海洋生物碳泵(BCP)与古气候的关系是碳循环研究的一个核心科学问题。本文利用罗斯海沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和一些重要的类脂化合物所隐含的生态学特性,即那些可引起海底沉积碳库组成和海洋BCP(包括生物泵BP和微型生物碳泵MCP)效率改变的...海洋生物碳泵(BCP)与古气候的关系是碳循环研究的一个核心科学问题。本文利用罗斯海沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和一些重要的类脂化合物所隐含的生态学特性,即那些可引起海底沉积碳库组成和海洋BCP(包括生物泵BP和微型生物碳泵MCP)效率改变的分子生物标志物,从罗斯海现代海洋出发,追溯到末次冰期以来(27~0.6 ka BP)古海洋生物碳泵演化(重点讨论BP和MCP)及其与一些重大地质事件的联系。研究结果表明:(1)罗斯海表层沉积物中相对高的TOC和较低C/N比值、以及正构烷烃色谱峰型、主峰碳、分子组合特征低碳数和高碳数比值(L/H)和(nC_(21)+nC_(22))/(nC_(28)+nC_(29))比值、低碳烃(nC_(15)+nC_(17)+nC_(19))、中碳烃(nC_(21)+nC_(23)+nC_(25))和高碳烃(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))、细菌(BrGDGT)和较低的陆源土壤指标(BIT)一致性表征海源有机质贡献占主导地位,通过海洋BP和MCP效应将内源有机碳输送到海底进行长期储存;Pr/Ph比值结合Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/C_(17)比值均表明表层沉积物为还原-强还原性的缺氧环境,有利于海底储存有机碳,同时还与海冰消融关系密切。(2)利用低温校正公式TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST[式(2)]反演现代的海洋表层温度(SST),并与WOA-SST(3月)表层水体温度较接近(R^(2)=0.78,p<0.01,n=15);同时利用TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST-2重建罗斯海JB03岩芯末次冰期以来的古海洋温度在-0.74~2.86℃范围(平均为1.03℃),接近现代南极罗斯海夏季温度。(3)JB03岩芯记录年代为27.27~0.6 ka BP,分为末次冰盛期(27.3~21 ka BP)、末次冰消期(21~11.7 ka BP)和全新世(11.7~0.6 ka BP)3个地质历史时期。末次冰期古海洋受冰盖和海冰限制作用的影响,初级生产力低下、沉积速率仅为0.45 cm/ka、Pr/Ph比值、Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/nC_(17)反映沉积环境氧化性较强、不利于MCP和BP储碳,在寒冷气候时段碳储量潜力降低;进入全新世暖期,冰架退缩解体,温暖的气候条件有利于浮游植物生产力和硅藻增加、浮游动物增加及影响粪便物质组成和提高沉降速率,促进有机碳向深海的输送加快,海底沉积为弱还原-弱氧化环境,有利于碳保存;硅藻生物量提高就意味着硅质泵加强,进而微生物活性增强、促进古菌和细菌生长,因而微生物总量-GDGTs、产甲烷古菌或广古菌-GDGT-0、奇古菌-Crenarchaeol生物量大大提高,显示罗斯海全新世以来古海洋BP和MCP作用大大加强,且古海洋BP与现代海洋均以硅藻/硅质泵为绝对主导。研究还发现,罗斯海末次冰期和全新世以来的古海洋BP和MCP储碳效率变化均与古海洋地质事件,即全球性大尺度的气候变化有关,这个碳库的大小与气候冷暖之间存在对应关系,罗斯海古海洋调节大气CO_(2)的能力,尤其在全新世暖期最强,这对于认识全球气候变化的海洋调控机制具有重要的科学意义。展开更多
During spring and autumn of 2006, the investigations on abundance, carbon biomass and distri- bution of picoplankton were carried out in the southern Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea, sHS）. Three groups of picoplankton-Syne...During spring and autumn of 2006, the investigations on abundance, carbon biomass and distri- bution of picoplankton were carried out in the southern Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea, sHS）. Three groups of picoplankton-Synechococcus （Syn）, Picoeukaryotes （PEuk） and heterotrophic bacteria （BAC） were identified, but Prochlorococcus （Pro） was undetected. The average abundance of Syn and PEuk was lower in spring （5.0 and 1.3×10^3 cells/cm^3, respectively） than in autumn （92.4 and 2.7×0^3 cells/cm^3, respectively）, but it was opposite for BAC （1.3 and 0.7×10^6 cells/cm^3 in spring and autumn, respectively）. And the total carbon biomass of picoplankton was higher in spring （37.23×11.67） mg/m^3 than in autumn （21.29×13.75） mg/m^3. The ratios of the three cell abundance were 5：1：1 341 and 30：1：124 in spring and autumn, respectively. And the ratios of carbon biomass of them were 5：7：362 and 9：4：4 in spring and autumn, respectively. Seasonal distribution characteristics of Syn, PEuk, BAC were quite different from each other. In spring, Syn abundance decreased in turn in the central waters （where phytoplankton bloom in spring occurred）, the southern waters and inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula （where even Syn was undetected）; the high values of PEuk abundance appeared in the central and southern waters and the inshore of the Shandong Peninsula; the abundance of BAC was nearly three order of