The Budunhua Cu deposit is located in the Tuquan ore-concentrated area of the southern Great Xing’an Range,NE China.This deposit includes the southern Jinjiling and northern Kongqueshan ore blocks,separated by the Bu...The Budunhua Cu deposit is located in the Tuquan ore-concentrated area of the southern Great Xing’an Range,NE China.This deposit includes the southern Jinjiling and northern Kongqueshan ore blocks,separated by the Budunhua granitic pluton.Cu mineralization occurs mainly as stockworks or veins in the outer contact zone between tonalite porphyry and Permian metasandstone.The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages involving stage Ⅰ quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite;stage Ⅱ quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite;stage Ⅲ quartz--polynetallic sulfides;and stage IV quartz-calcite.Three types of fluid inclusions(FIs) can be distinguished in the Budunhua deposit:liquid-rich two-phase aqueous FIs(L-type),vapour-rich aqueous FIs(V-type),and daughter mineral-bearing multi-phase FIs(S-type).Quartz of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ contains all types of FIs,whereas only L-type FIs are evident in stage Ⅳ veins.The coexisting V-and S-type FIs of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ have similar homogenization temperatures but contrasting salinities,which indicates that fluid boiling occurred.The FIs of stages Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳyield homogenization temperatures of 265-396℃,245-350℃,200-300℃,and 90-228℃ with salinities of3.4-44.3 wt.%,2.9-40.2 wt.%,1.4-38.2 wt.%,and 0.9-9.2 wt.% NaCl eqv.,respectively.Ore-forming fluids of the Budunhua deposit are characterized by high temperatures,moderate salinities,and relatively oxidizing conditions typical of an H2 O-NaCl fluid system.Mineralization in the Budunhua deposit occurred at a depth of0.3-1.5 km,with fluid boiling and mixing likely being responsible for ore precipitation.C-H-O-S-Pb isotope studies indicate a predominantly magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids and materials.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses indicate that ore-forming tonalite porphyry and post-ore dioritic porphyrite were formed at 151.1±1.1 Ma and 129.9±1.9 Ma,respectively.Geochemical data imply that the primary magma of the tonalite porphyry formed through partial melting of Neoproterozoic lower crust.On the basis of available evidence,we suggest that the Budunhua deposit is a porphyry ore system that is spatially,temporally,and genetically associated with tonalite porphyry and formed in a post-collision extensional setting following closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.展开更多
The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)...The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)ore-blocks.To better understand the metallogenic processes in ore district,we have undertaken a series of studies including fluid inclusion microthermometry,H-O-S-Pb isotope compositions and thermodynamic modeling.Based on fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry results and HO isotope compositions,the ore-forming H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions are characterized by medium temperature and medium salinity.And two kinds of fluid processes(boiling in western and middle ore-block and fluid mixing in the eastern ore-block)were identified to explain the ore fluid evolution.More importantly,log ?O2-pH diagrams of δ^34S contours with the stability fields of Fe-and Cu-,Zn-,Pb-,and Ag-bearing minerals were constructed to restore the physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluid in the western(270℃ and 80 bars),middle(250℃ and 70 bars),and eastern(230℃ and 50 bars)ore-blocks.As a result,the ore-forming conditions in the western and middle ore-block were similar.In the eastern ore-block,the fluids may have changed from acidic,S-poor and δ^34S(ΣS)≈2.8 to neutral,S-richer and δ^34S(ΣS)≈0.5,which imply that neutral S-rich meteoric water was mixed with the magmatic fluid.Meanwhile,the activity of Ag+was estimated to be about 10 ppm–9 ppm in the middle ore-block,but in the eastern ore-block it was about^10 ppm–12 ppm.We proposed that the key for Ag ore deposition was likely to be neutralization led by fluid mixing.展开更多
