Located in northern China,the Hetao Plain is an important agro-economic zone and population centre.The deterioration of local groundwater quality has had a serious impact on human health and economic development.Nowad...Located in northern China,the Hetao Plain is an important agro-economic zone and population centre.The deterioration of local groundwater quality has had a serious impact on human health and economic development.Nowadays,the groundwater vulnerability assessment(GVA)has become an essential task to identify the current status and development trend of groundwater quality.In this study,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)models are integrated to realize the spatio-temporal prediction of regional groundwater vulnerability by introducing the Self-attention mechanism.The study firstly builds the CNN-LSTM modelwith self-attention(SA)mechanism and evaluates the prediction accuracy of the model for groundwater vulnerability compared to other common machine learning models such as Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The results indicate that the CNNLSTM model outperforms thesemodels,demonstrating its significance in groundwater vulnerability assessment.It can be posited that the predictions indicate an increased risk of groundwater vulnerability in the study area over the coming years.This increase can be attributed to the synergistic impact of global climate anomalies and intensified local human activities.Moreover,the overall groundwater vulnerability risk in the entire region has increased,evident fromboth the notably high value and standard deviation.This suggests that the spatial variability of groundwater vulnerability in the area is expected to expand in the future due to the sustained progression of climate change and human activities.The model can be optimized for diverse applications across regional environmental assessment,pollution prediction,and risk statistics.This study holds particular significance for ecological protection and groundwater resource management.展开更多
Groundwater is an important water resource.The total amount of active groundwater in a hydrological cycle is about 3.5 times that of the total amount of surface water.The information in the deep groundwater records th...Groundwater is an important water resource.The total amount of active groundwater in a hydrological cycle is about 3.5 times that of the total amount of surface water.The information in the deep groundwater records the material exchange and dynamics in the earth’s evolution,which is an important aspect of the Deep-Time Digital Earth(DDE)plan.In recent years,scientists have discussed the distribution of transboundary aquifers and the environmental significance of groundwater resources through groundwater databases established by international organizations,such as the Global Groundwater Information System and the chronicles consortium,and national institutes,such as national geological surveys.The application of the groundwater database in the DDE plan,however,has been limited by the management,interactivity,and monitoring method of the groundwater data.The ability to further integrate data that are private and scattered across research institutions and individuals,while establishing an open,unified,and shared groundwater data platform,is essential to enhance our understanding of groundwater,ranging from shallow to deep water,which is a goal of the DDE plan.In this study,we introduced the current situation of groundwater database operations in domestic and international research and provided frontier research with groundwater big data.Considering the related objectives of the DDE plan and the limitations of existing groundwater databases,we proposed an improvement plan and new prospects for applying groundwater databases in the research of the deep earth.展开更多
Although arsenic-contaminated groundwater in the Datong Basin has been studied for more than 10 years, little has been known about the complex patterns of solute transport in the aquifer systems. Field monitoring and ...Although arsenic-contaminated groundwater in the Datong Basin has been studied for more than 10 years, little has been known about the complex patterns of solute transport in the aquifer systems. Field monitoring and transient 3D unsaturated groundwater flow modeling studies were car- ried out on the riparian zone of the Sanggan River at the Datong Basin, northern China, to better un- derstand the effects of groundwater flow on As mobilization and transport. The results indicate that ir- rigation is the primary factor in determining the groundwater flow paths. Irrigation can not only in- crease groundwater level and reduce horizontal groundwater velocity and thereby accelerate vertical and horizontal groundwater exchange among sand, silt and clay formations, but also change the HS concentration, redox conditions of the shallow groundwater. Results of net groundwater flux estimation suggest that vertical infiltration is likely the primary control of As transport in the vadose zone, while horizontal water exchange is dominant in controlling As migration within the sand aquifers. Recharge water, including irrigation return water and flushed saltwater, travels downward from the ground surface to the aquifer and then nearly horizontally across the sand aquifer. The maximum value of As enriched in the riparian zone is roughly estimated to be 1 706.2 mg.d-1 for a horizontal water exchange of 8.98 m3.d-1 close to the river and an As concentration of 190 μg.L-1.展开更多
