Slipped capital femoral epiphysis(SCFE)is a hip disorder that predominantly affects adolescents.The primary pathological change involves the displacement of the femoral head epiphysis from its normal position at the g...Slipped capital femoral epiphysis(SCFE)is a hip disorder that predominantly affects adolescents.The primary pathological change involves the displacement of the femoral head epiphysis from its normal position at the growth plate toward the metaphysis of the femoral neck.This condition can result in hip pain,abnormal gait,and even avascular necrosis of the femoral head,significantly impacting the quality of life in adolescents.Currently,the exact etiology of SCFE remains unclear;however,evidence suggests that risk factors include endocrine disorders,metabolic conditions,and genetic diseases.Endocrine disorders encompass hypothyroidism,growth hormone abnormalities,hypogonadism,and obesity-related hormonal imbalances.Metabolic conditions involve obesity,vitamin D deficiency or rickets,and renal osteodystrophy.Genetic diseases include mutations in the COL2A1 gene,aromatase deficiency,and Prader-Willi syndrome.This review summarizes various medical conditions associated with SCFE and elucidates potential molecular mechanisms from abnormal chondrocyte function in the growth plate,hormonal imbalances and inflammatory/metabolic factors in SCFE based on relevant literature,aim to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of SCFE.展开更多
P21-activated kinases(PAKs) are central players in various oncogenic signaling pathways. The six PAK family members are classified into group Ⅰ(PAK1-3) and group Ⅱ(PAK4-6). Focus is currently shifting from group Ⅰ ...P21-activated kinases(PAKs) are central players in various oncogenic signaling pathways. The six PAK family members are classified into group Ⅰ(PAK1-3) and group Ⅱ(PAK4-6). Focus is currently shifting from group Ⅰ PAKs to group Ⅱ PAKs. Group Ⅱ PAKs play important roles in many fundamental cellular processes, some of which have particular significance in the development and progression of cancer. Because of their important functions, group Ⅱ PAKs have become popular potential drug target candidates. However, few group Ⅱ PAKs inhibitors have been reported, and most do not exhibit satisfactory kinase selectivity and "drug-like" properties. Isoform- and kinase-selective PAK inhibitors remain to be developed. This review describes the biological activities of group Ⅱ PAKs, the importance of group Ⅱ PAKs in the development and progression of gastrointestinal cancer, and smallmolecule inhibitors of group Ⅱ PAKs for the treatment of cancer.展开更多
Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon,consisting of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.It is abundant in marsh gas,livestock rumination,and combustible ice.Little is known about the use of methane in human disease ...Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon,consisting of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.It is abundant in marsh gas,livestock rumination,and combustible ice.Little is known about the use of methane in human disease treatment.Current research indicates that methane is useful for treating several diseases including ischemia and reperfusion injury,and inflammatory diseases.The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of methane appear primarily to involve anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,and anti-apoptosis.In this review,we describe the beneficial effects of methane on different diseases,summarize possible mechanisms by which methane may act in these conditions,and discuss the purpose of methane production in hypoxic conditions.Then we propose several promising directions for the future research.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)cell culture methods have been validated that can replicate the tumor environment in vivo to a large extent,providing an effective tool for studying tumors.In this study,we demonstrated the use of...Three-dimensional(3D)cell culture methods have been validated that can replicate the tumor environment in vivo to a large extent,providing an effective tool for studying tumors.In this study,we demonstrated the use of standard laboratory pipette tips as micro vessels for generating 3D cell spheroids.No microfabrication or wet-chemistry surface modifications were involved in the procedure.Spheroids consisting of single or multiple cell types were generated within 24 h just by pipetting and incubating a cell suspension in pipette tips.Scanning electron microscope and optical microscope proved that the cells grew together tightly,and suggested that while gravity force might have initiated the sedimentation of cells at the bottom of the tip,the active aggregation of cells to form tight cell-cell interactions drove the formation of spheroids.Using common laboratory micropipettes and pipette tips,the rate of spheroid generation and the generation reproducibility was characterized from five boxes each with 80 tips.The ease of transferring reagents allowed modeling of the growth of microvascular endothelial cells in tumor spheroids.Moreover,the pairing and fusion of tumor spheroids could be manipulated in the pipette tips,suggesting the potential for building and assembling heterogeneous micro-tumor tissues in vitro to mimic solid tumors in vivo.This study demonstrated that spheroids can be readily and cost-effectively generated in standard biological laboratories in a timely manner using pipette tips.展开更多
