Noise pollution has been shown to affect wild animals in various ways,but little is known about its consequences at the community level.Investigating animals’overall vocal responses to noise across multiple sympatric...Noise pollution has been shown to affect wild animals in various ways,but little is known about its consequences at the community level.Investigating animals’overall vocal responses to noise across multiple sympatric species can reveal the complex nature of noise impacts butis challenging.In this study,we employed social network analysis(SNA)to evaluate how anuran communities and populations vary their calling behaviors in response to aircraft noise.SNA of anuran communities revealed that conspecifc individuals increase the aggregation of theirspectral(i.e.,minimum frequency,maximum frequency,and dominant frequency),temporal(call duration,call rate,and call effort),and overallspectral-temporal features as an airplane passes through.SNA of populations also revealed that anurans could increase the interindividual similarity of multiple call characteristics in response to airplane noise.Furthermore,our network analysis of multiple species and multiple call traitsrevealed an effect of noise in species whose calling behavior did not change in previous separate analyses of each species and single traits.Thisstudy suggests that noise pollution may change the pattern of combined acoustic properties at the community level.Our fndings highlight theimportance of integrated methods and theories for understanding the ecological consequences of noise pollution in future studies.展开更多
动物社会网络分析法(animal social network analysis,ASNA)是一套用于研究动物社会性、量化个体间各种社会关系、揭示个体行为与社会结构动态之间联系的工具,被广泛应用于多种动物类群的行为学研究。该分析方法所提供的一系列指标也非...动物社会网络分析法(animal social network analysis,ASNA)是一套用于研究动物社会性、量化个体间各种社会关系、揭示个体行为与社会结构动态之间联系的工具,被广泛应用于多种动物类群的行为学研究。该分析方法所提供的一系列指标也非常适用于探究动物的声音交流及鸣声结构。在此,本文首先简要介绍了网络分析法的基本概念及一些常用的指标;然后基于野外和室内研究实例,阐述了如何利用ASNA建立声音通讯网络、量化声音交流,以及将ASNA与被动声学监测技术相结合的应用前景;随后探讨了ASNA在分析鸣声相似性及鸣声地理变异中的优势;最后概述了ASNA在解析鸣声结构和句法规则中的应用。ASNA为研究动物通讯网络以及声音信号的适应性进化提供了新的视角和新的思路。展开更多
The spontaneous emission rate of a two-level quantum emitter(QE)near a gold nanorod is numerically investigated.Three different optical response models for the free-electron gas are adopted,including the classical Dru...The spontaneous emission rate of a two-level quantum emitter(QE)near a gold nanorod is numerically investigated.Three different optical response models for the free-electron gas are adopted,including the classical Drude local response approximation,the nonlocal hydrodynamic model,and the generalized nonlocal optical response model.Nonlocal optical response leads to a blueshift and a reduction in the enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate.Within all the three models,the resonance frequency is largely determined by the aspect ratio(the ratio of the nanorod length to the radius)and increases sharply with decreasing aspect ratio.For nanorod with a fixed length,it is found that the larger the radius is,the higher the resonance frequency is,and the smaller the enhancement is.However,if the length of the nanorod increases,the peak frequency falls sharply,while the spontaneous emission enhancement grows rapidly.For nanorod with a fixed aspect ratio,the peak frequency decreases slowly with increasing nanorod size.Larger nanorod shows smaller nonlocal effect.At a certain frequency,there is an optimal size to maximize the enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate.Higher order modes are more affected by the nonlocal smearing of the induced charges,leading to larger blueshift and greater reduction in the enhancement.These results should be significant for investigating the spontaneous emission rate of a QE around a gold nanorod.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli Tang(GGLMT), a decoction prepared with herbal medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, on sleep disturbances in women with menopause.METHODS: Totally 162...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli Tang(GGLMT), a decoction prepared with herbal medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, on sleep disturbances in women with menopause.METHODS: Totally 162 participants were recruited for the treatment of sleep difficulty from February,2012 to December, 2014. Decoction of 200 mL was taken by every participant twice daily in half an hour after lunch and dinner during two weeks.Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburg sleep quali-ty index(PSQI) and menopausal symptoms and quality of life were evaluated by the menopause rating scale(MRS) and the Chinese version of World Health Organization quality of life-BREF at the final fellow-up in the fourth weekend after beginning.RESULTS: The average scores of PSQI had reduced from(13.82 ± 4.97) to(8.14 ± 3.19), 95% CI(- 4.87,- 3.05) after 2-week GGLMT treatment in the fourth week. GGLMT improved symptoms in patients with more severe conditions(MRS ≥ 16).Three adverse drug reaction, mouth ulcer, constipation, and folliculitis, might be related with GGLMT and disappeared after withdrawals of the treatment.CONCLUSION: For menopausal women suffering from chronic sleep disturbances, our findings suggest that two weeks treatment of GGLMT was safe and effective.展开更多
Kin selection theory predicts that individuals should generally behave less aggressively or more amicably towards relatives than nonkin.However,how individuals treat conspecifics depends on genetic relatedness but als...Kin selection theory predicts that individuals should generally behave less aggressively or more amicably towards relatives than nonkin.However,how individuals treat conspecifics depends on genetic relatedness but also on the ecological context,which influences the benefits and costs of their interactions.In this study,we used microsatellite DNA markers and behavioral tests to examine the influence of kinship and proximity on the social behavior of Mongolian gerbils Meriones unguiculatus living in different social groups,and whether these effects varied with sex and season.We recorded the duration of 4 behavioral categories(investigative,neutral,amicable,and agonistic)during a 10-min pairwise test.We found that genetic relatedness had significant effects on the duration of investigative,neutral,and amicable behavior,but not on agonistic behavior.We also found significant interaction effects of relatedness and distance between burrow systems(i.e.,spatial distance)on investigative,neutral,and amicable behavior,which suggests that the effects of kinship on social behavior were restricted by spatial proximity.The interaction effect between sex and relatedness on amicable behavior showed that male gerbils became more intimate with individuals of the same sex that had higher pairwise relatedness than females.Furthermore,both male and female gerbils enhanced their aggression during the food-hoarding season,but the intensity of these changes was significantly higher in females.Overall,our results suggest that the effects of kinship and spatial proximity on social behavior exhibit sexual or seasonal patterns,thereby implying ecological context-dependent responses to out-group individuals in Mongolian gerbils.展开更多