Background: Pyroptosis is defined as programmed necrosis executed by gasdermin D or E (GSDMD or GSDME), which punches cellular membrane. Morphologically, pyroptosis is characterized by cell swelling and cell membrane ...Background: Pyroptosis is defined as programmed necrosis executed by gasdermin D or E (GSDMD or GSDME), which punches cellular membrane. Morphologically, pyroptosis is characterized by cell swelling and cell membrane rupture, leading to the release of cellular contents that triggers intense inflammatory response. More and more studies have found that pyroptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of viral infection, which may be a determinant for inflammation observed in most viral diseases. Objective: This paper aims to summarize the roles of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and to provide potential drug targets for the treatment of viral diseases, which will contribute to medical research and public health. Measures: This paper mainly summarizes pyroptosis occurring in diseases caused by different viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis virus, enterovirus, influenza virus and dengue fever virus. Meanwhile, the reported mechanism underlying pyroptosis mediating pathogenesis of these viral diseases will also be described. Conclusion: Current studies have shown that pyroptosis is a double-edged sword in viral infectious diseases. On one hand, pyroptosis leads to pathogenic inflammation of many viral infectious diseases which aggravate tissue damage initiated by viral infection, and blocking proptosis usually relieves the inflammation, which exerts therapeutic effects on viral diseases. On the other hand, moderating pyroptosis can contribute to defense against pathogen infection by releasing immune epitopes and inducing antiviral immune response.展开更多
Long tree-ring chronologies can be developed by overlapping data from living trees with data from fossil trees through cross-dating.However,low-frequency climate signals are lost when standardizing tree-ring series du...Long tree-ring chronologies can be developed by overlapping data from living trees with data from fossil trees through cross-dating.However,low-frequency climate signals are lost when standardizing tree-ring series due to the"segment length curse".To alleviate the segment length curse and thus improve the standardization method for developing long tree-ring chronologies,here we first calculated a mean value for all the tree ring series by overlapping all of the tree ring series.The growth trend of the mean tree ring width(i.e.,cumulated average growth trend of all the series)was determined using ensemble empirical mode decomposition.Then the chronology was developed by dividing the mean value by the growth trend of the mean value.Our improved method alleviated the problem of trend distortion.Long-term signals were better preserved using the improved method than in previous detrending methods.The chronologies developed using the improved method were better correlated with climate than those developed using conservative methods.The improved standardization method alleviates trend distortion and retains more of the low-frequency climate signals.展开更多
China is one of the most important producers and suppliers of the chlorobenzenes （CBs）, accounting for more than 50% of the world production. Although CBs contamination at the sites of chemical production factories ...China is one of the most important producers and suppliers of the chlorobenzenes （CBs）, accounting for more than 50% of the world production. Although CBs contamination at the sites of chemical production factories is well-known, the knowledge on spatial distribution and contaminated degree of CBs are still limited. To better understand the occurrence of CBs, a total of 161 soil/sediment samples were collected from 36 sampling points within a 20 m deep from a site of decommissioned chlorobenzenes-producing factory in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, central China. The results showed that monochlorobenzene （MCB） is the predominant contaminants with the ∑CBs levels ranging from 0.05 to 8 600 mg/kg dry weight （dw） with a mean value of 384 mg/kg dw. The vertical distribution of CBs indicated that CBs may have clearly transported to deeper sections in the subsurface. Statistical analyses showed that there are no good correlations between the ∑CBs concentration with soil organic matter （SOM） content and the moisture content.展开更多
Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four ...Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients（σsc）, absorption coefficients（σab）,Angstr？m exponent（α）, single scattering albedo（ω）, backscattering ratio（βsc）, aerosol mass scattering proficiency（Q sc） and aerosol surface scattering proficiency（Q sc′） were obtained. The mean statistical values of σsc were 77.45 Mm-1（at 450 nm）, 50.72 Mm-1（at 550 nm）, and32.02 Mm-1（at 700 nm）. The mean value of σab was 7.62 Mm-1（at 550 nm）. The mean values ofα, βsc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters（ED） of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σsc,, α, βsc, Q sc and Q sc′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and βsc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σsc, α, βsc, Q sc, Q sc′, σab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.展开更多
