Industrial process plants use emergency shutdown valves(ESDVs)as safety barriers to protect against hazardous events,bringing the plant to a safe state when potential danger is detected.These ESDVs are used extensivel...Industrial process plants use emergency shutdown valves(ESDVs)as safety barriers to protect against hazardous events,bringing the plant to a safe state when potential danger is detected.These ESDVs are used extensively in offshore oil and gas processing plants and have been mandated in the design of such systems from national and international standards and legislation.This paper has used actual ESDV operating data from four mid/late life oil and gas production platforms in the North Sea to research operational relationships that are of interest to those responsible for the technical management and operation of ESDVs.The first of the two relationships is between the closure time(CT)of the ESDV and the time it remains in the open position,prior to the close command.It has been hypothesised that the CT of the ESDV is affected by the length of time that it has been open prior to being closed(Time since the last stroke).In addition to the general analysis of the data series,two sub-categories were created to further investigate this possible relationship for CT and these are“above mean”and“below mean”.The correlations(Pearson's based)resulting from this analysis are in the“weak”and“very weak”categories.The second relationship investigated was the effect of very frequent closures to assess if this improves the CT.ESDV operational records for six subjects were analysed to find closures that occurred within a 24 h period of each other.However,no discriminating trend was apparent where CT was impacted positively or negatively by the frequent closure group.It was concluded that the variance of ESDV closure time cannot be influenced by the technical management of the ESDV in terms of scheduling the operation of the ESDV.展开更多
文摘土壤硝态氮（NO3--N）和氨态氮（NH4＋-N）淋溶量测定方法因草本植物和土壤类型不同而异。试验采用陶瓷杯（ceramic suction cups）和蒸渗仪（lysimeters）分别测定草地土壤NO3--N和NH4＋-N淋溶量。蒸渗仪直径为50 cm和深度为70 cm,土壤类型分别为新西兰Gorge silt loam、Mataura sandy loam和Lismore stony silt loam,重复4次。陶瓷杯水平插入蒸渗仪不锈钢筒,陶瓷杯插孔中心离不锈钢筒底部距离分别为35 cm（上陶瓷杯）和60 cm（下陶瓷杯）。在试验前,喷灌72 h冲洗蒸渗仪土壤溶液,使淋溶液NO3--N浓度接近0 mg·L-1,然后1次性施加250 kg N·hm-2尿素溶解液,用喷灌系统喷灌蒸渗仪,每周喷灌1次,喷灌系统误差使Gorge、Mataura和Lismore土壤喷灌强度分别为15.0、19.0和18.7 mm·h-1,1次喷灌持续时间为3 h。在Gorge和Lismore土壤,陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO3--N淋溶量差异显著。在Gorge土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO3--N淋溶累计量分别为64、68和54 kg N·hm-2,测定NH4＋-N淋溶累计量分别为0.43、0.49和0.43 kg N·hm-2;在Mataura土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO3--N淋溶累计量分别为57、68和62 kg N·hm-2,测定NH4＋-N淋溶累计量分别为0.51、0.37和0.23 kg N·hm-2;在Lismore土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO3--N淋溶累计量分别为61、103和99 kg N·hm-2,测定NH4＋-N淋溶累计量分别为1.70、2.24和2.04 kg N·hm-2。在结构发育良好的Gorge和Lismore土壤,陶瓷杯不适合测定NO3--N淋溶量,但适合应用于砂土质地和发育不完善Mataura土壤。NH4＋-N淋溶累计量占NO3--N淋溶累计量的0.37%~2.93%,在测定和计算氮淋溶时,NH4＋-N淋溶可以忽略不计。
文摘Industrial process plants use emergency shutdown valves(ESDVs)as safety barriers to protect against hazardous events,bringing the plant to a safe state when potential danger is detected.These ESDVs are used extensively in offshore oil and gas processing plants and have been mandated in the design of such systems from national and international standards and legislation.This paper has used actual ESDV operating data from four mid/late life oil and gas production platforms in the North Sea to research operational relationships that are of interest to those responsible for the technical management and operation of ESDVs.The first of the two relationships is between the closure time(CT)of the ESDV and the time it remains in the open position,prior to the close command.It has been hypothesised that the CT of the ESDV is affected by the length of time that it has been open prior to being closed(Time since the last stroke).In addition to the general analysis of the data series,two sub-categories were created to further investigate this possible relationship for CT and these are“above mean”and“below mean”.The correlations(Pearson's based)resulting from this analysis are in the“weak”and“very weak”categories.The second relationship investigated was the effect of very frequent closures to assess if this improves the CT.ESDV operational records for six subjects were analysed to find closures that occurred within a 24 h period of each other.However,no discriminating trend was apparent where CT was impacted positively or negatively by the frequent closure group.It was concluded that the variance of ESDV closure time cannot be influenced by the technical management of the ESDV in terms of scheduling the operation of the ESDV.