Tritium concentrations in precipitation can be used as a criterion to evaluate the tritium baseline of the environment. The tritium concentration in precipitation in Shanghai during 2014-2015 was determined. Values ra...Tritium concentrations in precipitation can be used as a criterion to evaluate the tritium baseline of the environment. The tritium concentration in precipitation in Shanghai during 2014-2015 was determined. Values ranged from 0.68 ± 0.04 to 4.11 ± 0.39 Bq/L, and it showed a decreasing trend compared with historical data; however,the values were slightly higher than the natural background tritium level. Additionally, the tritium concentration shows a seasonal variation: It was higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer and spring. A comparison of concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai and around the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant reveals no correlation,implying that the nuclear power plant operations may not affect the environment of Shanghai. Thus, the raised tritium concentrations in Shanghai might be due to the effects of monsoons, spring leak, raindrop, or other activities that generate tritium there. Those activities may include chemistry research that uses tritium as a tracer.展开更多
Adsorption and desorption of hydrogen on/from single-vacancy and double-vacancy graphenes were studied by means of first-principles calculations. The structure and stability of continuous hydrogenation in single vacan...Adsorption and desorption of hydrogen on/from single-vacancy and double-vacancy graphenes were studied by means of first-principles calculations. The structure and stability of continuous hydrogenation in single vacancy were investigated. Several new stable structures were found, along with their corresponding energy barriers. In double-vacancy graphene, the preferred sites of H atoms were identified, and H2 molecule desorption and adsorption of from/on were calculated from the energy barriers. This work provides a systematic and comprehensive understanding of hydrogen behavior on defected graphene.展开更多
In this study, concentrations of tritiated water(HTO) and non-exchangeable organically bound tritium(NE-OBT) and the NE-OBT/HTO ratios were determined in soil around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant(NPP), Zhejiang, China, ...In this study, concentrations of tritiated water(HTO) and non-exchangeable organically bound tritium(NE-OBT) and the NE-OBT/HTO ratios were determined in soil around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant(NPP), Zhejiang, China, and their vertical profile and spatial distribution were investigated. Results showed variations in both the HTO and NE-OBT concentrations in the vertical profile. The HTO concentrations generally decreased firstly and then increased with the increasing depths, but the trend was not significant. The NE-OBT concentrations in the surface soils(0–5 cm) were considerably lower than those in the deep soils(5–25 cm) at all the sites. The NE-OBT/HTO ratios also show a variable vertical profile, initially increasing and then decreasing with increasing soil depth.Both the HTO and NE-OBT concentrations decreased with the increasing distance to the HWRs in deep soil layers(5–25 cm), revealing that the released tritium from the NPP affected the spatial distribution.展开更多
We report construction of an iodine-stabilized laser frequency standard at 532 nm based on modulation transfer spectroscopy(MTS)technology with good reproducibility.A frequency stability of 2.5×10^(-14)at 1 s ave...We report construction of an iodine-stabilized laser frequency standard at 532 nm based on modulation transfer spectroscopy(MTS)technology with good reproducibility.A frequency stability of 2.5×10^(-14)at 1 s averaging time is achieved,and the frequency reproducibility has a relative uncertainty of 3.5×10^(-13),demonstrating the great stability of our setup.The systematic uncertainty of the iodine-stabilized laser frequency standard is evaluated,especially the contribution of the residual amplitude modulation(RAM).The contribution of the RAM in MTS cannot be evaluated directly.To solve this problem,we theoretically deduce the MTS signal with RAM under large modulation depth,and prove that the non-symmetric shape of the MTS signal is directly related to the MTS effect.The non-symmetric shape factor can be calibrated with a frequency comb,and in real experiments,this value can be obtained by least-squares fitting of the MTS signal,from which we can infer the RAMinduced frequency shift.The full frequency uncertainty is evaluated to be 5.3 kHz(corresponding to a relative frequency uncertainty of 9.4×10^(-12)).The corrected transition frequency has a difference from the BIPM-recommended value of 2 kHz,which is within 1σ uncertainty,proving the validity of our evaluation.展开更多
Spatial modulation(SM) is a class of novel multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) techniques toward future wireless communications,which activates only one transmit antenna in each time slot,so as to reduce the number o...Spatial modulation(SM) is a class of novel multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) techniques toward future wireless communications,which activates only one transmit antenna in each time slot,so as to reduce the number of RF chains for saving the implement cost.Meanwhile,considering its application in 5G systems with multiple users,the detection of multi-user spatial modulation has drawn greater attention.In this paper,a pair of efficient detectors are proposed for multi-user spatial modulation.Specially,a threshold-aided approximate message passing(T-AMP) detector is proposed with the purpose of reducing the computational complexity of traditional structured approximate message passing(Str-AMP) detector.In addition,a novel probability sorting aided approximate message passing detector,called probability-ranking-aided AMP detector(P-AMP),is also proposed with the purpose of improving the performance.Simulation results show that the proposed T-AMP detector is able to achieve similar performance as traditional StrAMP with lower complexity,while the proposed P-AMP detector exhibits a better symbol error rate(SER) performance with similar complexity.展开更多
The self-assembled behavior of an unsymmetric molecule(BCDTDA)with one imidazole group as center and benzoic acid group as functional group is studied,and the regulatory behaviors of coronene(COR)and three bipyridine ...The self-assembled behavior of an unsymmetric molecule(BCDTDA)with one imidazole group as center and benzoic acid group as functional group is studied,and the regulatory behaviors of coronene(COR)and three bipyridine derivatives(named BP,PEBP-C4 and PEBP-C8)on BCDTDA self-assembly structures are also investigated.Based on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG)substrate,scanning tunneling microscopy(STM)is used to observe the variation of assembled behaviors at the solid-liquid interface.Because of the concentration effect,BCDTDA molecules can assemble into grids and Kagomés structures in the form of N–H…O hydrogen bonded dimers.BCDTDA molecules still maintain dimeric structures in the regulation of COR and BP molecules to BCDTDA self-assembly.However,PEBP-C4 and PEBP-C8 destroy the structure of the dimers,and form a variety of co-assembled structures with BCDTDA.Different vip molecules coordinate the host molecules differently,which makes the experiment more meaningful.Combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculation,the discovery of molecular interactions provides a promising strategy for the construction of functional nanostructures and devices.展开更多