Objective To investigate the effects of simvastatin on membrane ionic currents in left ventricular myocytes after acute myocardial infarction(AMI,so as to explore the ionic mechanism of statin treatment for antiarrhyt...Objective To investigate the effects of simvastatin on membrane ionic currents in left ventricular myocytes after acute myocardial infarction(AMI,so as to explore the ionic mechanism of statin treatment for antiarrhythmia.Methods Fourty-five New Zeland rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:AMI group,simvastatin intervention group(statin group)and sham-operated control group(CON).Rabbits were infarcted by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery after administration of oral simvastatin 5 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>(Statin group)or placebo(AMI group)for 3 days.Twenty-four hours later,single ventricular myocytes were isolated enzymatically from the epicardial zone of the infracted region.Whole cell patch clamp technique was used to record membrane ionic currents,including sodium current(I<sub>Na</sub>),L-type calcium current(I<sub>Ca-L</sub>)and transient outward potassium current(I<sub>to</sub>).Results①There was no significant difference in serum cholesterol concentration among three groups.②The peak I<sub>Na</sub>current density(at-30 mV)was significantly decreased in AMI group(-23.26±5.18)compared with CON(-42.78±5.48,P【0.05),while it was significantly increased in Statin group(-39.23±5.45)compared with AMI group(P【0.01);The peak I<sub>Ca-L</sub>current density(at 0 mV)was significantly decreased in AMI group(-3.23±0.91)compared with CON(-4.56±1.01,P【0.05),while it was significantly increased in Statin group(-4.18±0.95)compared with AMI group(P【0.05);The I<sub>to</sub>current density(at+60 mV)was significantly decreased in AMI group(10.41±1.93)compared with CON(17.41±3.13,P【0.01),while it was significantly increased in Statin group(16.21±2.42)compared with AMI group(P【0.01).Conclusions AMI induces significant down-regulation of I<sub>Na</sub>,I<sub>Ca-L</sub>and I<sub>to</sub>.Pretreatment with simvastatin could attenuate this change without lowering the serum cholesterol level,suggesting that simvastatin reverse this electrical remodeling,thus contributing to the ionic mechanism of statin treatment for antiarrhythmia.展开更多
[Objectives]To find out a suitable cultivation technique of Wangu 098 in Nanyang area,speed up the popularization,demonstration and application of Wangu 098,and provide a theoretical and practical basis for adjusting ...[Objectives]To find out a suitable cultivation technique of Wangu 098 in Nanyang area,speed up the popularization,demonstration and application of Wangu 098,and provide a theoretical and practical basis for adjusting the planting structure and realizing the matching of improved varieties and methods.[Methods]The new self-bred millet variety Wangu 098 was used as the material,and the two-factor split zone experimental design was adopted.The effects of different sowing dates and densities on the yield,growth period and agronomic characters of millet were studied.[Results]The interaction of seeding date and density had a great effect on the yield and plant traits of millet.Millet yield was significantly and positively correlated with plant height,panicle length,single panicle weight,panicle grain weight and tiller number.[Conclusions]The reasonable combination of seeding date and density could give full play to the yield potential of millet.According to the experimental results and cultivation experience,the suitable seeding date of millet in Nanyang area is in the first and middle ten days of June,and the best density is about 750000 plants/ha.However,after June 30,the seeding millet did not tiller,so the density should be increased to more than 900000 plants/ha to obtain higher yield.In terms of cultivation and management,timely seeding,reasonable close planting,and coordination of vegetative growth and reproductive growth can make the plant tall and strong,panicle long and thick,and improve the yield of millet.展开更多
For Wireless Sensor Networks （WSN） is responsible for sensing, collecting, processing and monitoring of environmental data, but it might be limited in resources. This paper describes in detail the compressed sensing...For Wireless Sensor Networks （WSN） is responsible for sensing, collecting, processing and monitoring of environmental data, but it might be limited in resources. This paper describes in detail the compressed sensing theory, study the wireless sensor network data conventional compression and network coding method. The linear network coding scheme based on sparse random projection theory of compressed sensing. Simulation results show that this system satisfies the requirements of the reconstruction error of packets needed to reduce the number of nodes to the total number of 30%, improves the efficiency of data communications in wireless sensor network, reduce the energy consumption of the system. With other wireless sensor network data compression algorithm, the proposed algorithm has the advantages of simple realization, the compression effect is good, especially suitable for resource limited, and the accuracy requirements are not particularly stringent in wireless sensor networks.展开更多