magnitude higher than that of photosynthetic picoplankton, and high values appeared in the central waters. In autumn, Syn abundance in central waters was higher than that in surrounding waters, while for PEuk abundance, it decreased in turn in the inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula, the southern waters and the central waters; BAC presented a complicated blocky type distribution. Sub-surface maximum of each group of picopalnkton appeared in both spring and autumn. Compared with the available lit- eratures concerning the studied area, the range of Syn abundance was larger, and the abundance of BAC was higher. In addition, the conversion factors for calculating picoplanktonic carbon biomass were discussed, with the conversion factors which are different from previous studies in the same surveyed waters. The result of regression analysis showed that there was distinct positive correlation between BAC and photosynthetic picoplankton in spring （r=0.61, P 〈0.001）, but no correlation was found in autumn.展开更多
Molecular biomarkers(e.g.,isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers(iGDGTs)and proxies,such as di-unsaturated to tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoids(D/T)ratio,total organic carbon,δ^(13)C and ice-rafte...Molecular biomarkers(e.g.,isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers(iGDGTs)and proxies,such as di-unsaturated to tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoids(D/T)ratio,total organic carbon,δ^(13)C and ice-rafted debris(IRD))were used to reconstruct the dominant phytoplankton(diatoms,dinoflagellates and coccolithophores),phytoplankton and zooplankton productivity,biological pump structure,and archaea assemblage(Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)from a marine sediment core(D5-6)dated with^(210)Pb(1922–2012).We characterized the environmental response to sea ice variations/global warming off the eastern Antarctic Peninsula.The results showed that(1)the biomarkers brassicasterol(average=519.79 ng·g^(-1)),dinosterol(average=129.68 ng·g^(-1))and C37 alkenones(average=40.53 ng·g^(-1))reconstructed phytoplankton(average=690.00 ng·g^(-1))and zooplankton(cholesterol average=669.25 ng·g^(-1))productivity.The relative contribution to productivity by different phytoplankton groups was diatoms>dinoflagellates>coccolithophores.This is consistent with field surveys showing that diatoms dominate the phytoplankton in waters adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.(2)The relative abundances of different highly branched isoprenoids reflected the contributions of sea ice algae and open water phytoplankton(D/T=1.2–30.15).Phytoplankton productivity and sea ice showed a good linear relationship with a negative correlation,indicating that more open water during periods of warming and reduced sea ice cover led to an enhanced biological pump.(3)Over the past 100 years,phytoplankton productivity and zooplankton biomass increased.This trend was particularly evident in the last 50 years,corresponding to increased global warming,and showed a negative correlation with IRD and D/T.This suggests that with decreasing sea ice coverage in a warming climate,diatom biomass greatly increased.Coccolithophore/diatom values and the ratio of C37 alkenones to total phytoplankton productivity decreased,indicating the proportion of coccolithophores in the phytoplankton community decreased.The reduction in coccolithophores changes the phytoplankton assemblage and affects the overall efficiency of the biological pump and carbon storage.