Amino acids are basic units to construct a protein with the assistance of various interactions.During this building process,steric hindrance derived from amino acid side groups or side chains is a factor that could no...Amino acids are basic units to construct a protein with the assistance of various interactions.During this building process,steric hindrance derived from amino acid side groups or side chains is a factor that could not be ignored.In this contribution,adsorption behaviors of C-terminal amino acid derivatives with amino acid residues fused in 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM)and density functional theory(DFT)calculations at various liquid/solid interfaces.STM results at 1-phenyloctane/HOPG interface show that N,N'-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(GP)and N,N'-methyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(AP)formed linear and herringbone structures,respectively.The driving force could be attributed to different H-bonding sites induced by steric hindrance at side groups.N,N'-Benzyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(PP)generates both linear and herringbone structures because steric hindrance changes the H-bonding sites between PP molecules,whereas N,N'-isopropyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(LP)failed to be imaged because of strong steric hindrance coming from larger side group.To further investigate the impact of steric hindrance,we utilized octanoic acid(OA)as solvent to capture the adsorption details of LP and PP.We found that OA molecules drag PP and LP molecules in a different direction to generate linear structure,impeding the molecular rotation.The structure–solvent relationship shows that the steric hindrance is brought by the large side group,which makes it easier to recognize OA molecules at the interface.These results demonstrate that steric effect plays a significant role in altering interaction sites of the compounds during the adsorption process at the liquid/solid interface.展开更多
Tetrathiafulvalene(TTF), as a classical building unit, has attracted considerable attention, especially its functional derivatives. Hydrogen bonding(H-bonding) networks are a class of traditional and stable nanostruct...Tetrathiafulvalene(TTF), as a classical building unit, has attracted considerable attention, especially its functional derivatives. Hydrogen bonding(H-bonding) networks are a class of traditional and stable nanostructures, which play an important role in two-dimensional self-assembly and multi-component co-assembly. In this paper, we studied the regulation of H-bonding networks by functional groups in TTF derivatives. The results indicate that the position of pyridine on TTF not only affects their self-assembly structures in different solvents, but also controls the H-bonding networks through different mechanisms. Both para-TTF and meta-TTF molecules show different co-assembled structures with solvents depending on whether or not the presence of carboxylic acid group. On the pre-prepared H-bonding networks formed by famous 1,3,5-tris(10-carboxydecyloxy)-benzene(TCDB) molecule, both para-TTF and meta-TTF disturbed the original network structures with different degree of TCDB deformation. The formed new H-bonding networks with or without TTF derivatives participation are mainly attributed to the position of pyridine in TTF-based molecules. These results would be important for design of exceptional and functional nanostructures starting with the design of building block.展开更多
The formation of coordinated dimeric complexes bridged by axial ligands on surface is observed with the help of a 1,3,5-tris（10-carboxydecyloxy）benzene（TCDB） template through scanning tunneling microscopy（STM）. ...The formation of coordinated dimeric complexes bridged by axial ligands on surface is observed with the help of a 1,3,5-tris（10-carboxydecyloxy）benzene（TCDB） template through scanning tunneling microscopy（STM）. STM images of molecular adlayers of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin（Zn TPP）, zinc phthalocyanine（Zn Pc）, and their mixture are reported. Zn TPP and Zn Pc can spontaneously form highly an ordered structure with a 1：1 molar ratio, which is different from that of individual Zn Pc. The coordinated bimolecular complexes bridged with axial ligands, simply as Zn Pc–DPP–Zn TPP and Zn Pc–DPE–Zn Pc, are presented and the corresponding surface structures are compared. Zn Pc and Zn TPP can be connected by an axial ligand DPP and formed assembled structures out of surface. Two types of arrays with entirely new structure are obtained for the Zn Pc–DPE–Zn Pc complex. These bridged hybrid complexes provide an example of design of self-organized crystals on the basis of coordination through non-covalent interactions.展开更多
Macadamia from the family Proteaceae is a plant native to Australia and has long been favoured by people for its crispy and high nutritional and medicinal value.Here,the genome of GUIRE 1(GR1),a highly heterozygous su...Macadamia from the family Proteaceae is a plant native to Australia and has long been favoured by people for its crispy and high nutritional and medicinal value.Here,the genome of GUIRE 1(GR1),a highly heterozygous superior cultivar of macadamia nut,was sequenced and assembled using nanopore sequencing,and a 807-Mb genome(contig N50,1.9 Mb;scaffold N50,54.70 Mb)and 14 chromosomes were obtained.A total of 453 Mb(about 55.95%)repetitive sequences and 37,657 protein-coding genes were obtained by gene annotation and homologous protein comparison.Proteaceae diverged from Nelumbonaceae nearly 115.37 million years ago and from Rubiaceae about 140 million years ago.A genome-wide duplication(WGD)event occurred in macadamia 41 million years ago based on the WGD analysis.The functional enrichment analysis of M.integrifolia-specific gene families revealed their roles in signal transduction,protein phosphorylation,protein binding,and defense response.Here,a highly heterozygous genome of M.integrifolia was unlocked to provide a database for breeding and molecular mechanism research.展开更多