The enrichment and migration of geogenic high-arsenic contaminated groundwater are controlled by complex hydrological conditions and hydrogeochemical processes.Conventional reactive transport models encounter dual cha...The enrichment and migration of geogenic high-arsenic contaminated groundwater are controlled by complex hydrological conditions and hydrogeochemical processes.Conventional reactive transport models encounter dual challenges,including poor convergence and low computational efficiency,when simulating multi-pathway reaction networks.To address these limitations,this study develops an improved physics-informed neural network(PH-PINNs)by integrating physical constraints with the PHREEQC geochemical module.The proposed model explicitly accounts for microbially mediated reaction networks involving iron-sulfur-carbon-nitrogen cycles,which drive arsenic enrichment and mobilization in groundwater.Leveraging field monitoring data from the Shanyin experimental site in the Datong Basin,Shanxi Province,a two-dimensional numerical model was constructed to simulate site-scale arsenic reactive transport.Results indicate that the PH-PINNs model significantly outperforms traditional PINNs in capturing nonlinear and non-stationary dynamics,reducing the root mean square error(RMSE)by over 50%.The model exhibits superior predictive accuracy,numerical stability,and adaptability for complex,multi-component reaction networks.This framework provides a robust tool for advancing both theoretical research and practical management of arsenic-contaminated groundwater systems.展开更多
Cloud effective radius(CER)is a fundamental microphysical property of clouds,critical for understanding cloud formation and radiative effects.Satellite spectral imagers,widely utilized in passive remote sensing,facili...Cloud effective radius(CER)is a fundamental microphysical property of clouds,critical for understanding cloud formation and radiative effects.Satellite spectral imagers,widely utilized in passive remote sensing,facilitate the monitoring of cloud characteristics,including CER,over extended time periods and spatial scales.Various observational methods have been employed to evaluate satellite cloud property products;however,in situ measurement evaluations of CER remain limited,particularly for products over China.This study utilized aircraft observations provided by the China Meteorological Administration Weather Modification Centre to evaluate the CER retrieved by Fengyun-4A Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager(AGRI)and Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager(AHI).Three flights were selected from the aircraft dataset for evaluation,involving flights through non-precipitating stratiform clouds with stable,high-quality measurements.Rigorous data selection and collocation procedures were employed to ensure a comprehensive comparison.Satellite retrievals from heterogeneous cloud fields were excluded,and representative in-cloud aircraft measurements were identified through multi-parameter filtering.The flight trajectory was adjusted to account for horizontal cloud movement corresponding to time differences between observations from different platforms.Additionally,in situ measurements from different vertical layers were adjusted to a comparable position near the cloud top.Results indicate that CER retrieved from satellites is generally overestimated compared to in situ measurements.For AGRI,the average difference(AD)is 2.90μm,with a root mean square difference(RMSD)of 3.53μm.For AHI,the AD is 2.92μm,and the RMSD is 3.59μm.To enhance future validation and evaluation of remote sensing results,factors such as instrument calibration,flight patterns,and cloud conditions will be carefully considered.Increasing the number of cases should further reduce errors associated with individual instances,enabling more precise assessments.展开更多
A new set of stereochemically diverse phosphino-oxazoline ligands derived from simple L-amino acids and 2-(diphenylphosphaneyl)-benzoic acid were developed.Those mono anionic tridentated N,N,P-ligands promote the Cu-c...A new set of stereochemically diverse phosphino-oxazoline ligands derived from simple L-amino acids and 2-(diphenylphosphaneyl)-benzoic acid were developed.Those mono anionic tridentated N,N,P-ligands promote the Cu-catalyzed enantioselective radical cou-pling of terminal alkynes with a broad range of benzylic halides including benzo-fused cyclicα-halides andα-silyl benzyl halides in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions.With multi distinct sites for structural modification,a di-verse pool of chiral N,N,P-ligands is readily accessed,allowing for rapid optimization of the ligand structure for a specific substrate.Notably,the enantioselective alkynlylation of benzylic halides bonds in benzo-cyclic molecules has also been realized for the first time.展开更多
The steric and electronic properties of A/-heterocyclic carbenes(NHCs)can be modified by the exocyclic substituents at the nitrogen atoms,by 1-3 atoms'replacements of the five-membered imidazolium skeleton and by ...The steric and electronic properties of A/-heterocyclic carbenes(NHCs)can be modified by the exocyclic substituents at the nitrogen atoms,by 1-3 atoms'replacements of the five-membered imidazolium skeleton and by the changes of the backbones.Herein,we report the usage of nido-C_(2)B_(3) carbora ne anions as the backb ones of NHCs.Stirring the mixture of sec on dary amino o-carbora nes(lb-le),triethyl orthoformate and HBF4-Et2O results in the unexpected cage-opening of o-carboranes to afford the n/do-C_(2)B_(9) carbora ne anions supported A/-heterocyclic carbene precursors(4b-4e).Deprotonation of 4b with sodium hexamethyldisilazide at-78℃ affords the/V-heterocyclic carbene ligand,which was used to form an Au(I)NHC complex(5).DFT calculations revealed a high-lying lone pair orbitals of the carbene ligands,predicting their strong o-donating abilities.展开更多
