In this paper, the impact of atmospheric turbulence is investigated and analyzed for the Free Space Optical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (FSO MANET) using the Network Simulator NS-3. The FSO channel random intensity fluctua...In this paper, the impact of atmospheric turbulence is investigated and analyzed for the Free Space Optical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (FSO MANET) using the Network Simulator NS-3. The FSO channel random intensity fluctuations have been modeled using the Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. Further, the FSO module has been implemented and integrated with NS3 using the FSO propagation model and the FSO error models. The computation of the key performance indicators (KPI) mainly the throughput and the packet delivery ratio (PDR) shows that the network density affects the network performance. Its effect was illustrated for the different turbulence regimes, strong and weak. It is found that the throughput and PDR values decrease as the number of mobile nodes becomes larger. For instance, at 150 kbps and in the presence of strong turbulence with 25, 50, and 75 nodes, the PDRs are 77%, 76%, and 73% respectively. Moreover, the throughput and PDR values in the strong turbulence regime are lower than those in the weak turbulence regime for the same date rate. The throughput in the strong turbulence regime with 75 mobile nodes at the data rate 150 kbps is 2100 kbps while it is 2300 kbps in the weak turbulence mode at the same rate.展开更多
The result of equal parts serendipity,exploration,creativity,and the enduring persistence of a dedicated team of designers and its university client,Washington University’s Living Learning Center,has quickly become a...The result of equal parts serendipity,exploration,creativity,and the enduring persistence of a dedicated team of designers and its university client,Washington University’s Living Learning Center,has quickly become a locus of sustainability.It is a deep green place fi lled with fresh air and daylight,an ongoing achievement in zero net waste,zero net water,and zero net energy design,a space that inspires higher learning about the natural world.The Center is also well on its way to certifi cation as the fi rst living building in the world.展开更多
文摘In this paper, the impact of atmospheric turbulence is investigated and analyzed for the Free Space Optical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (FSO MANET) using the Network Simulator NS-3. The FSO channel random intensity fluctuations have been modeled using the Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. Further, the FSO module has been implemented and integrated with NS3 using the FSO propagation model and the FSO error models. The computation of the key performance indicators (KPI) mainly the throughput and the packet delivery ratio (PDR) shows that the network density affects the network performance. Its effect was illustrated for the different turbulence regimes, strong and weak. It is found that the throughput and PDR values decrease as the number of mobile nodes becomes larger. For instance, at 150 kbps and in the presence of strong turbulence with 25, 50, and 75 nodes, the PDRs are 77%, 76%, and 73% respectively. Moreover, the throughput and PDR values in the strong turbulence regime are lower than those in the weak turbulence regime for the same date rate. The throughput in the strong turbulence regime with 75 mobile nodes at the data rate 150 kbps is 2100 kbps while it is 2300 kbps in the weak turbulence mode at the same rate.
文摘The result of equal parts serendipity,exploration,creativity,and the enduring persistence of a dedicated team of designers and its university client,Washington University’s Living Learning Center,has quickly become a locus of sustainability.It is a deep green place fi lled with fresh air and daylight,an ongoing achievement in zero net waste,zero net water,and zero net energy design,a space that inspires higher learning about the natural world.The Center is also well on its way to certifi cation as the fi rst living building in the world.
