Rising temperatures and increased droughts caused by climate change significantly reduce crop yields.Halophytes with different photosynthetic metabolism types have specific mechanisms for resistance to climatic factor...Rising temperatures and increased droughts caused by climate change significantly reduce crop yields.Halophytes with different photosynthetic metabolism types have specific mechanisms for resistance to climatic factors.This study analyzed the morphophysiological,biochemical,and molecular-genetic mechanisms of tolerance and adaptation in halophytes,promising candidates for the restoration of salt affected lands in arid and semi-arid areas.Experiments under drought(D)and elevated temperature(eT),as well as their combined action(eT+D),were performed on Atriplex verrucifera M.Bied.(C_(3)plant)and Climacoptera crassa(M.Bieb.)Botsch.(C_(4)-NAD-ME plant)with different types of photosynthesis.The activity of photosystem I(PSI)and the efficiency of photosystem II(PSII)were measured,along with the expression of genes involved in the light(psaA,psaB,psbA,CAB,Fd1,PGR5,and ndhH)and dark(rbcL,Ppc2,and PPDK)reactions of photosynthesis.The content of key carboxylating enzymes ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),as well as the photorespiration enzyme glycine decarboxylase(GDC),were assessed.Plant growth and water-salt balance parameters,and activity of enzymes in the malate dehydrogenase(MDH)system nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(phosphate)(NAD(P))-MDH and NAD(P)-malic enzyme(ME)were also examined.A multivariate analysis of the experimental results revealed that A.verrucifera and C.crassa were both resistant to the effects of these climatic stressors.The tolerance mechanisms of both species were significantly influenced by a high level of photosynthetic plasticity.Nevertheless,differences were observed in the protective mechanisms underlying tolerance.In the C_(3)species,dissipative processes associated with non-photochemical quenching(NPQ)of PSII and MDH system enzymes(malate valves)were activated,particularly under osmotic stress.The negative effects in the C_(3)plants were caused by the combined action of eT+D,which was compensated by an increased expression of rbcL,psaA,CAB,and especially PGR5,i.e.,genes encoding Rubisco large subunit and PSI components:apoproteins A,chlorophyll a/b-associated protein(CAB)of light-harvesting complex,and proton gradient regulation 5(PGR5)protein of the main pathway of cyclic electron transport(CET)around PSI.In C_(4)species,the protective MDH complex was expressed to a lesser extent,but activation of the C_(4)carbon-concentrating mechanism(CCM)and upregulation of PGR5 expression were observed,particularly under the individual action of the factors.Under the combined stress of eT+D,C.crassa exhibited a synergistic effect,where the increase in NPQ level and NAD-ME activity,as well as decrease in NADP-ME activity was less pronounced compared with the effect of singular factors.Comparative physiological,biochemical,and molecular analyses of how C_(3)and C_(4)species response to individual and combined climatic factors provide new insights into sustainable plant adaptation strategies in the face of global climate change.Considering the high nutritional value of these two fodder species,a technological approach could be developed to improve the productivity of salt affected lands.展开更多
Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth’s crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments.Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level,at the organ level,and at the cellula...Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth’s crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments.Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level,at the organ level,and at the cellular level.Tobacco as a cash crop(Nicotiana tabacum L.)is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research.Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature,reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited.In this article,we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity,but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species(even animals).This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques,as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them.In addition,molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity,such as overexpression of various protective proteins.Besides,this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses,cell death,and other mechanisms,data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.展开更多
Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis li...Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis live in a wide range of precipitation,temperature,and soil quality,but are more often found in warm and dry habitats.One of the intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)photosynthetic type is C_(2)photosynthesis with a carbon concentration mechanism(CCM)that reassimilates CO_(2)released via photorespiration.However,the ecological significance under which C_(2)photosynthesis has advantages over C_(3)and C_(4)plants remains largely unexplored.Salt tolerance and functioning of CCM were studied in plants from two populations(P1 and P2)of Sedobassia sedoides(Pall.)Freitag&G.Kadereit Asch.species with C_(2)photosynthesis exposed to 4 d and 10 d salinity(200 mM NaCl)at ambient(785.7 mg/m^(3),aCO_(2)and elevated(1571.4 mg/m^(3),eCO_(2))CO_(2).On the fourth day of salinity,an increase in Na+content,activity catalase,and superoxide dismutase was observed in both populations.P2 plants showed an increase in proline content and a decrease in photosynthetic enzyme content:rubisco,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),and glycine decarboxylase(GDC),which indicated a weakening of C_(2)and C_(4)characteristics under salinity.Treatment under 10 d salinity led to an increased Na^(+)content and activity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I(PSI CEF),a decreased content of K^(+)and GDC in both populations.P1 plants showed greater salt tolerance,which was assessed by the degree of reduction in photosynthetic enzyme content,PSI CEF activity,and changes in relative growth rate(RGR).Differences between populations were evident under the combination of eCO_(2)and salinity.Under long-term salinity and eCO_(2),more salt-tolerant P1 plants had a higher dry biomass(DW),which was positively correlated with PSI CEF activity.In less salt-tolerant P2 plants,DW correlated with transpiration and dark respiration.Thus,S.sedoides showed a high degree of photosynthetic plasticity under the influence of salinity and eCO_(2)through strengthening(P1 plants)and weakening C_(4)characteristics(P2 plants).展开更多
Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ...Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4)were characterized for morphological,yield,and nutritional quality attributes while being grown under the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.The field experiment was carried out in the winter season(November 2022–March 2023)at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,using a randomized complete block design with three replications.Data on various qualitative and quantitative traits related to growth and yield-attributes were recorded.A large variability was observed among the genotypes for growth habit,stem color,panicle shape,and panicle color at maturity.The whitish color of the seed was found in GPBQ-3 which indicates less saponin content as confirmed by saponin test.Yield attributing quantitative traits(viz.,days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yield plant^(-1),above-ground biomass,and harvest index)also showed significant variation among the genotypes studied.Genotypes SAU Quinoa-1 and GPBQ-2 were identified as early maturing genotypes.The higher yield plant^(-1) was recorded in GPBQ-1 and GPBQ-3 genotypes.The phenotypic coefficient of variation for the majority of the traits evaluated was slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation.For stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yields plant^(-1),and above-ground biomass,high heritability and high genetic advancement were seen as percentages of the mean.Yield plant^(-1) showed significant positive correlation with days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,and above-ground biomass(0.568*,0.812***,0.744***,0.895***,0.993***,and 0.985***,respectively).The first two components accounted for 85.5%of the overall variation among the genotypes,according to principal component analysis.Significant variability was also found for seed mineral contents(viz.,calcium,copper,iron,potassium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)in the studied genotypes.The SAU Quinoa-1 genotype contained the highest amount of calcium and zinc,whereas,the highest amount of potassium was recorded in the GPBQ-1 genotype.We found a non-significant variability in carbohydrate,protein,fat,fiber,and vitamins(viz.,thiamine,riboflavin,niacin,and folic acid)contents in the studied genotypes.Considering all the yield and nutritional quality traits under study,the genotypes GPBQ-1,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4 were selected for future variety development program.展开更多
Twenty-eight sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench） genotypes of the different ecological and geographic origins： Kazakhstan, Russia, India, Uzbekistan, and China were tested in the high latitude rainfed con...Twenty-eight sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench） genotypes of the different ecological and geographic origins： Kazakhstan, Russia, India, Uzbekistan, and China were tested in the high latitude rainfed conditions of northern Kazakhstan. The genotypes demonstrated high biomass production （up to 100 t＇ha1 and more）. The genotypes ripening to full reproductive seeds were selected for seed production and introduction in the northern Kazakhstan. Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum S-1, Streptococcus thermophilus F-1 and Lactococcus lactis F-4 essentially enhance the fermentation process, suppressing undesirable microbiological processes, reducing the loss of nutrient compounds, accelerating in 2 times maturation ensilage process and providing higher quality of the feed product.展开更多
基金supported by the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(122042700044-6)the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development(SATREPS)project(JPMJSA2001).
