The adherends were continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene(GF/PP)laminates fabricated by hotpressing method.The influences of time,current and pressure on the bending strength of the resistance welding joints were investigated.A processing window was drawn based on the optical observation of welded surfaces.The quantitative relationship between process parameters and mechanical property of GF/PP welding joint was established by Response Surface Method(RSM)with high accuracy.It was found that bending strength of GF/PP welding joint was improved by 31%compared with hot-pressing benchmark.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172069)the Graduate Scientific Research and Innovation Foundation of Chongqing(CYS23078)for their support in this research.
文摘With the increasingly widespread application of rubber in many fields,there is a growing demand for quantitative characterization of temperature-dependent mechanical properties in high-temperature service environments.The critical tearing energy is an important criterion for determining whether rubber materials will experience tearing instability,while tear strength is a key parameter for rubber materials to resist tearing.It is necessary to quantitatively characterize their evolution with temperature.Current theoretical research mainly relies on fitting a large amount of experimental data,which is not convenient for engineering applications.Therefore,in this work,a temperature-dependent critical tearing energy model is firstly developed based on the force-heat equivalence energy density principle.This model considers the equivalent relationship between the critical tearing energy required for crack instability propagation and the thermal energy stored in the rubber material.It is demonstrated that our model has higher prediction accuracy when compared to other models.Furthermore,combining with the Griffith fracture theory,temperature-dependent tear strength models applicable to three different crack modes are separately established.These models are validated using experimental data for Mode I opening cracks and ModeⅢtearing cracks,and good consistency is achieved.Additionally,a quantitative analysis of the influence of elastic modulus on tear strength at different temperatures is conducted.This work provides a reliable way for predicting temperature-dependent tearing instability behavior and offers beneficial suggestions for improving the tear strength of rubber materials at different temperatures.
基金This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CBA01500)the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project(2012YQ120047)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11334013,11421064,11374210,and 11305185)the CAS Key Program(KGZD-EW-T05).
文摘Betatron radiation from laser wakefield accelerated electrons and X-rays scattered off a counter-propagating relativistic electron bunch arecollimated and hold the potential to extend the energy range to hard X-ray or gamma ray band. The peak brightness of these incoherent radiations could reach the level of the brightest synchrotron light sources in the world due to their femtosecond pulse duration and source sizedown to a few micrometers. In this article, the principle and properties of these radiation sources are briefly reviewed and compared. Then wepresent our recent progress in betatron radiation enhancement in the perspective of both photon energy and photon number. The enhancement istriggered by using a clustering gas target, arousing a second injection of a fiercely oscillating electron bunch with large charge or stimulating aresonantly enhanced oscillation of the ionization injected electrons. By adopting these methods, bright photon source with energy over 100 keVis generated which would greatly impact applications such as nuclear physics, diagnostic radiology, laboratory astrophysics and high-energydensity science.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2017YFA0206304 and 2016YFA0300803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos 61822403,11874203,11774160,61427812 and U1732159)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos 021014380080 and 021014380113)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No BK20192006)Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid-State Lighting and Energy-Saving Elec tronics.
文摘Topological Weyl semimetal WTe2 with large-scale Him form has a promising prospect for new-generation spintronic devices.However,it remains a hard task to suppress the defect states in large-scale WTe2 films due to the chemical nature.Here we significantly improve the crystalline quality and remove the Te vacancies in WTe2 films by post annealing.We observe the distinct Shubnikov-de Haas quantum oscillations in WTe2 films.The nontrivial Berry phase can be revealed by Landau fan diagram analysis.The Hall mobility of WTe2 films can reach 1245cm^2V^-1s^-1 and 1423cm^2V^-1s^-1 for holes and electrons with the carrier density of 5× 10^19 cm^-3 and 2 × 10^19 cm^-3,respectively.Our work provides a feasible route to obtain high-quality Weyl semimetal films for the future topological quantum device applications.