With the emergence of supercapacitors(SCs),the creation of bio-based electrode materials has grown in significance for the advancement of energy storage.However,it is particularly difficult for cathode materials to me...With the emergence of supercapacitors(SCs),the creation of bio-based electrode materials has grown in significance for the advancement of energy storage.However,it is particularly difficult for cathode materials to meet the demands of practical uses due to their low energy density.Herein,MIL-88 was fabricated in situ on the surface of cotton fibers used in cosmetics,followed by creating Fe_(2)N@porous carbon fiber composite(Fe_(2)N@PCF)through heat treatment at various temperatures.Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 demonstrates excellent specific capacitance performance(552 F g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1)).Meanwhile,The AC//Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 device exhibits the largest energy density of 38 Wh kg^(-1) at 800 W kg^(-1) and a long cycling stability(83.3%capacity retention after 6000 cycles).Our elaborately designed Fe_(2)N@PCF demonstrate multiple advantages:i)the Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 shows abundant mesopores,providing abundant ion-diffusion pathways for mass transport and rich graphite microstructures,improving electrical conductivity for electron transferowning;ii)the rich nitrogen dopants and Fe_(2)N structure within all carbon components increase the capacitance through their pseudocapacitive contribution.These findings highlight the importance of biomass derived carbon materials for SCs applications.展开更多
Alternative splicing is the process of producing variably spliced mRNAs by choosing distinct combinations of splice sites within a messenger RNA precursor.This splicing enables mRNA from a single gene to synthesize di...Alternative splicing is the process of producing variably spliced mRNAs by choosing distinct combinations of splice sites within a messenger RNA precursor.This splicing enables mRNA from a single gene to synthesize different proteins,which have different cellular properties and functions and yet arise from the same single gene.A family of splicing factors,Serine-arginine rich proteins,are needed to initiate the assembly and activation of the spliceosome.Serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1,part of the arginine/serine-rich splicing factor protein family,can either activate or inhibit the splicing of mRNAs,depending on the phosphorylation status of the protein and its interaction partners.Considering that serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is either an activator or an inhibitor,this protein has been studied widely to identify its various roles in different diseases.Research has found that serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is a key target for neuroprotection,showing its promising potential use in therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.Furthermore,serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 might be used to regulate cancer development and autoimmune diseases.In this review,we highlight how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 has been studied concerning neuroprotection.In addition,we draw attention to how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is being studied in cancer and immunological disorders,as well as how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 acts outside the central or peripheral nervous system.展开更多
Purpose This study aimed to compare the effects of ground and treadmill running on energy metabolism and muscle con-tractile properties,providing a basis for the general public to choose running venues.Methods Ten mal...Purpose This study aimed to compare the effects of ground and treadmill running on energy metabolism and muscle con-tractile properties,providing a basis for the general public to choose running venues.Methods Ten male college students(age,20.10±1.53 years;height,176.20±5.49 cm;weight,72.14±8.25 kg;body fat percent,12.41%±4.65%)were recruited in this study.Energy expenditure(EE)was measured using the accelerometer(GT9X)combined with specific estimation equations.Average heart rate(HR)was measured using a heart rate band(Polar).Muscle contractile properties were assessed by measuring muscle displacement(Dm)and contraction velocity(Vc)using tensiomyography(TMG-S1).Blood glucose(Glu)and lactate(Lac)were measured by portable devices(eB-G and Lactate Scout).The running speed was 9 km/h and the duration was 25 min.Two-way ANOVA(protocol×time)was used to analyze the effect of running protocols on energy metabolism and muscle contractile properties.Results EE of treadmill running was significantly higher than EE of ground running(protocol main effect,P<0.001),and HR of treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running in the first testing time(protocol simple effect,P=0.026;protocol×time interaction P=0.043).The decrease in Dm of the rectus femoris after treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running(protocol main effect,P=0.009).The interaction of different running protocols and testing times on Lac was significant(P=0.025),but all results of the simple effects analysis were not statisti-cally significant(P>0.05).Conclusion Our study found a difference in energy expenditure between treadmill and ground running at 9 km/h with duration of 25 min.In addition,treadmills are more likely to cause a decrease in muscle displacement distance of the rectus femoris measured after exercise than ground running.Future studies are needed to further investigate whether the differences are induced by internal metabolism or the environmental conditions of running.展开更多