Organic compounds are widely used in both industry and daily life,and composite bilayer films with organic compound-triggered bending properties are promising for applications of transducers,soft robotics,and so on.He...Organic compounds are widely used in both industry and daily life,and composite bilayer films with organic compound-triggered bending properties are promising for applications of transducers,soft robotics,and so on.Here,a universal and straightforward strategy to generate composite bilayer films with organic compoundtriggered bending properties is demonstrated.The composite bilayer films with organic compound-triggered bending properties are designed with bilayer structures,in which one layer is a porous polymeric membrane with appropriate solubility parameter that matches the value of organic solvents in order to produce prominent affinity to the solvent molecules,and the other layer is reduced graphene oxide membrane stacked on the porous polymeric membrane as an inert layer for restraining the swelling of the polymeric membrane on one side.Guided by matching the solubility parameters between solvent and polymer,a significant bending curvature of 27.3 cm-1 is obtained in acetone vapor.The results in this study will provide valuable guidance for designing and developing functional composite materials with significant organic compound-triggered bending properties.展开更多
Many previous studies have shown that the molecular structures of oligothiophene derivatives including molecular skeleton and alkyl chains have a significant effect on their self-assemblies on the surface.In this work...Many previous studies have shown that the molecular structures of oligothiophene derivatives including molecular skeleton and alkyl chains have a significant effect on their self-assemblies on the surface.In this work, a series of linear oligothiophene derivatives(DCV-n T-Hex, n = 3~11) modified with terminal dicyanovinyls and alkyl chains were adopted to further investigate the different assembly behaviors at liquid-solid interface by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM). Interestingly, via the hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, DCV-3T-Hex formed zigzag and flower structures while DCV-n T-Hex(n = 4~11) formed lamellar structures. Density functional theory(DFT) calculations show that for the most energetically favorable configurations of DCV-n T-Hex, the different distribution of alkyl chains affected intermolecular interactions, and ultimately led to the different assembled structures. The zigzag and flower structures of DCV-3T-Hex had preferential thermodynamic stability compared to other structures of DCV-n T-Hex(n = 4~11). In addition, self-assembled nanostructures of DCV-n T-Hex molecules with even numbers(n = 4, 6, 8, 10) were overall more stable than those with odd numbers(n = 5, 7, 9,11), and the stability of the self-assembled structure was weakened with the extension of the molecular backbone, individually. The orientation of molecular alkyl chains was found to greatly affect the intermolecular interactions and thus leading to various self-assembly structures of DCV-n T-Hex(n = 3~11).展开更多
Vocal communication plays an important role in survival,reproduction,and animal social association.Birds and mammals produce com-plex vocal sequence to convey context-dependent information.Vocalizations are conspicuou...Vocal communication plays an important role in survival,reproduction,and animal social association.Birds and mammals produce com-plex vocal sequence to convey context-dependent information.Vocalizations are conspicuous features of the behavior of most anuran species(frogs and toads),and males usually alter their calling strategies according to ecological context to improve the attractiveness/competitiveness.However,very few studies have focused on the variation of vocal sequence in anurans.In the present study,we used both conventional method and network analysis to investigate the context-dependent vocal repertoire,vocal sequence,and call network structure in serrate-legged small treefrogs Kurixalus odontotarsus.We found that male K.odontotarsus modified their vocal sequence by switching to different call types and increasing repertoire size in the presence of a competitive rival.Specifically,compared with before and after the playback of advertisement calls,males emited fewer advertisement calls,but more aggressive calls,encounter calls,and compound calls during the playback period.Network analysis revealed that the mean degree,mean closeness,and mean betweenness of the call networks significantly decreased during the playback period,which resulted in lower connectivity.in addition,the increased proportion of one-way motifs and average path length also indicated that the connectivity of the call network decreased in competitive context.However,the vocal sequence of K.odontotarsus did not display a clear small-world network structure,regardless of context.Our study presents a paradigm to apply network analysis to vocal sequence in anurans and has important implications for understanding the evolution and function of sequence patterns.展开更多
Individual’s phenotypic traits are the results of adaptation to ecological conditions.Therefore,different selection pressures caused by heterogeneous environments may result in phenotypic difference,especially for in...Individual’s phenotypic traits are the results of adaptation to ecological conditions.Therefore,different selection pressures caused by heterogeneous environments may result in phenotypic difference,especially for individuals in different geographical populations.Here,we illustrated for the first time to use social network analysis(SNA)for examining whether geographical proximity predicts the similarity patterns in call characteristics among populations of an anuran species.We recorded calls from 150 male dorsal-striped opposite-fingered treefrogs(Chiromantis doriae)at 11 populations in Hainan Province and one population in Guangdong Province in China's Mainland,and we measured eight acoustic variables for each male.Mantel test didn’t show a correlation between geographical proximity and the similarity in call characteristics among populations.In addition,we failed to find correlations between a population’s eigenvector centrality and the distance to its nearest neighbor,nor between the coefficient of variation of similarity in call characteristics of a population and the average distance to all other populations.Nevertheless,three acoustic clusters were identified by the Girvan-Newman algorithm,and clustering was partially associated with geography.Furthermore,the most central populations were included in the same cluster,but the top betweenness populations were located within different clusters,suggesting that centrality populations are not necessary bridging between clusters.These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of the SNA toolbox and indicate that SNA helps to uncover the patterns that often overlooked in other analytical methods.By using SNA in frog’s call studies,researchers could further uncover the potential relationship in call characteristics between geographical populations,further reveal the effects of ecological factors on call characteristics,and probably enhance our understanding of the adaptive evolution of acoustic signals.展开更多
基金supported by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China(32101240)the NaturalScience Foundation of Hainan Province(2019RC175)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Research Program in Hainan Province(RC2100004064)the Academician working platform project in Hainan Province.