The Xilamulun molybdenum polymetallic metallogenic belt in eastern Inner Mongolia forms one of the most important Mo metallogenic belts in northeastern China. The Dongshanwan porphyry Mo-W polymetallic deposit, in the...The Xilamulun molybdenum polymetallic metallogenic belt in eastern Inner Mongolia forms one of the most important Mo metallogenic belts in northeastern China. The Dongshanwan porphyry Mo-W polymetallic deposit, in the northeastern part of the Xilamulun metallogenic belt, occurs along the periphery of a granite porphyry and consists of Mo-W-Ag sulfide and oxide disseminations and veinlets in hydrothermal assemblages. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the Dongshanwan granite porphyry yields a crystallization age of 142.15± 0.91 Ma, whereas molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating model ages are of 139.9–141.5 Ma and an isochron age is of 140.5± 3.2 Ma（MSWD=1.2）. The age consistency indicates that the Dongshanwan deposit was a product of Early Cretaceous magmatism. The Dongshanwan granite porphyry is a high-alkali high-potassium intrusion and has high SiO_2（75.39 wt.%–76.15 wt.%）, low Al_2O_3（12 wt.%–13 wt.%）, Ba, Ti, P, and Sr contents, with negative Eu anomalies. The Y/Nb ratios are comparable to those of average continental crust and island arc basalts, corresponding to type-A2 granites. Our geochemical data indicate that the granite porphyry emplaced in an Early Cretaceous post-orogenic extensional environment following Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic subduction and subsequent continental collision.展开更多
The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Pb-Zn mineral province,which has significant Pb-Zn repositories in China,is situated in the western Yangtze Block.Despite decades of research,the Pb-Zn source of deposits is still disput...The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Pb-Zn mineral province,which has significant Pb-Zn repositories in China,is situated in the western Yangtze Block.Despite decades of research,the Pb-Zn source of deposits is still disputed between the basement rocks,sedimentary wall rocks,or the Emeishan flood basalts.The newly-discovered Laoxiongdong Pb-Zn deposit is hosted by the Late Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the SYG province.Moreover,the Laoxiongdong orebodies lie between regional deep faults and close to the Proterozoic basement and Emeishan basalts.Hence,this deposit represents a good case study on the ore-forming material source for the regional Pb-Zn mineralization.The Laoxiongdong Pb-Zn ores are massive,vein,or disseminated and have mainly sphalerite,galena,pyrite,quartz,and calcite.In this paper,we present new sulfide S-Pb-Zn isotope data of the deposit.The sulfideδ34SCDT values(+11.8 to+16.5‰)suggest that the reduced sulfur was mainly sourced from evaporites in the Late Ediacaran-Cambrian sequences.Pb isotopic ratios(206Pb/204Pb=18.004-18.107,207Pb/204Pb=15.652-15.667,and 208Pb/204Pb=38.037-38.248)suggest that the lead metal was primarily originated from the basement rocks.The sphaleriteδ66Zn values(+0.16 to+0.37‰)are also highly similar(within error)to those of basement rocks(+0.10 to+0.34‰),suggesting a basement-rocks zinc source with minor contributions from the carbonate host rocks and Emeishan flood basalts.The narrow sphalerite Zn isotopic range(0.21‰)also indicates that the Zn isotopic fractionation between the sphalerite and initial fluid was limited during the sphalerite ore precipitation.Therefore,we propose that both the Late Ediacaran Dengying Formation rocks and Proterozoic basement rocks were important ore-forming material source for the Laoxiongdong deposit,whereas the Emeishan flood basalts represent only a minor ore-material source.展开更多
We studied the fluid inclusions of the Jiguanshan Mo deposit in China,which is a large porphyry deposit located in the southern Xilamulun Metallogenic Belt.The irregular Mo ore body with various types of hydrothermal ...We studied the fluid inclusions of the Jiguanshan Mo deposit in China,which is a large porphyry deposit located in the southern Xilamulun Metallogenic Belt.The irregular Mo ore body with various types of hydrothermal veinlets is hosted by Late Jurassic granite porphyry.Intense hydrothermal alterations in the deposit from the core to margin are silicification-potassium feldspar alteration,pyrite-quartz-sericite-fluorite alteration,and propylitic alteration.Based on the mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships of ore veins,the ore-forming process were divided into three stages and two substages:quartz-pyrite veins(stage I)associated with potassic alteration;quartz-molybdenite-chalcopyrite-pyrite veins(substage Ⅱ-1)and quartz-molybdenite-fluorite veins(substage Ⅱ-2)associated with phyllic alteration;and fluorite-quartz-carbonate veins(stage Ⅲ)with carbonation.Five majorfluid inclusions(FIs)types were distinguished in the quartz associated with oxide and sulfide minerals,i.e.polyphase brine(Pb-type),opaque-bearing brine(Ob-type),solid halite(S-type),two-phase aqueous(A-type),and vapor(Vtype)inclusions.The FIs of stage I were composed of liquid-rich S-,A-,and V-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 490 to 511℃ and 8.9 to 56.0 wt%NaCl equiv.,respectively.The FIs of substage Ⅱ-1 are composed of Pb-,Ob-,S-,A-,and V-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 352 to 460℃ and 3.7 to 46.1 wt%NaCl equiv,respectively.The FIs of substage Ⅱ-2 are Ob-,S-,A-,and V-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 234 to309°C and 3.7 to 39.2 wt%NaCl equiv,respectively.The FIs of stage Ⅲ are A-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 136 to 172℃ and 1.1 to 8.9 wt%NaCl equiv,respectively.Fluid boiling,which resulted in the precipitation of sulfides,occurred in stages I andⅡ.The initial ore-forming fluids of the Jiguanshan deposit had high temperature,high salinity,and belonged to an F-rich NaCl±KCl-H2O system.The fluids gradually evolved to low temperature,low salinity,and belonged to a NaCl-H2O system.Studies of the hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of quartz(δ^18OH2O=-7.3 to 6.3%,δDH2O=-104.3 to-83.3%)show that the ore-formingfluids gradually evolved from magmatic water to meteoric water.展开更多
The durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） has been posing a key technical challenge to commercial spread of fuel cell vehicles （FCVs）. To improve the durability, it is necessary to optimize th...The durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） has been posing a key technical challenge to commercial spread of fuel cell vehicles （FCVs）. To improve the durability, it is necessary to optimize the fuel cell system （FCS） design against failure modes. The fuel cell durability research method at FCS scale was exhibited, and the failure modes of fuel cell were experimentally investigated in this paper. It is found that the fuel cell dry operation, start/stop cycle and gas diffusion layer （GDL） flooding are typical failure modes of fuel cells. After the modifications against the failure modes, the durability of FCSs is improved to over 3000 h step by step.展开更多
Through the correct teaching and game design,not only can innovation be carried out,but the highly effective network security teaching and the training solution countermeasure can also develop the student’s correct s...Through the correct teaching and game design,not only can innovation be carried out,but the highly effective network security teaching and the training solution countermeasure can also develop the student’s correct social behavior and value idea.Furthermore,through rule design and role play,students can improve the overall level of network security awareness and enhance their sense of cooperation during their studies.This paper defines the concept of a serious game and its significance to the network security curriculum of schools and designs the corresponding card game according to the feature of network security.The purpose of this paper is to strengthen overall network security awareness,cultivate professional skills,and enhance network security.展开更多
基金This research was supported by selfdetermined foundation of MNR Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia(No.DBY-ZZ-18-12).
文摘The Budunhua Cu deposit is located in the Tuquan ore-concentrated area of the southern Great Xing’an Range,NE China.This deposit includes the southern Jinjiling and northern Kongqueshan ore blocks,separated by the Budunhua granitic pluton.Cu mineralization occurs mainly as stockworks or veins in the outer contact zone between tonalite porphyry and Permian metasandstone.The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages involving stage Ⅰ quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite;stage Ⅱ quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite;stage Ⅲ quartz--polynetallic sulfides;and stage IV quartz-calcite.Three types of fluid inclusions(FIs) can be distinguished in the Budunhua deposit:liquid-rich two-phase aqueous FIs(L-type),vapour-rich aqueous FIs(V-type),and daughter mineral-bearing multi-phase FIs(S-type).Quartz of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ contains all types of FIs,whereas only L-type FIs are evident in stage Ⅳ veins.The coexisting V-and S-type FIs of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ have similar homogenization temperatures but contrasting salinities,which indicates that fluid boiling occurred.The FIs of stages Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳyield homogenization temperatures of 265-396℃,245-350℃,200-300℃,and 90-228℃ with salinities of3.4-44.3 wt.%,2.9-40.2 wt.%,1.4-38.2 wt.%,and 0.9-9.2 wt.% NaCl eqv.,respectively.Ore-forming fluids of the Budunhua deposit are characterized by high temperatures,moderate salinities,and relatively oxidizing conditions typical of an H2 O-NaCl fluid system.Mineralization in the Budunhua deposit occurred at a depth of0.3-1.5 km,with fluid boiling and mixing likely being responsible for ore precipitation.C-H-O-S-Pb isotope studies indicate a predominantly magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids and materials.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses indicate that ore-forming tonalite porphyry and post-ore dioritic porphyrite were formed at 151.1±1.1 Ma and 129.9±1.9 Ma,respectively.Geochemical data imply that the primary magma of the tonalite porphyry formed through partial melting of Neoproterozoic lower crust.On the basis of available evidence,we suggest that the Budunhua deposit is a porphyry ore system that is spatially,temporally,and genetically associated with tonalite porphyry and formed in a post-collision extensional setting following closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.