Friction pair coatings are highly susceptible to failure in corrosive marine environments.To enhance their service performance,this study focuses on the friction pairs in the main shaft transmission of offshore wind t...Friction pair coatings are highly susceptible to failure in corrosive marine environments.To enhance their service performance,this study focuses on the friction pairs in the main shaft transmission of offshore wind turbines and investigates the wear and corrosion resistance of different surface treatment processes.A wear theory model is developed on the basis of dynamic changes in the contact area to predict wear under dry friction and corrosive conditions.The results indicate that the Interzinc B coating results in the best overall performance in terms of friction,wear,and corrosion resistance.Rough and high-hardness surfaces increase the friction coefficient,whereas Zn powder and ZnO adhesive not only produce less abrasive debris but also form a micro/nanoparticle self-lubricating mechanism,reducing surface wear.Compared with the traditional zinc spraying process,the friction coefficient can be increased by 28.4%,whereas the wear amount can be reduced by 76.2%.The release of Zn^(2+)and the oxidation reaction mechanism enhanced the self-healing ability of the passive film,improving its anticorrosion ability.The maximum error between the finite element analysis of coating wear and the test results is only 6.26%,which verifies the accuracy of the wear theory model and provides guidance for the precise design of wind turbine transmission friction pairs.展开更多
Soil erosion disturbs not only the global carbon cycle,but it is a complex environmental problem.Revegetation could reduce carbon emission by controlling soil erosion and increase carbon sequestration and accumulation...Soil erosion disturbs not only the global carbon cycle,but it is a complex environmental problem.Revegetation could reduce carbon emission by controlling soil erosion and increase carbon sequestration and accumulation by fixing carbon in vegetation and soil.The Grain for Green Program(GFGP)of China is the largest ecological restoration program in the world closely related to land-use/land-cover change(LUCC).Systematically assessing the carbon sequestration benefit of GFGP is crucial for a better understanding of the effects of implementing GFGP and providing reasonable vegetation management.Therefore,we selected the hilly red soil region(HRSR)of southern China as a study area,which is one of the main ecologically vulnerable areas in China.We assessed the carbon sequestration in the GFGP area of the HRSR using the InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs)model based on land-use/land-cover datasets during 2000e2015.Our results show that implementing GFGP is conducive to the enhancement of carbon sequestration services.Total carbon sequestration showed an increasing trend at a rate of 15.43%from 2000 to 2015.The most significant change mainly happened in Hunan Province with the shortest implementation time.The carbon sequestration of each carbon pool(namely aboveground biomass,belowground biomass,soil,and dead organic matter)also increased slightly.Additionally,for carbon sequestration,unused land converted to forest land is the most effective LUCC.This study can provide scientific support for the management and implementation of GFGP in the HRSR of China.展开更多
Spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)is one of the most common juvenile neurodegenerative diseases,which can be associated with child mortality.SMA is caused by a mutation of ubiquitously expressed gene,Survival Motor Neuron1(...Spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)is one of the most common juvenile neurodegenerative diseases,which can be associated with child mortality.SMA is caused by a mutation of ubiquitously expressed gene,Survival Motor Neuron1(SMN1),leading to reduced SMN protein and the motor neuron death.The disease is incurable and the only therapeutic strategy to follow is to improve the expression of SMN protein levels in motor neurons.Significant numbers of motor neurons in SMA mice and SMA cultures are caspase positive with condensed nuclei,suggesting that these cells are prone to a process of cell death called apoptosis.Searching for other potential molecules or signaling pathways that are neuroprotective for central nervous system(CNS)insults is essential for widening the scope of developmental medicine.PTEN,a Phosphatase and Tensin homologue,is a tumor suppressor,which is widely expressed in CNS.PTEN depletion activates anti-apoptotic factors and it is evident that the pathway plays an important protective role in many neurodegenerative disorders.It functions as a negative regulator of PIP3/AKT pathway and thereby modulates its downstream cellular functions through lipid phosphatase activity.Moreover,previous reports from our group demonstrated that,PTEN depletion using viral vector delivery system in SMN delta7 mice reduces disease pathology,with significant rescue on survival rate and the body weight of the SMA mice.Thus knockdown/depletion/mutation of PTEN and manipulation of PTEN medicated Akt/PKB signaling pathway may represent an important therapeutic strategy to promote motor neuron survival in SMA.展开更多
基金Supported by the Science Project of Hunan Provincial Healthy Commission,No.20230844.