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common primary glomerular disease,and the“four-hit”theory represents its currently accepted pathogenic mechanism.Mucosal immunity triggered by infections in the respirat...Immunoglobulin A nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common primary glomerular disease,and the“four-hit”theory represents its currently accepted pathogenic mechanism.Mucosal immunity triggered by infections in the respiratory tract,intestines,or other areas leads to antigen presentation,T cell stimulation,B cell maturation,and the production of IgA-producing plasma cells.The proteins B-lymphocyte stimulator(BLyS)and a proliferation-inducing ligand(APRIL)are involved in this process,and alternative complement and lectin pathway activation are also part of the pathogenic mechanism.Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines indicate that a specific effective treatment for IgAN is lacking,with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors being the primary therapy.Recent research shows that biological agents can significantly reduce proteinuria,stabilize the estimated glomerular filtration rate,and reverse some pathological changes,such as endocapillary proliferation and crescent formation.There are four main categories of biological agents used to treat IgA nephropathy,specifically anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies,anti-BLyS or APRIL monoclonal antibodies,monoclonal antibodies targeting both BLyS and APRIL(telitacicept and atacicept),and monoclonal antibodies inhibiting complement system activation(narsoplimab and eculizumab).However,further research on the dosages,treatment duration,long-term efficacy,and safety of these biological agents is required.展开更多
The airborne two-dimensional stereo(2D-S) optical array probe has been operating for more than 10 yr, accumulating a large amount of cloud particle image data. However, due to the lack of reliable and unbiased classif...The airborne two-dimensional stereo(2D-S) optical array probe has been operating for more than 10 yr, accumulating a large amount of cloud particle image data. However, due to the lack of reliable and unbiased classification tools,our ability to extract meaningful morphological information related to cloud microphysical processes is limited. To solve this issue, we propose a novel classification algorithm for 2D-S cloud particle images based on a convolutional neural network(CNN), named CNN-2DS. A 2D-S cloud particle shape dataset was established by using the 2D-S cloud particle images observed from 13 aircraft detection flights in 6 regions of China(Northeast, Northwest, North,East, Central, and South China). This dataset contains 33,300 cloud particle images with 8 types of cloud particle shape(linear, sphere, dendrite, aggregate, graupel, plate, donut, and irregular). The CNN-2DS model was trained and tested based on the established 2D-S dataset. Experimental results show that the CNN-2DS model can accurately identify cloud particles with an average classification accuracy of 97%. Compared with other common classification models [e.g., Vision Transformer(ViT) and Residual Neural Network(ResNet)], the CNN-2DS model is lightweight(few parameters) and fast in calculations, and has the highest classification accuracy. In a word, the proposed CNN-2DS model is effective and reliable for the classification of cloud particles detected by the 2D-S probe.展开更多
Two emerging studies published in Nature back to back reported the cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM)structures of Dicer complexes in the double-stranded RNA(dsRNA)-processing cycle,providing detailed mechanistic insig...Two emerging studies published in Nature back to back reported the cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM)structures of Dicer complexes in the double-stranded RNA(dsRNA)-processing cycle,providing detailed mechanistic insights into the role of Dicer-2 in dsRNA-siRNA processing(dsRNA binding,translocation,dicing,strand selection,and siRNA loading).展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCEs)and overall safety profile associated with iodixanol in Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary inter...Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCEs)and overall safety profile associated with iodixanol in Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods:Patients at 30 centers in China registered in the OpenClinic v3.6 database from October 30,2013,to October 7,2015,were included in the study.The primary endpoint was in-hospital MACCEs including target lesion revascularization(TLR),stroke,stent thrombosis,cardiac death,and PCI-related myocardial infarction(MI)within 72 h post-PCI.Secondary endpoints were MACCEs from 72 h to 30 d post-PCI and other safety events within 30 d post-PCI.Results:A total of 3,042 patients were enrolled.The incidence of MACCEs within 72 h post-PCI was 2.33%(n=71),including cardiac death(0.03%,n=1)and PCI-related MI(2.30%,n=70).The incidence of MACCEs from 72 h to 30 d post-PCI was 0.16%(n=5),including cardiac death(0.10%,n=3),PCI-related MI(0.03%,n=1),and TLR for stent thrombosis(0.03%,n=1).The incidence of composite angiographic or procedural complications was 2.86%(n=87);233(7.86%)patients had results suggesting contrast-induced acute kidney injury.Conclusions:These findings indicate that the use of iodixanol in Chinese patients undergoing PCI is associated with a low incidence of MACCEs,confirming its safety in this population.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA0715900).