文摘Rising temperatures and increased droughts caused by climate change significantly reduce crop yields.Halophytes with different photosynthetic metabolism types have specific mechanisms for resistance to climatic factors.This study analyzed the morphophysiological,biochemical,and molecular-genetic mechanisms of tolerance and adaptation in halophytes,promising candidates for the restoration of salt affected lands in arid and semi-arid areas.Experiments under drought(D)and elevated temperature(eT),as well as their combined action(eT+D),were performed on Atriplex verrucifera M.Bied.(C_(3)plant)and Climacoptera crassa(M.Bieb.)Botsch.(C_(4)-NAD-ME plant)with different types of photosynthesis.The activity of photosystem I(PSI)and the efficiency of photosystem II(PSII)were measured,along with the expression of genes involved in the light(psaA,psaB,psbA,CAB,Fd1,PGR5,and ndhH)and dark(rbcL,Ppc2,and PPDK)reactions of photosynthesis.The content of key carboxylating enzymes ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),as well as the photorespiration enzyme glycine decarboxylase(GDC),were assessed.Plant growth and water-salt balance parameters,and activity of enzymes in the malate dehydrogenase(MDH)system nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(phosphate)(NAD(P))-MDH and NAD(P)-malic enzyme(ME)were also examined.A multivariate analysis of the experimental results revealed that A.verrucifera and C.crassa were both resistant to the effects of these climatic stressors.The tolerance mechanisms of both species were significantly influenced by a high level of photosynthetic plasticity.Nevertheless,differences were observed in the protective mechanisms underlying tolerance.In the C_(3)species,dissipative processes associated with non-photochemical quenching(NPQ)of PSII and MDH system enzymes(malate valves)were activated,particularly under osmotic stress.The negative effects in the C_(3)plants were caused by the combined action of eT+D,which was compensated by an increased expression of rbcL,psaA,CAB,and especially PGR5,i.e.,genes encoding Rubisco large subunit and PSI components:apoproteins A,chlorophyll a/b-associated protein(CAB)of light-harvesting complex,and proton gradient regulation 5(PGR5)protein of the main pathway of cyclic electron transport(CET)around PSI.In C_(4)species,the protective MDH complex was expressed to a lesser extent,but activation of the C_(4)carbon-concentrating mechanism(CCM)and upregulation of PGR5 expression were observed,particularly under the individual action of the factors.Under the combined stress of eT+D,C.crassa exhibited a synergistic effect,where the increase in NPQ level and NAD-ME activity,as well as decrease in NADP-ME activity was less pronounced compared with the effect of singular factors.Comparative physiological,biochemical,and molecular analyses of how C_(3)and C_(4)species response to individual and combined climatic factors provide new insights into sustainable plant adaptation strategies in the face of global climate change.Considering the high nutritional value of these two fodder species,a technological approach could be developed to improve the productivity of salt affected lands.
文摘Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth’s crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments.Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level,at the organ level,and at the cellular level.Tobacco as a cash crop(Nicotiana tabacum L.)is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research.Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature,reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited.In this article,we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity,but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species(even animals).This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques,as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them.In addition,molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity,such as overexpression of various protective proteins.Besides,this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses,cell death,and other mechanisms,data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.
基金partially supported by the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development(SATREPS)in collaboration with the Japan Science and Technology Agency(JPMJSA2001)the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(122042700044-6).