文摘Slipped capital femoral epiphysis(SCFE)is a hip disorder that predominantly affects adolescents.The primary pathological change involves the displacement of the femoral head epiphysis from its normal position at the growth plate toward the metaphysis of the femoral neck.This condition can result in hip pain,abnormal gait,and even avascular necrosis of the femoral head,significantly impacting the quality of life in adolescents.Currently,the exact etiology of SCFE remains unclear;however,evidence suggests that risk factors include endocrine disorders,metabolic conditions,and genetic diseases.Endocrine disorders encompass hypothyroidism,growth hormone abnormalities,hypogonadism,and obesity-related hormonal imbalances.Metabolic conditions involve obesity,vitamin D deficiency or rickets,and renal osteodystrophy.Genetic diseases include mutations in the COL2A1 gene,aromatase deficiency,and Prader-Willi syndrome.This review summarizes various medical conditions associated with SCFE and elucidates potential molecular mechanisms from abnormal chondrocyte function in the growth plate,hormonal imbalances and inflammatory/metabolic factors in SCFE based on relevant literature,aim to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of SCFE.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo.90813038+2 种基金No.31271389No.31371424No.31171360 and No.81230077
文摘P21-activated kinases(PAKs) are central players in various oncogenic signaling pathways. The six PAK family members are classified into group Ⅰ(PAK1-3) and group Ⅱ(PAK4-6). Focus is currently shifting from group Ⅰ PAKs to group Ⅱ PAKs. Group Ⅱ PAKs play important roles in many fundamental cellular processes, some of which have particular significance in the development and progression of cancer. Because of their important functions, group Ⅱ PAKs have become popular potential drug target candidates. However, few group Ⅱ PAKs inhibitors have been reported, and most do not exhibit satisfactory kinase selectivity and "drug-like" properties. Isoform- and kinase-selective PAK inhibitors remain to be developed. This review describes the biological activities of group Ⅱ PAKs, the importance of group Ⅱ PAKs in the development and progression of gastrointestinal cancer, and smallmolecule inhibitors of group Ⅱ PAKs for the treatment of cancer.
文摘Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon,consisting of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.It is abundant in marsh gas,livestock rumination,and combustible ice.Little is known about the use of methane in human disease treatment.Current research indicates that methane is useful for treating several diseases including ischemia and reperfusion injury,and inflammatory diseases.The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of methane appear primarily to involve anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,and anti-apoptosis.In this review,we describe the beneficial effects of methane on different diseases,summarize possible mechanisms by which methane may act in these conditions,and discuss the purpose of methane production in hypoxic conditions.Then we propose several promising directions for the future research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32171401)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0808)the Specific Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(No.YSPTZX202126),China.
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)cell culture methods have been validated that can replicate the tumor environment in vivo to a large extent,providing an effective tool for studying tumors.In this study,we demonstrated the use of standard laboratory pipette tips as micro vessels for generating 3D cell spheroids.No microfabrication or wet-chemistry surface modifications were involved in the procedure.Spheroids consisting of single or multiple cell types were generated within 24 h just by pipetting and incubating a cell suspension in pipette tips.Scanning electron microscope and optical microscope proved that the cells grew together tightly,and suggested that while gravity force might have initiated the sedimentation of cells at the bottom of the tip,the active aggregation of cells to form tight cell-cell interactions drove the formation of spheroids.Using common laboratory micropipettes and pipette tips,the rate of spheroid generation and the generation reproducibility was characterized from five boxes each with 80 tips.The ease of transferring reagents allowed modeling of the growth of microvascular endothelial cells in tumor spheroids.Moreover,the pairing and fusion of tumor spheroids could be manipulated in the pipette tips,suggesting the potential for building and assembling heterogeneous micro-tumor tissues in vitro to mimic solid tumors in vivo.This study demonstrated that spheroids can be readily and cost-effectively generated in standard biological laboratories in a timely manner using pipette tips.