(4)The results also showed that the abundance of iGDGTs and archaea phyla(Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)showed consistent changes over the past 100 years in response to global warming.Since 1972,trends in archaea,phytoplankton and zooplankton showed variations but a consistent decline.Whether their response to the changing climate off the Antarctic Peninsula involves interactions and influence among different marine biological groups remains an open question.As a result of global warming and reductions in Antarctic sea ice,the relative effectiveness of the Antarctic biological pump can significantly affect global ocean carbon storage.展开更多
Plankton respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle and significantly affects the balance of autotrophic assimilation and heterotrophic production in oceanic ecosystems. In the present study, respiration rat...Plankton respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle and significantly affects the balance of autotrophic assimilation and heterotrophic production in oceanic ecosystems. In the present study, respiration rates of the euphotic zone plankton community（CR_（eu））, size fractionated chlorophyll a concentration（Chl a）, bacterial abundance（BAC）, and dissolved oxygen concentration（DO） were investigated during winter and summer in the northern South China Sea（n SCS）. The results show that there were obvious spatial and temporal variations in CR_（eu） in the n SCS（ranging from 0.03 to 1.10 μmol/（L·h））, CR_（eu） in winter（（0.53±0.27） μmol/（L·h）） was two times higher than that in summer（（0.26±0.20） μmol/（L·h））, and decreased gradually from the coastal zone to the open sea. The distribution of CR_（eu） was affected by coupled physical-chemical-biological processes, driven by monsoon events. The results also show that CR_（eu） was positively correlated with Chl a, BAC, and DO, and that BAC contributed the highest CR_（eu） variability. Furthermore, the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression suggest that bacteria and phytoplankton were the dominant factors in determining CR_（eu）（R^2 = 0.82, p〈0.05） in the n SCS. Based on this relationship, we estimated the integrated water column respiration rate（CRint） within 100 m of the investigated area, and found that the relationship between the biomass of the plankton community and respiration may be nonlinear in the water column.展开更多
文摘海洋生物碳泵(BCP)与古气候的关系是碳循环研究的一个核心科学问题。本文利用罗斯海沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和一些重要的类脂化合物所隐含的生态学特性,即那些可引起海底沉积碳库组成和海洋BCP(包括生物泵BP和微型生物碳泵MCP)效率改变的分子生物标志物,从罗斯海现代海洋出发,追溯到末次冰期以来(27~0.6 ka BP)古海洋生物碳泵演化(重点讨论BP和MCP)及其与一些重大地质事件的联系。研究结果表明:(1)罗斯海表层沉积物中相对高的TOC和较低C/N比值、以及正构烷烃色谱峰型、主峰碳、分子组合特征低碳数和高碳数比值(L/H)和(nC_(21)+nC_(22))/(nC_(28)+nC_(29))比值、低碳烃(nC_(15)+nC_(17)+nC_(19))、中碳烃(nC_(21)+nC_(23)+nC_(25))和高碳烃(nC_(27)+nC_(29)+nC_(31))、细菌(BrGDGT)和较低的陆源土壤指标(BIT)一致性表征海源有机质贡献占主导地位,通过海洋BP和MCP效应将内源有机碳输送到海底进行长期储存;Pr/Ph比值结合Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/C_(17)比值均表明表层沉积物为还原-强还原性的缺氧环境,有利于海底储存有机碳,同时还与海冰消融关系密切。(2)利用低温校正公式TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST[式(2)]反演现代的海洋表层温度(SST),并与WOA-SST(3月)表层水体温度较接近(R^(2)=0.78,p<0.01,n=15);同时利用TEXL_(86)^(L)-SST-2重建罗斯海JB03岩芯末次冰期以来的古海洋温度在-0.74~2.86℃范围(平均为1.03℃),接近现代南极罗斯海夏季温度。