文摘Located in northern China,the Hetao Plain is an important agro-economic zone and population centre.The deterioration of local groundwater quality has had a serious impact on human health and economic development.Nowadays,the groundwater vulnerability assessment(GVA)has become an essential task to identify the current status and development trend of groundwater quality.In this study,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)models are integrated to realize the spatio-temporal prediction of regional groundwater vulnerability by introducing the Self-attention mechanism.The study firstly builds the CNN-LSTM modelwith self-attention(SA)mechanism and evaluates the prediction accuracy of the model for groundwater vulnerability compared to other common machine learning models such as Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The results indicate that the CNNLSTM model outperforms thesemodels,demonstrating its significance in groundwater vulnerability assessment.It can be posited that the predictions indicate an increased risk of groundwater vulnerability in the study area over the coming years.This increase can be attributed to the synergistic impact of global climate anomalies and intensified local human activities.Moreover,the overall groundwater vulnerability risk in the entire region has increased,evident fromboth the notably high value and standard deviation.This suggests that the spatial variability of groundwater vulnerability in the area is expected to expand in the future due to the sustained progression of climate change and human activities.The model can be optimized for diverse applications across regional environmental assessment,pollution prediction,and risk statistics.This study holds particular significance for ecological protection and groundwater resource management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.41630318Deep-Time Digital Earth(DDE)Plan and Hydrology Team of DDE plan in China University of Geosciences,Wuhan。
文摘Groundwater is an important water resource.The total amount of active groundwater in a hydrological cycle is about 3.5 times that of the total amount of surface water.The information in the deep groundwater records the material exchange and dynamics in the earth’s evolution,which is an important aspect of the Deep-Time Digital Earth(DDE)plan.In recent years,scientists have discussed the distribution of transboundary aquifers and the environmental significance of groundwater resources through groundwater databases established by international organizations,such as the Global Groundwater Information System and the chronicles consortium,and national institutes,such as national geological surveys.The application of the groundwater database in the DDE plan,however,has been limited by the management,interactivity,and monitoring method of the groundwater data.The ability to further integrate data that are private and scattered across research institutions and individuals,while establishing an open,unified,and shared groundwater data platform,is essential to enhance our understanding of groundwater,ranging from shallow to deep water,which is a goal of the DDE plan.In this study,we introduced the current situation of groundwater database operations in domestic and international research and provided frontier research with groundwater big data.Considering the related objectives of the DDE plan and the limitations of existing groundwater databases,we proposed an improvement plan and new prospects for applying groundwater databases in the research of the deep earth.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40830748, 40902071 and 41120124003)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2012AA062602)the Ministry of Education of China (111 project and Priority Development Projects of SRFDP)
文摘Although arsenic-contaminated groundwater in the Datong Basin has been studied for more than 10 years, little has been known about the complex patterns of solute transport in the aquifer systems. Field monitoring and transient 3D unsaturated groundwater flow modeling studies were car- ried out on the riparian zone of the Sanggan River at the Datong Basin, northern China, to better un- derstand the effects of groundwater flow on As mobilization and transport. The results indicate that ir- rigation is the primary factor in determining the groundwater flow paths. Irrigation can not only in- crease groundwater level and reduce horizontal groundwater velocity and thereby accelerate vertical and horizontal groundwater exchange among sand, silt and clay formations, but also change the HS concentration, redox conditions of the shallow groundwater. Results of net groundwater flux estimation suggest that vertical infiltration is likely the primary control of As transport in the vadose zone, while horizontal water exchange is dominant in controlling As migration within the sand aquifers. Recharge water, including irrigation return water and flushed saltwater, travels downward from the ground surface to the aquifer and then nearly horizontally across the sand aquifer. The maximum value of As enriched in the riparian zone is roughly estimated to be 1 706.2 mg.d-1 for a horizontal water exchange of 8.98 m3.d-1 close to the river and an As concentration of 190 μg.L-1.