基金financial support by the Foundation(No.GZKF202211)of State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking(Qilu University of Technology,Shandong Academy of Sciences)the Doctor of Suzhou University Scientific Research Foundation(2020BS015)+2 种基金Primary Research and Development Program of Anhui Province(201904a05020087)the Natural Science Research in Universities of Anhui Province in China(KJ2017A437,KJ2020A0727,KJ2020A0738 and KJ2020A0730,2022AH051363)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui(1908085ME120).
文摘With the emergence of supercapacitors(SCs),the creation of bio-based electrode materials has grown in significance for the advancement of energy storage.However,it is particularly difficult for cathode materials to meet the demands of practical uses due to their low energy density.Herein,MIL-88 was fabricated in situ on the surface of cotton fibers used in cosmetics,followed by creating Fe_(2)N@porous carbon fiber composite(Fe_(2)N@PCF)through heat treatment at various temperatures.Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 demonstrates excellent specific capacitance performance(552 F g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1)).Meanwhile,The AC//Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 device exhibits the largest energy density of 38 Wh kg^(-1) at 800 W kg^(-1) and a long cycling stability(83.3%capacity retention after 6000 cycles).Our elaborately designed Fe_(2)N@PCF demonstrate multiple advantages:i)the Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 shows abundant mesopores,providing abundant ion-diffusion pathways for mass transport and rich graphite microstructures,improving electrical conductivity for electron transferowning;ii)the rich nitrogen dopants and Fe_(2)N structure within all carbon components increase the capacitance through their pseudocapacitive contribution.These findings highlight the importance of biomass derived carbon materials for SCs applications.
文摘Alternative splicing is the process of producing variably spliced mRNAs by choosing distinct combinations of splice sites within a messenger RNA precursor.This splicing enables mRNA from a single gene to synthesize different proteins,which have different cellular properties and functions and yet arise from the same single gene.A family of splicing factors,Serine-arginine rich proteins,are needed to initiate the assembly and activation of the spliceosome.Serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1,part of the arginine/serine-rich splicing factor protein family,can either activate or inhibit the splicing of mRNAs,depending on the phosphorylation status of the protein and its interaction partners.Considering that serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is either an activator or an inhibitor,this protein has been studied widely to identify its various roles in different diseases.Research has found that serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is a key target for neuroprotection,showing its promising potential use in therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.Furthermore,serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 might be used to regulate cancer development and autoimmune diseases.In this review,we highlight how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 has been studied concerning neuroprotection.In addition,we draw attention to how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 is being studied in cancer and immunological disorders,as well as how serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 acts outside the central or peripheral nervous system.
文摘Purpose This study aimed to compare the effects of ground and treadmill running on energy metabolism and muscle con-tractile properties,providing a basis for the general public to choose running venues.Methods Ten male college students(age,20.10±1.53 years;height,176.20±5.49 cm;weight,72.14±8.25 kg;body fat percent,12.41%±4.65%)were recruited in this study.Energy expenditure(EE)was measured using the accelerometer(GT9X)combined with specific estimation equations.Average heart rate(HR)was measured using a heart rate band(Polar).Muscle contractile properties were assessed by measuring muscle displacement(Dm)and contraction velocity(Vc)using tensiomyography(TMG-S1).Blood glucose(Glu)and lactate(Lac)were measured by portable devices(eB-G and Lactate Scout).The running speed was 9 km/h and the duration was 25 min.Two-way ANOVA(protocol×time)was used to analyze the effect of running protocols on energy metabolism and muscle contractile properties.Results EE of treadmill running was significantly higher than EE of ground running(protocol main effect,P<0.001),and HR of treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running in the first testing time(protocol simple effect,P=0.026;protocol×time interaction P=0.043).The decrease in Dm of the rectus femoris after treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running(protocol main effect,P=0.009).The interaction of different running protocols and testing times on Lac was significant(P=0.025),but all results of the simple effects analysis were not statisti-cally significant(P>0.05).Conclusion Our study found a difference in energy expenditure between treadmill and ground running at 9 km/h with duration of 25 min.In addition,treadmills are more likely to cause a decrease in muscle displacement distance of the rectus femoris measured after exercise than ground running.Future studies are needed to further investigate whether the differences are induced by internal metabolism or the environmental conditions of running.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51875382)the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202203021222206)+2 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(No.2022L275)the Research startup fund project of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology(No.20222048)the Outstanding doctoral award fund for coming to Jin(No.20232050).