文摘Noise pollution has been shown to affect wild animals in various ways,but little is known about its consequences at the community level.Investigating animals’overall vocal responses to noise across multiple sympatric species can reveal the complex nature of noise impacts butis challenging.In this study,we employed social network analysis(SNA)to evaluate how anuran communities and populations vary their calling behaviors in response to aircraft noise.SNA of anuran communities revealed that conspecifc individuals increase the aggregation of theirspectral(i.e.,minimum frequency,maximum frequency,and dominant frequency),temporal(call duration,call rate,and call effort),and overallspectral-temporal features as an airplane passes through.SNA of populations also revealed that anurans could increase the interindividual similarity of multiple call characteristics in response to airplane noise.Furthermore,our network analysis of multiple species and multiple call traitsrevealed an effect of noise in species whose calling behavior did not change in previous separate analyses of each species and single traits.Thisstudy suggests that noise pollution may change the pattern of combined acoustic properties at the community level.Our fndings highlight theimportance of integrated methods and theories for understanding the ecological consequences of noise pollution in future studies.
文摘动物社会网络分析法(animal social network analysis,ASNA)是一套用于研究动物社会性、量化个体间各种社会关系、揭示个体行为与社会结构动态之间联系的工具,被广泛应用于多种动物类群的行为学研究。该分析方法所提供的一系列指标也非常适用于探究动物的声音交流及鸣声结构。在此,本文首先简要介绍了网络分析法的基本概念及一些常用的指标;然后基于野外和室内研究实例,阐述了如何利用ASNA建立声音通讯网络、量化声音交流,以及将ASNA与被动声学监测技术相结合的应用前景;随后探讨了ASNA在分析鸣声相似性及鸣声地理变异中的优势;最后概述了ASNA在解析鸣声结构和句法规则中的应用。ASNA为研究动物通讯网络以及声音信号的适应性进化提供了新的视角和新的思路。
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11964010,11564013 and 11464014)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2020JJ4495)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,China(Grant No.18C0558)the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate,China(Grant Nos.CX2018B706 and CX20190876)。
文摘The spontaneous emission rate of a two-level quantum emitter(QE)near a gold nanorod is numerically investigated.Three different optical response models for the free-electron gas are adopted,including the classical Drude local response approximation,the nonlocal hydrodynamic model,and the generalized nonlocal optical response model.Nonlocal optical response leads to a blueshift and a reduction in the enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate.Within all the three models,the resonance frequency is largely determined by the aspect ratio(the ratio of the nanorod length to the radius)and increases sharply with decreasing aspect ratio.For nanorod with a fixed length,it is found that the larger the radius is,the higher the resonance frequency is,and the smaller the enhancement is.However,if the length of the nanorod increases,the peak frequency falls sharply,while the spontaneous emission enhancement grows rapidly.For nanorod with a fixed aspect ratio,the peak frequency decreases slowly with increasing nanorod size.Larger nanorod shows smaller nonlocal effect.At a certain frequency,there is an optimal size to maximize the enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate.Higher order modes are more affected by the nonlocal smearing of the induced charges,leading to larger blueshift and greater reduction in the enhancement.These results should be significant for investigating the spontaneous emission rate of a QE around a gold nanorod.
基金Science Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau in Jiangsu Province of China:Analysis on Differences of Platelet Protein Under Syndrome of Cold-phlegm Blocking Heart Vessel And Targeted Intervention Mechanism of Furostanol Saponins of Allium Macrostemon Bunge for Coronary Heart Disease(No.YB2015180)Chinese Medicine Teaching center of Southeast University
文摘OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli Tang(GGLMT), a decoction prepared with herbal medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, on sleep disturbances in women with menopause.METHODS: Totally 162 participants were recruited for the treatment of sleep difficulty from February,2012 to December, 2014. Decoction of 200 mL was taken by every participant twice daily in half an hour after lunch and dinner during two weeks.Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburg sleep quali-ty index(PSQI) and menopausal symptoms and quality of life were evaluated by the menopause rating scale(MRS) and the Chinese version of World Health Organization quality of life-BREF at the final fellow-up in the fourth weekend after beginning.RESULTS: The average scores of PSQI had reduced from(13.82 ± 4.97) to(8.14 ± 3.19), 95% CI(- 4.87,- 3.05) after 2-week GGLMT treatment in the fourth week. GGLMT improved symptoms in patients with more severe conditions(MRS ≥ 16).Three adverse drug reaction, mouth ulcer, constipation, and folliculitis, might be related with GGLMT and disappeared after withdrawals of the treatment.CONCLUSION: For menopausal women suffering from chronic sleep disturbances, our findings suggest that two weeks treatment of GGLMT was safe and effective.
基金We are grateful to all the members of the Animal Physiological Ecology Group for helpful discussions.We also thank Mr Bin Wu,Plant Protection Station of Taipusiqi,for help with the field work.We are grateful to Dr Michael Cant for his help revising the manuscript.This study was financially support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31372211)for W.L.and from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-EW-N-005)for D-H.W.