(3)JB03岩芯记录年代为27.27~0.6 ka BP,分为末次冰盛期(27.3~21 ka BP)、末次冰消期(21~11.7 ka BP)和全新世(11.7~0.6 ka BP)3个地质历史时期。末次冰期古海洋受冰盖和海冰限制作用的影响,初级生产力低下、沉积速率仅为0.45 cm/ka、Pr/Ph比值、Ph/nC_(18)和Pr/nC_(17)反映沉积环境氧化性较强、不利于MCP和BP储碳,在寒冷气候时段碳储量潜力降低;进入全新世暖期,冰架退缩解体,温暖的气候条件有利于浮游植物生产力和硅藻增加、浮游动物增加及影响粪便物质组成和提高沉降速率,促进有机碳向深海的输送加快,海底沉积为弱还原-弱氧化环境,有利于碳保存;硅藻生物量提高就意味着硅质泵加强,进而微生物活性增强、促进古菌和细菌生长,因而微生物总量-GDGTs、产甲烷古菌或广古菌-GDGT-0、奇古菌-Crenarchaeol生物量大大提高,显示罗斯海全新世以来古海洋BP和MCP作用大大加强,且古海洋BP与现代海洋均以硅藻/硅质泵为绝对主导。研究还发现,罗斯海末次冰期和全新世以来的古海洋BP和MCP储碳效率变化均与古海洋地质事件,即全球性大尺度的气候变化有关,这个碳库的大小与气候冷暖之间存在对应关系,罗斯海古海洋调节大气CO_(2)的能力,尤其在全新世暖期最强,这对于认识全球气候变化的海洋调控机制具有重要的科学意义。
基金The National Basic Research Program of China under contract No. 2006CB400605the scientific research fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography,SOA under contract No. JG0919
文摘During spring and autumn of 2006, the investigations on abundance, carbon biomass and distri- bution of picoplankton were carried out in the southern Huanghai Sea （Yellow Sea, sHS）. Three groups of picoplankton-Synechococcus （Syn）, Picoeukaryotes （PEuk） and heterotrophic bacteria （BAC） were identified, but Prochlorococcus （Pro） was undetected. The average abundance of Syn and PEuk was lower in spring （5.0 and 1.3×10^3 cells/cm^3, respectively） than in autumn （92.4 and 2.7×0^3 cells/cm^3, respectively）, but it was opposite for BAC （1.3 and 0.7×10^6 cells/cm^3 in spring and autumn, respectively）. And the total carbon biomass of picoplankton was higher in spring （37.23×11.67） mg/m^3 than in autumn （21.29×13.75） mg/m^3. The ratios of the three cell abundance were 5：1：1 341 and 30：1：124 in spring and autumn, respectively. And the ratios of carbon biomass of them were 5：7：362 and 9：4：4 in spring and autumn, respectively. Seasonal distribution characteristics of Syn, PEuk, BAC were quite different from each other. In spring, Syn abundance decreased in turn in the central waters （where phytoplankton bloom in spring occurred）, the southern waters and inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula （where even Syn was undetected）; the high values of PEuk abundance appeared in the central and southern waters and the inshore of the Shandong Peninsula; the abundance of BAC was nearly three order of magnitude higher than that of photosynthetic picoplankton, and high values appeared in the central waters. In autumn, Syn abundance in central waters was higher than that in surrounding waters, while for PEuk abundance, it decreased in turn in the inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula, the southern waters and the central waters; BAC presented a complicated blocky type distribution. Sub-surface maximum of each group of picopalnkton appeared in both spring and autumn. Compared with the available lit- eratures concerning the studied area, the range of Syn abundance was larger, and the abundance of BAC was higher. In addition, the conversion factors for calculating picoplanktonic carbon biomass were discussed, with the conversion factors which are different from previous studies in the same surveyed waters. The result of regression analysis showed that there was distinct positive correlation between BAC and photosynthetic picoplankton in spring （r=0.61, P 〈0.001）, but no correlation was found in autumn.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.42076243,41976227 and 41576186)Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation&Assessment Programs.