文摘Friction pair coatings are highly susceptible to failure in corrosive marine environments.To enhance their service performance,this study focuses on the friction pairs in the main shaft transmission of offshore wind turbines and investigates the wear and corrosion resistance of different surface treatment processes.A wear theory model is developed on the basis of dynamic changes in the contact area to predict wear under dry friction and corrosive conditions.The results indicate that the Interzinc B coating results in the best overall performance in terms of friction,wear,and corrosion resistance.Rough and high-hardness surfaces increase the friction coefficient,whereas Zn powder and ZnO adhesive not only produce less abrasive debris but also form a micro/nanoparticle self-lubricating mechanism,reducing surface wear.Compared with the traditional zinc spraying process,the friction coefficient can be increased by 28.4%,whereas the wear amount can be reduced by 76.2%.The release of Zn^(2+)and the oxidation reaction mechanism enhanced the self-healing ability of the passive film,improving its anticorrosion ability.The maximum error between the finite element analysis of coating wear and the test results is only 6.26%,which verifies the accuracy of the wear theory model and provides guidance for the precise design of wind turbine transmission friction pairs.
基金This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0505401).
文摘Soil erosion disturbs not only the global carbon cycle,but it is a complex environmental problem.Revegetation could reduce carbon emission by controlling soil erosion and increase carbon sequestration and accumulation by fixing carbon in vegetation and soil.The Grain for Green Program(GFGP)of China is the largest ecological restoration program in the world closely related to land-use/land-cover change(LUCC).Systematically assessing the carbon sequestration benefit of GFGP is crucial for a better understanding of the effects of implementing GFGP and providing reasonable vegetation management.Therefore,we selected the hilly red soil region(HRSR)of southern China as a study area,which is one of the main ecologically vulnerable areas in China.We assessed the carbon sequestration in the GFGP area of the HRSR using the InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs)model based on land-use/land-cover datasets during 2000e2015.Our results show that implementing GFGP is conducive to the enhancement of carbon sequestration services.Total carbon sequestration showed an increasing trend at a rate of 15.43%from 2000 to 2015.The most significant change mainly happened in Hunan Province with the shortest implementation time.The carbon sequestration of each carbon pool(namely aboveground biomass,belowground biomass,soil,and dead organic matter)also increased slightly.Additionally,for carbon sequestration,unused land converted to forest land is the most effective LUCC.This study can provide scientific support for the management and implementation of GFGP in the HRSR of China.
基金This work is supported by the UK SMA Trust for the research consortium grant(V.G.and K.N.)the Medical Research Council(MRC)grant MR/M010864/1(K.N.).
文摘Spinal muscular atrophy(SMA)is one of the most common juvenile neurodegenerative diseases,which can be associated with child mortality.SMA is caused by a mutation of ubiquitously expressed gene,Survival Motor Neuron1(SMN1),leading to reduced SMN protein and the motor neuron death.The disease is incurable and the only therapeutic strategy to follow is to improve the expression of SMN protein levels in motor neurons.Significant numbers of motor neurons in SMA mice and SMA cultures are caspase positive with condensed nuclei,suggesting that these cells are prone to a process of cell death called apoptosis.Searching for other potential molecules or signaling pathways that are neuroprotective for central nervous system(CNS)insults is essential for widening the scope of developmental medicine.PTEN,a Phosphatase and Tensin homologue,is a tumor suppressor,which is widely expressed in CNS.PTEN depletion activates anti-apoptotic factors and it is evident that the pathway plays an important protective role in many neurodegenerative disorders.It functions as a negative regulator of PIP3/AKT pathway and thereby modulates its downstream cellular functions through lipid phosphatase activity.Moreover,previous reports from our group demonstrated that,PTEN depletion using viral vector delivery system in SMN delta7 mice reduces disease pathology,with significant rescue on survival rate and the body weight of the SMA mice.Thus knockdown/depletion/mutation of PTEN and manipulation of PTEN medicated Akt/PKB signaling pathway may represent an important therapeutic strategy to promote motor neuron survival in SMA.