文摘Kin selection theory predicts that individuals should generally behave less aggressively or more amicably towards relatives than nonkin.However,how individuals treat conspecifics depends on genetic relatedness but also on the ecological context,which influences the benefits and costs of their interactions.In this study,we used microsatellite DNA markers and behavioral tests to examine the influence of kinship and proximity on the social behavior of Mongolian gerbils Meriones unguiculatus living in different social groups,and whether these effects varied with sex and season.We recorded the duration of 4 behavioral categories(investigative,neutral,amicable,and agonistic)during a 10-min pairwise test.We found that genetic relatedness had significant effects on the duration of investigative,neutral,and amicable behavior,but not on agonistic behavior.We also found significant interaction effects of relatedness and distance between burrow systems(i.e.,spatial distance)on investigative,neutral,and amicable behavior,which suggests that the effects of kinship on social behavior were restricted by spatial proximity.The interaction effect between sex and relatedness on amicable behavior showed that male gerbils became more intimate with individuals of the same sex that had higher pairwise relatedness than females.Furthermore,both male and female gerbils enhanced their aggression during the food-hoarding season,but the intensity of these changes was significantly higher in females.Overall,our results suggest that the effects of kinship and spatial proximity on social behavior exhibit sexual or seasonal patterns,thereby implying ecological context-dependent responses to out-group individuals in Mongolian gerbils.
文摘Tritium concentrations in precipitation can be used as a criterion to evaluate the tritium baseline of the environment. The tritium concentration in precipitation in Shanghai during 2014-2015 was determined. Values ranged from 0.68 ± 0.04 to 4.11 ± 0.39 Bq/L, and it showed a decreasing trend compared with historical data; however,the values were slightly higher than the natural background tritium level. Additionally, the tritium concentration shows a seasonal variation: It was higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer and spring. A comparison of concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai and around the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant reveals no correlation,implying that the nuclear power plant operations may not affect the environment of Shanghai. Thus, the raised tritium concentrations in Shanghai might be due to the effects of monsoons, spring leak, raindrop, or other activities that generate tritium there. Those activities may include chemistry research that uses tritium as a tracer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.5160121211475082)‘‘Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences’’ Thorium Molten Salts Reactor Fund
文摘Adsorption and desorption of hydrogen on/from single-vacancy and double-vacancy graphenes were studied by means of first-principles calculations. The structure and stability of continuous hydrogenation in single vacancy were investigated. Several new stable structures were found, along with their corresponding energy barriers. In double-vacancy graphene, the preferred sites of H atoms were identified, and H2 molecule desorption and adsorption of from/on were calculated from the energy barriers. This work provides a systematic and comprehensive understanding of hydrogen behavior on defected graphene.
文摘In this study, concentrations of tritiated water(HTO) and non-exchangeable organically bound tritium(NE-OBT) and the NE-OBT/HTO ratios were determined in soil around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant(NPP), Zhejiang, China, and their vertical profile and spatial distribution were investigated. Results showed variations in both the HTO and NE-OBT concentrations in the vertical profile. The HTO concentrations generally decreased firstly and then increased with the increasing depths, but the trend was not significant. The NE-OBT concentrations in the surface soils(0–5 cm) were considerably lower than those in the deep soils(5–25 cm) at all the sites. The NE-OBT/HTO ratios also show a variable vertical profile, initially increasing and then decreasing with increasing soil depth.Both the HTO and NE-OBT concentrations decreased with the increasing distance to the HWRs in deep soil layers(5–25 cm), revealing that the released tritium from the NPP affected the spatial distribution.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304401)Key-Area Research and Development Program of GuangDong Province,China(Grant No.2019B030330001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11174095,61875065,91536116,and 11804108).
文摘We report construction of an iodine-stabilized laser frequency standard at 532 nm based on modulation transfer spectroscopy(MTS)technology with good reproducibility.A frequency stability of 2.5×10^(-14)at 1 s averaging time is achieved,and the frequency reproducibility has a relative uncertainty of 3.5×10^(-13),demonstrating the great stability of our setup.The systematic uncertainty of the iodine-stabilized laser frequency standard is evaluated,especially the contribution of the residual amplitude modulation(RAM).The contribution of the RAM in MTS cannot be evaluated directly.To solve this problem,we theoretically deduce the MTS signal with RAM under large modulation depth,and prove that the non-symmetric shape of the MTS signal is directly related to the MTS effect.The non-symmetric shape factor can be calibrated with a frequency comb,and in real experiments,this value can be obtained by least-squares fitting of the MTS signal,from which we can infer the RAMinduced frequency shift.The full frequency uncertainty is evaluated to be 5.3 kHz(corresponding to a relative frequency uncertainty of 9.4×10^(-12)).The corrected transition frequency has a difference from the BIPM-recommended value of 2 kHz,which is within 1σ uncertainty,proving the validity of our evaluation.
基金The financial support is gratefully acknowledged by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant numbers 61471090the Open Research Fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory,Southeast University(No.2015D09)+1 种基金the Foundation Project of Science and Technology on Electronic Information Control Laboratory under Grant JS17041403811(201606071370-004001)the Foundation Project of National Key Lab.of Sci.and Tech.on Comm.under Grant 6142102010702
文摘Spatial modulation(SM) is a class of novel multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) techniques toward future wireless communications,which activates only one transmit antenna in each time slot,so as to reduce the number of RF chains for saving the implement cost.Meanwhile,considering its application in 5G systems with multiple users,the detection of multi-user spatial modulation has drawn greater attention.In this paper,a pair of efficient detectors are proposed for multi-user spatial modulation.Specially,a threshold-aided approximate message passing(T-AMP) detector is proposed with the purpose of reducing the computational complexity of traditional structured approximate message passing(Str-AMP) detector.In addition,a novel probability sorting aided approximate message passing detector,called probability-ranking-aided AMP detector(P-AMP),is also proposed with the purpose of improving the performance.Simulation results show that the proposed T-AMP detector is able to achieve similar performance as traditional StrAMP with lower complexity,while the proposed P-AMP detector exhibits a better symbol error rate(SER) performance with similar complexity.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21972031,12064026 and 22272039)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB36000000)Jilin Chinese Academy of Sciences-Yanshen Technology Co.,Ltd.