文摘Rising atmospheric CO_(2)(carbon dioxide)concentrations and salinization are manifestations of climate change that affect plant growth and productivity.Species with an intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)type of photosynthesis live in a wide range of precipitation,temperature,and soil quality,but are more often found in warm and dry habitats.One of the intermediate C_(3)-C_(4)photosynthetic type is C_(2)photosynthesis with a carbon concentration mechanism(CCM)that reassimilates CO_(2)released via photorespiration.However,the ecological significance under which C_(2)photosynthesis has advantages over C_(3)and C_(4)plants remains largely unexplored.Salt tolerance and functioning of CCM were studied in plants from two populations(P1 and P2)of Sedobassia sedoides(Pall.)Freitag&G.Kadereit Asch.species with C_(2)photosynthesis exposed to 4 d and 10 d salinity(200 mM NaCl)at ambient(785.7 mg/m^(3),aCO_(2)and elevated(1571.4 mg/m^(3),eCO_(2))CO_(2).On the fourth day of salinity,an increase in Na+content,activity catalase,and superoxide dismutase was observed in both populations.P2 plants showed an increase in proline content and a decrease in photosynthetic enzyme content:rubisco,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),and glycine decarboxylase(GDC),which indicated a weakening of C_(2)and C_(4)characteristics under salinity.Treatment under 10 d salinity led to an increased Na^(+)content and activity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I(PSI CEF),a decreased content of K^(+)and GDC in both populations.P1 plants showed greater salt tolerance,which was assessed by the degree of reduction in photosynthetic enzyme content,PSI CEF activity,and changes in relative growth rate(RGR).Differences between populations were evident under the combination of eCO_(2)and salinity.Under long-term salinity and eCO_(2),more salt-tolerant P1 plants had a higher dry biomass(DW),which was positively correlated with PSI CEF activity.In less salt-tolerant P2 plants,DW correlated with transpiration and dark respiration.Thus,S.sedoides showed a high degree of photosynthetic plasticity under the influence of salinity and eCO_(2)through strengthening(P1 plants)and weakening C_(4)characteristics(P2 plants).
文摘Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4)were characterized for morphological,yield,and nutritional quality attributes while being grown under the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.The field experiment was carried out in the winter season(November 2022–March 2023)at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,using a randomized complete block design with three replications.Data on various qualitative and quantitative traits related to growth and yield-attributes were recorded.A large variability was observed among the genotypes for growth habit,stem color,panicle shape,and panicle color at maturity.The whitish color of the seed was found in GPBQ-3 which indicates less saponin content as confirmed by saponin test.Yield attributing quantitative traits(viz.,days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yield plant^(-1),above-ground biomass,and harvest index)also showed significant variation among the genotypes studied.Genotypes SAU Quinoa-1 and GPBQ-2 were identified as early maturing genotypes.The higher yield plant^(-1) was recorded in GPBQ-1 and GPBQ-3 genotypes.The phenotypic coefficient of variation for the majority of the traits evaluated was slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation.For stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yields plant^(-1),and above-ground biomass,high heritability and high genetic advancement were seen as percentages of the mean.Yield plant^(-1) showed significant positive correlation with days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,and above-ground biomass(0.568*,0.812***,0.744***,0.895***,0.993***,and 0.985***,respectively).The first two components accounted for 85.5%of the overall variation among the genotypes,according to principal component analysis.Significant variability was also found for seed mineral contents(viz.,calcium,copper,iron,potassium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)in the studied genotypes.The SAU Quinoa-1 genotype contained the highest amount of calcium and zinc,whereas,the highest amount of potassium was recorded in the GPBQ-1 genotype.We found a non-significant variability in carbohydrate,protein,fat,fiber,and vitamins(viz.,thiamine,riboflavin,niacin,and folic acid)contents in the studied genotypes.Considering all the yield and nutritional quality traits under study,the genotypes GPBQ-1,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4 were selected for future variety development program.
文摘Twenty-eight sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench） genotypes of the different ecological and geographic origins： Kazakhstan, Russia, India, Uzbekistan, and China were tested in the high latitude rainfed conditions of northern Kazakhstan. The genotypes demonstrated high biomass production （up to 100 t＇ha1 and more）. The genotypes ripening to full reproductive seeds were selected for seed production and introduction in the northern Kazakhstan. Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum S-1, Streptococcus thermophilus F-1 and Lactococcus lactis F-4 essentially enhance the fermentation process, suppressing undesirable microbiological processes, reducing the loss of nutrient compounds, accelerating in 2 times maturation ensilage process and providing higher quality of the feed product.