文摘Molecular biomarkers(e.g.,isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers(iGDGTs)and proxies,such as di-unsaturated to tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoids(D/T)ratio,total organic carbon,δ^(13)C and ice-rafted debris(IRD))were used to reconstruct the dominant phytoplankton(diatoms,dinoflagellates and coccolithophores),phytoplankton and zooplankton productivity,biological pump structure,and archaea assemblage(Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)from a marine sediment core(D5-6)dated with^(210)Pb(1922–2012).We characterized the environmental response to sea ice variations/global warming off the eastern Antarctic Peninsula.The results showed that(1)the biomarkers brassicasterol(average=519.79 ng·g^(-1)),dinosterol(average=129.68 ng·g^(-1))and C37 alkenones(average=40.53 ng·g^(-1))reconstructed phytoplankton(average=690.00 ng·g^(-1))and zooplankton(cholesterol average=669.25 ng·g^(-1))productivity.The relative contribution to productivity by different phytoplankton groups was diatoms>dinoflagellates>coccolithophores.This is consistent with field surveys showing that diatoms dominate the phytoplankton in waters adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.(2)The relative abundances of different highly branched isoprenoids reflected the contributions of sea ice algae and open water phytoplankton(D/T=1.2–30.15).Phytoplankton productivity and sea ice showed a good linear relationship with a negative correlation,indicating that more open water during periods of warming and reduced sea ice cover led to an enhanced biological pump.(3)Over the past 100 years,phytoplankton productivity and zooplankton biomass increased.This trend was particularly evident in the last 50 years,corresponding to increased global warming,and showed a negative correlation with IRD and D/T.This suggests that with decreasing sea ice coverage in a warming climate,diatom biomass greatly increased.Coccolithophore/diatom values and the ratio of C37 alkenones to total phytoplankton productivity decreased,indicating the proportion of coccolithophores in the phytoplankton community decreased.The reduction in coccolithophores changes the phytoplankton assemblage and affects the overall efficiency of the biological pump and carbon storage.(4)The results also showed that the abundance of iGDGTs and archaea phyla(Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)showed consistent changes over the past 100 years in response to global warming.Since 1972,trends in archaea,phytoplankton and zooplankton showed variations but a consistent decline.Whether their response to the changing climate off the Antarctic Peninsula involves interactions and influence among different marine biological groups remains an open question.As a result of global warming and reductions in Antarctic sea ice,the relative effectiveness of the Antarctic biological pump can significantly affect global ocean carbon storage.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under contract Nos 90711006,41306162 and 41006101the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1401601the National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction under contract No.GASI-0301-03-03
文摘Plankton respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle and significantly affects the balance of autotrophic assimilation and heterotrophic production in oceanic ecosystems. In the present study, respiration rates of the euphotic zone plankton community（CR_（eu））, size fractionated chlorophyll a concentration（Chl a）, bacterial abundance（BAC）, and dissolved oxygen concentration（DO） were investigated during winter and summer in the northern South China Sea（n SCS）. The results show that there were obvious spatial and temporal variations in CR_（eu） in the n SCS（ranging from 0.03 to 1.10 μmol/（L·h））, CR_（eu） in winter（（0.53±0.27） μmol/（L·h）） was two times higher than that in summer（（0.26±0.20） μmol/（L·h））, and decreased gradually from the coastal zone to the open sea. The distribution of CR_（eu） was affected by coupled physical-chemical-biological processes, driven by monsoon events. The results also show that CR_（eu） was positively correlated with Chl a, BAC, and DO, and that BAC contributed the highest CR_（eu） variability. Furthermore, the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression suggest that bacteria and phytoplankton were the dominant factors in determining CR_（eu）（R^2 = 0.82, p〈0.05） in the n SCS. Based on this relationship, we estimated the integrated water column respiration rate（CRint） within 100 m of the investigated area, and found that the relationship between the biomass of the plankton community and respiration may be nonlinear in the water column.