文摘The self-assembled behavior of an unsymmetric molecule(BCDTDA)with one imidazole group as center and benzoic acid group as functional group is studied,and the regulatory behaviors of coronene(COR)and three bipyridine derivatives(named BP,PEBP-C4 and PEBP-C8)on BCDTDA self-assembly structures are also investigated.Based on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG)substrate,scanning tunneling microscopy(STM)is used to observe the variation of assembled behaviors at the solid-liquid interface.Because of the concentration effect,BCDTDA molecules can assemble into grids and Kagomés structures in the form of N–H…O hydrogen bonded dimers.BCDTDA molecules still maintain dimeric structures in the regulation of COR and BP molecules to BCDTDA self-assembly.However,PEBP-C4 and PEBP-C8 destroy the structure of the dimers,and form a variety of co-assembled structures with BCDTDA.Different vip molecules coordinate the host molecules differently,which makes the experiment more meaningful.Combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculation,the discovery of molecular interactions provides a promising strategy for the construction of functional nanostructures and devices.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2017YFA0205000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21303024,21365003,21463003,51478123,21962003,21902033)+6 种基金the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB933001)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.YZ201318)The jiangxi Provincial"Ganpo Talents 555 Projects",Jiangxi Provincial Education Department Fund(No.KJLD13080)Jiangxi Provincial Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(No.20153BCB23001)Jjiangxi Provincial Project of Scientific and Technological Innovation Team(No.20152BCB24008)Jiangxi Province Youth Science Foundation Project(No.20192BAB216013)Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Province Education Department(No.180775)are also gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Amino acids are basic units to construct a protein with the assistance of various interactions.During this building process,steric hindrance derived from amino acid side groups or side chains is a factor that could not be ignored.In this contribution,adsorption behaviors of C-terminal amino acid derivatives with amino acid residues fused in 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM)and density functional theory(DFT)calculations at various liquid/solid interfaces.STM results at 1-phenyloctane/HOPG interface show that N,N'-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(GP)and N,N'-methyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(AP)formed linear and herringbone structures,respectively.The driving force could be attributed to different H-bonding sites induced by steric hindrance at side groups.N,N'-Benzyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(PP)generates both linear and herringbone structures because steric hindrance changes the H-bonding sites between PP molecules,whereas N,N'-isopropyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide(LP)failed to be imaged because of strong steric hindrance coming from larger side group.To further investigate the impact of steric hindrance,we utilized octanoic acid(OA)as solvent to capture the adsorption details of LP and PP.We found that OA molecules drag PP and LP molecules in a different direction to generate linear structure,impeding the molecular rotation.The structure–solvent relationship shows that the steric hindrance is brought by the large side group,which makes it easier to recognize OA molecules at the interface.These results demonstrate that steric effect plays a significant role in altering interaction sites of the compounds during the adsorption process at the liquid/solid interface.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21472029, 21773041 and 21372136)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos. 2016YFA0200700 and 2017YFA0205001)Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(No. 2017A610013)
文摘Tetrathiafulvalene(TTF), as a classical building unit, has attracted considerable attention, especially its functional derivatives. Hydrogen bonding(H-bonding) networks are a class of traditional and stable nanostructures, which play an important role in two-dimensional self-assembly and multi-component co-assembly. In this paper, we studied the regulation of H-bonding networks by functional groups in TTF derivatives. The results indicate that the position of pyridine on TTF not only affects their self-assembly structures in different solvents, but also controls the H-bonding networks through different mechanisms. Both para-TTF and meta-TTF molecules show different co-assembled structures with solvents depending on whether or not the presence of carboxylic acid group. On the pre-prepared H-bonding networks formed by famous 1,3,5-tris(10-carboxydecyloxy)-benzene(TCDB) molecule, both para-TTF and meta-TTF disturbed the original network structures with different degree of TCDB deformation. The formed new H-bonding networks with or without TTF derivatives participation are mainly attributed to the position of pyridine in TTF-based molecules. These results would be important for design of exceptional and functional nanostructures starting with the design of building block.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB934200)National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2012CB933001)+1 种基金The Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. YZ201318)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21472029, 51173031, 91127043, 51203030, 51463002)
文摘The formation of coordinated dimeric complexes bridged by axial ligands on surface is observed with the help of a 1,3,5-tris（10-carboxydecyloxy）benzene（TCDB） template through scanning tunneling microscopy（STM）. STM images of molecular adlayers of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin（Zn TPP）, zinc phthalocyanine（Zn Pc）, and their mixture are reported. Zn TPP and Zn Pc can spontaneously form highly an ordered structure with a 1：1 molar ratio, which is different from that of individual Zn Pc. The coordinated bimolecular complexes bridged with axial ligands, simply as Zn Pc–DPP–Zn TPP and Zn Pc–DPE–Zn Pc, are presented and the corresponding surface structures are compared. Zn Pc and Zn TPP can be connected by an axial ligand DPP and formed assembled structures out of surface. Two types of arrays with entirely new structure are obtained for the Zn Pc–DPE–Zn Pc complex. These bridged hybrid complexes provide an example of design of self-organized crystals on the basis of coordination through non-covalent interactions.
基金supported by Guangxi Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.2019GXNSFBA18501.
文摘Macadamia from the family Proteaceae is a plant native to Australia and has long been favoured by people for its crispy and high nutritional and medicinal value.Here,the genome of GUIRE 1(GR1),a highly heterozygous superior cultivar of macadamia nut,was sequenced and assembled using nanopore sequencing,and a 807-Mb genome(contig N50,1.9 Mb;scaffold N50,54.70 Mb)and 14 chromosomes were obtained.A total of 453 Mb(about 55.95%)repetitive sequences and 37,657 protein-coding genes were obtained by gene annotation and homologous protein comparison.Proteaceae diverged from Nelumbonaceae nearly 115.37 million years ago and from Rubiaceae about 140 million years ago.A genome-wide duplication(WGD)event occurred in macadamia 41 million years ago based on the WGD analysis.The functional enrichment analysis of M.integrifolia-specific gene families revealed their roles in signal transduction,protein phosphorylation,protein binding,and defense response.Here,a highly heterozygous genome of M.integrifolia was unlocked to provide a database for breeding and molecular mechanism research.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21490582,21622604)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT15R48)the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(sklpme2017-3-03,sklpme2014-1-01).