基金We are grateful to the staff of the Analytical Laboratory in Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology,China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC)for their advice and assistance in the isotope analysisThis work was financially supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asiathe Ministry of Natural Resources of China.
文摘The Meng’entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn vein-type deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China is hosted in biotite/muscovite granite.This deposit includes the western(Zn-rich,deepest),middle(Zn-Pb rich)and eastern(Pb-Ag-rich,shallowest)ore-blocks.To better understand the metallogenic processes in ore district,we have undertaken a series of studies including fluid inclusion microthermometry,H-O-S-Pb isotope compositions and thermodynamic modeling.Based on fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry results and HO isotope compositions,the ore-forming H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions are characterized by medium temperature and medium salinity.And two kinds of fluid processes(boiling in western and middle ore-block and fluid mixing in the eastern ore-block)were identified to explain the ore fluid evolution.More importantly,log ?O2-pH diagrams of δ^34S contours with the stability fields of Fe-and Cu-,Zn-,Pb-,and Ag-bearing minerals were constructed to restore the physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluid in the western(270℃ and 80 bars),middle(250℃ and 70 bars),and eastern(230℃ and 50 bars)ore-blocks.As a result,the ore-forming conditions in the western and middle ore-block were similar.In the eastern ore-block,the fluids may have changed from acidic,S-poor and δ^34S(ΣS)≈2.8 to neutral,S-richer and δ^34S(ΣS)≈0.5,which imply that neutral S-rich meteoric water was mixed with the magmatic fluid.Meanwhile,the activity of Ag+was estimated to be about 10 ppm–9 ppm in the middle ore-block,but in the eastern ore-block it was about^10 ppm–12 ppm.We proposed that the key for Ag ore deposition was likely to be neutralization led by fluid mixing.
基金supported by the Opening Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences(No.GPMR201307)
文摘The Xilamulun molybdenum polymetallic metallogenic belt in eastern Inner Mongolia forms one of the most important Mo metallogenic belts in northeastern China. The Dongshanwan porphyry Mo-W polymetallic deposit, in the northeastern part of the Xilamulun metallogenic belt, occurs along the periphery of a granite porphyry and consists of Mo-W-Ag sulfide and oxide disseminations and veinlets in hydrothermal assemblages. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the Dongshanwan granite porphyry yields a crystallization age of 142.15± 0.91 Ma, whereas molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating model ages are of 139.9–141.5 Ma and an isochron age is of 140.5± 3.2 Ma（MSWD=1.2）. The age consistency indicates that the Dongshanwan deposit was a product of Early Cretaceous magmatism. The Dongshanwan granite porphyry is a high-alkali high-potassium intrusion and has high SiO_2（75.39 wt.%–76.15 wt.%）, low Al_2O_3（12 wt.%–13 wt.%）, Ba, Ti, P, and Sr contents, with negative Eu anomalies. The Y/Nb ratios are comparable to those of average continental crust and island arc basalts, corresponding to type-A2 granites. Our geochemical data indicate that the granite porphyry emplaced in an Early Cretaceous post-orogenic extensional environment following Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic subduction and subsequent continental collision.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41272111)。
文摘The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Pb-Zn mineral province,which has significant Pb-Zn repositories in China,is situated in the western Yangtze Block.Despite decades of research,the Pb-Zn source of deposits is still disputed between the basement rocks,sedimentary wall rocks,or the Emeishan flood basalts.The newly-discovered Laoxiongdong Pb-Zn deposit is hosted by the Late Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the SYG province.Moreover,the Laoxiongdong orebodies lie between regional deep faults and close to the Proterozoic basement and Emeishan basalts.Hence,this deposit represents a good case study on the ore-forming material source for the regional Pb-Zn mineralization.The Laoxiongdong Pb-Zn ores are massive,vein,or disseminated and have mainly sphalerite,galena,pyrite,quartz,and calcite.In this paper,we present new sulfide S-Pb-Zn isotope data of the deposit.The sulfideδ34SCDT values(+11.8 to+16.5‰)suggest that the reduced sulfur was mainly sourced from evaporites in the Late Ediacaran-Cambrian sequences.Pb isotopic ratios(206Pb/204Pb=18.004-18.107,207Pb/204Pb=15.652-15.667,and 208Pb/204Pb=38.037-38.248)suggest that the lead metal was primarily originated from the basement rocks.The sphaleriteδ66Zn values(+0.16 to+0.37‰)are also highly similar(within error)to those of basement rocks(+0.10 to+0.34‰),suggesting a basement-rocks zinc source with minor contributions from the carbonate host rocks and Emeishan flood basalts.The narrow sphalerite Zn isotopic range(0.21‰)also indicates that the Zn isotopic fractionation between the sphalerite and initial fluid was limited during the sphalerite ore precipitation.Therefore,we propose that both the Late Ediacaran Dengying Formation rocks and Proterozoic basement rocks were important ore-forming material source for the Laoxiongdong deposit,whereas the Emeishan flood basalts represent only a minor ore-material source.