文摘Background: Pyroptosis is defined as programmed necrosis executed by gasdermin D or E (GSDMD or GSDME), which punches cellular membrane. Morphologically, pyroptosis is characterized by cell swelling and cell membrane rupture, leading to the release of cellular contents that triggers intense inflammatory response. More and more studies have found that pyroptosis may be involved in the pathogenesis of viral infection, which may be a determinant for inflammation observed in most viral diseases. Objective: This paper aims to summarize the roles of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and to provide potential drug targets for the treatment of viral diseases, which will contribute to medical research and public health. Measures: This paper mainly summarizes pyroptosis occurring in diseases caused by different viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis virus, enterovirus, influenza virus and dengue fever virus. Meanwhile, the reported mechanism underlying pyroptosis mediating pathogenesis of these viral diseases will also be described. Conclusion: Current studies have shown that pyroptosis is a double-edged sword in viral infectious diseases. On one hand, pyroptosis leads to pathogenic inflammation of many viral infectious diseases which aggravate tissue damage initiated by viral infection, and blocking proptosis usually relieves the inflammation, which exerts therapeutic effects on viral diseases. On the other hand, moderating pyroptosis can contribute to defense against pathogen infection by releasing immune epitopes and inducing antiviral immune response.
文摘Long tree-ring chronologies can be developed by overlapping data from living trees with data from fossil trees through cross-dating.However,low-frequency climate signals are lost when standardizing tree-ring series due to the"segment length curse".To alleviate the segment length curse and thus improve the standardization method for developing long tree-ring chronologies,here we first calculated a mean value for all the tree ring series by overlapping all of the tree ring series.The growth trend of the mean tree ring width(i.e.,cumulated average growth trend of all the series)was determined using ensemble empirical mode decomposition.Then the chronology was developed by dividing the mean value by the growth trend of the mean value.Our improved method alleviated the problem of trend distortion.Long-term signals were better preserved using the improved method than in previous detrending methods.The chronologies developed using the improved method were better correlated with climate than those developed using conservative methods.The improved standardization method alleviates trend distortion and retains more of the low-frequency climate signals.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFD0801005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41672246)the Fund for Hubei Technology Innovation (Nos. 2017ACA092, 2016ACA171)
文摘China is one of the most important producers and suppliers of the chlorobenzenes （CBs）, accounting for more than 50% of the world production. Although CBs contamination at the sites of chemical production factories is well-known, the knowledge on spatial distribution and contaminated degree of CBs are still limited. To better understand the occurrence of CBs, a total of 161 soil/sediment samples were collected from 36 sampling points within a 20 m deep from a site of decommissioned chlorobenzenes-producing factory in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, central China. The results showed that monochlorobenzene （MCB） is the predominant contaminants with the ∑CBs levels ranging from 0.05 to 8 600 mg/kg dry weight （dw） with a mean value of 384 mg/kg dw. The vertical distribution of CBs indicated that CBs may have clearly transported to deeper sections in the subsurface. Statistical analyses showed that there are no good correlations between the ∑CBs concentration with soil organic matter （SOM） content and the moisture content.