文摘Organic compounds are widely used in both industry and daily life,and composite bilayer films with organic compound-triggered bending properties are promising for applications of transducers,soft robotics,and so on.Here,a universal and straightforward strategy to generate composite bilayer films with organic compoundtriggered bending properties is demonstrated.The composite bilayer films with organic compound-triggered bending properties are designed with bilayer structures,in which one layer is a porous polymeric membrane with appropriate solubility parameter that matches the value of organic solvents in order to produce prominent affinity to the solvent molecules,and the other layer is reduced graphene oxide membrane stacked on the porous polymeric membrane as an inert layer for restraining the swelling of the polymeric membrane on one side.Guided by matching the solubility parameters between solvent and polymer,a significant bending curvature of 27.3 cm-1 is obtained in acetone vapor.The results in this study will provide valuable guidance for designing and developing functional composite materials with significant organic compound-triggered bending properties.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2017YFA0205000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21972031)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB36000000)。
文摘Many previous studies have shown that the molecular structures of oligothiophene derivatives including molecular skeleton and alkyl chains have a significant effect on their self-assemblies on the surface.In this work, a series of linear oligothiophene derivatives(DCV-n T-Hex, n = 3~11) modified with terminal dicyanovinyls and alkyl chains were adopted to further investigate the different assembly behaviors at liquid-solid interface by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM). Interestingly, via the hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, DCV-3T-Hex formed zigzag and flower structures while DCV-n T-Hex(n = 4~11) formed lamellar structures. Density functional theory(DFT) calculations show that for the most energetically favorable configurations of DCV-n T-Hex, the different distribution of alkyl chains affected intermolecular interactions, and ultimately led to the different assembled structures. The zigzag and flower structures of DCV-3T-Hex had preferential thermodynamic stability compared to other structures of DCV-n T-Hex(n = 4~11). In addition, self-assembled nanostructures of DCV-n T-Hex molecules with even numbers(n = 4, 6, 8, 10) were overall more stable than those with odd numbers(n = 5, 7, 9,11), and the stability of the self-assembled structure was weakened with the extension of the molecular backbone, individually. The orientation of molecular alkyl chains was found to greatly affect the intermolecular interactions and thus leading to various self-assembly structures of DCV-n T-Hex(n = 3~11).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772464,32000313)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2012274)+2 种基金Sichuan ScienceandTechnology Program1(2022JDTD0026)NaturalScience Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC1736)Open Research Program in Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands(HNSF-OP-202002).
文摘Vocal communication plays an important role in survival,reproduction,and animal social association.Birds and mammals produce com-plex vocal sequence to convey context-dependent information.Vocalizations are conspicuous features of the behavior of most anuran species(frogs and toads),and males usually alter their calling strategies according to ecological context to improve the attractiveness/competitiveness.However,very few studies have focused on the variation of vocal sequence in anurans.In the present study,we used both conventional method and network analysis to investigate the context-dependent vocal repertoire,vocal sequence,and call network structure in serrate-legged small treefrogs Kurixalus odontotarsus.We found that male K.odontotarsus modified their vocal sequence by switching to different call types and increasing repertoire size in the presence of a competitive rival.Specifically,compared with before and after the playback of advertisement calls,males emited fewer advertisement calls,but more aggressive calls,encounter calls,and compound calls during the playback period.Network analysis revealed that the mean degree,mean closeness,and mean betweenness of the call networks significantly decreased during the playback period,which resulted in lower connectivity.in addition,the increased proportion of one-way motifs and average path length also indicated that the connectivity of the call network decreased in competitive context.However,the vocal sequence of K.odontotarsus did not display a clear small-world network structure,regardless of context.Our study presents a paradigm to apply network analysis to vocal sequence in anurans and has important implications for understanding the evolution and function of sequence patterns.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772464,32000313)CAS“Light of West China”Program(2017XBZGXBQNXZB013)+1 种基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2012274)the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(2019HJ2096001006)。
文摘Individual’s phenotypic traits are the results of adaptation to ecological conditions.Therefore,different selection pressures caused by heterogeneous environments may result in phenotypic difference,especially for individuals in different geographical populations.Here,we illustrated for the first time to use social network analysis(SNA)for examining whether geographical proximity predicts the similarity patterns in call characteristics among populations of an anuran species.We recorded calls from 150 male dorsal-striped opposite-fingered treefrogs(Chiromantis doriae)at 11 populations in Hainan Province and one population in Guangdong Province in China's Mainland,and we measured eight acoustic variables for each male.Mantel test didn’t show a correlation between geographical proximity and the similarity in call characteristics among populations.In addition,we failed to find correlations between a population’s eigenvector centrality and the distance to its nearest neighbor,nor between the coefficient of variation of similarity in call characteristics of a population and the average distance to all other populations.Nevertheless,three acoustic clusters were identified by the Girvan-Newman algorithm,and clustering was partially associated with geography.Furthermore,the most central populations were included in the same cluster,but the top betweenness populations were located within different clusters,suggesting that centrality populations are not necessary bridging between clusters.These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of the SNA toolbox and indicate that SNA helps to uncover the patterns that often overlooked in other analytical methods.By using SNA in frog’s call studies,researchers could further uncover the potential relationship in call characteristics between geographical populations,further reveal the effects of ecological factors on call characteristics,and probably enhance our understanding of the adaptive evolution of acoustic signals.