文摘We studied the fluid inclusions of the Jiguanshan Mo deposit in China,which is a large porphyry deposit located in the southern Xilamulun Metallogenic Belt.The irregular Mo ore body with various types of hydrothermal veinlets is hosted by Late Jurassic granite porphyry.Intense hydrothermal alterations in the deposit from the core to margin are silicification-potassium feldspar alteration,pyrite-quartz-sericite-fluorite alteration,and propylitic alteration.Based on the mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships of ore veins,the ore-forming process were divided into three stages and two substages:quartz-pyrite veins(stage I)associated with potassic alteration;quartz-molybdenite-chalcopyrite-pyrite veins(substage Ⅱ-1)and quartz-molybdenite-fluorite veins(substage Ⅱ-2)associated with phyllic alteration;and fluorite-quartz-carbonate veins(stage Ⅲ)with carbonation.Five majorfluid inclusions(FIs)types were distinguished in the quartz associated with oxide and sulfide minerals,i.e.polyphase brine(Pb-type),opaque-bearing brine(Ob-type),solid halite(S-type),two-phase aqueous(A-type),and vapor(Vtype)inclusions.The FIs of stage I were composed of liquid-rich S-,A-,and V-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 490 to 511℃ and 8.9 to 56.0 wt%NaCl equiv.,respectively.The FIs of substage Ⅱ-1 are composed of Pb-,Ob-,S-,A-,and V-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 352 to 460℃ and 3.7 to 46.1 wt%NaCl equiv,respectively.The FIs of substage Ⅱ-2 are Ob-,S-,A-,and V-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 234 to309°C and 3.7 to 39.2 wt%NaCl equiv,respectively.The FIs of stage Ⅲ are A-type FIs with homogenization temperatures and salinities of 136 to 172℃ and 1.1 to 8.9 wt%NaCl equiv,respectively.Fluid boiling,which resulted in the precipitation of sulfides,occurred in stages I andⅡ.The initial ore-forming fluids of the Jiguanshan deposit had high temperature,high salinity,and belonged to an F-rich NaCl±KCl-H2O system.The fluids gradually evolved to low temperature,low salinity,and belonged to a NaCl-H2O system.Studies of the hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of quartz(δ^18OH2O=-7.3 to 6.3%,δDH2O=-104.3 to-83.3%)show that the ore-formingfluids gradually evolved from magmatic water to meteoric water.
文摘The durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） has been posing a key technical challenge to commercial spread of fuel cell vehicles （FCVs）. To improve the durability, it is necessary to optimize the fuel cell system （FCS） design against failure modes. The fuel cell durability research method at FCS scale was exhibited, and the failure modes of fuel cell were experimentally investigated in this paper. It is found that the fuel cell dry operation, start/stop cycle and gas diffusion layer （GDL） flooding are typical failure modes of fuel cells. After the modifications against the failure modes, the durability of FCSs is improved to over 3000 h step by step.
基金Supported by Hainan Provincial National Science Foundation of China,621MS0789.
文摘Through the correct teaching and game design,not only can innovation be carried out,but the highly effective network security teaching and the training solution countermeasure can also develop the student’s correct social behavior and value idea.Furthermore,through rule design and role play,students can improve the overall level of network security awareness and enhance their sense of cooperation during their studies.This paper defines the concept of a serious game and its significance to the network security curriculum of schools and designs the corresponding card game according to the feature of network security.The purpose of this paper is to strengthen overall network security awareness,cultivate professional skills,and enhance network security.