基金supported partially by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under its national key project on global change studies (No.2013CB955804)the Special Fund for doctorate programs in Chinese Universities (No.20113228110002)+1 种基金the Public Meteorology Special Foundation of MOST (No.GYHY201306065)the Shanxi Meteorological Bureau Key Research Projects (No.SXKZDTC20140605)
文摘Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients（σsc）, absorption coefficients（σab）,Angstr？m exponent（α）, single scattering albedo（ω）, backscattering ratio（βsc）, aerosol mass scattering proficiency（Q sc） and aerosol surface scattering proficiency（Q sc′） were obtained. The mean statistical values of σsc were 77.45 Mm-1（at 450 nm）, 50.72 Mm-1（at 550 nm）, and32.02 Mm-1（at 700 nm）. The mean value of σab was 7.62 Mm-1（at 550 nm）. The mean values ofα, βsc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters（ED） of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σsc,, α, βsc, Q sc and Q sc′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and βsc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σsc, α, βsc, Q sc, Q sc′, σab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.
文摘Objective To investigate the effects of simvastatin on membrane ionic currents in left ventricular myocytes after acute myocardial infarction(AMI,so as to explore the ionic mechanism of statin treatment for antiarrhythmia.Methods Fourty-five New Zeland rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:AMI group,simvastatin intervention group(statin group)and sham-operated control group(CON).Rabbits were infarcted by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery after administration of oral simvastatin 5 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>(Statin group)or placebo(AMI group)for 3 days.Twenty-four hours later,single ventricular myocytes were isolated enzymatically from the epicardial zone of the infracted region.Whole cell patch clamp technique was used to record membrane ionic currents,including sodium current(I<sub>Na</sub>),L-type calcium current(I<sub>Ca-L</sub>)and transient outward potassium current(I<sub>to</sub>).Results①There was no significant difference in serum cholesterol concentration among three groups.②The peak I<sub>Na</sub>current density(at-30 mV)was significantly decreased in AMI group(-23.26±5.18)compared with CON(-42.78±5.48,P【0.05),while it was significantly increased in Statin group(-39.23±5.45)compared with AMI group(P【0.01);The peak I<sub>Ca-L</sub>current density(at 0 mV)was significantly decreased in AMI group(-3.23±0.91)compared with CON(-4.56±1.01,P【0.05),while it was significantly increased in Statin group(-4.18±0.95)compared with AMI group(P【0.05);The I<sub>to</sub>current density(at+60 mV)was significantly decreased in AMI group(10.41±1.93)compared with CON(17.41±3.13,P【0.01),while it was significantly increased in Statin group(16.21±2.42)compared with AMI group(P【0.01).Conclusions AMI induces significant down-regulation of I<sub>Na</sub>,I<sub>Ca-L</sub>and I<sub>to</sub>.Pretreatment with simvastatin could attenuate this change without lowering the serum cholesterol level,suggesting that simvastatin reverse this electrical remodeling,thus contributing to the ionic mechanism of statin treatment for antiarrhythmia.
基金Supported by Key R&D Project of Henan Province(231111110300)National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Special Fund Project of Ministry of Finance/Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(nycytx-CARS-06)+1 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2022KJCHXTD33)Henan Provincial Agricultural Seed Research Project(2022010401).
文摘[Objectives]To find out a suitable cultivation technique of Wangu 098 in Nanyang area,speed up the popularization,demonstration and application of Wangu 098,and provide a theoretical and practical basis for adjusting the planting structure and realizing the matching of improved varieties and methods.[Methods]The new self-bred millet variety Wangu 098 was used as the material,and the two-factor split zone experimental design was adopted.The effects of different sowing dates and densities on the yield,growth period and agronomic characters of millet were studied.[Results]The interaction of seeding date and density had a great effect on the yield and plant traits of millet.Millet yield was significantly and positively correlated with plant height,panicle length,single panicle weight,panicle grain weight and tiller number.[Conclusions]The reasonable combination of seeding date and density could give full play to the yield potential of millet.According to the experimental results and cultivation experience,the suitable seeding date of millet in Nanyang area is in the first and middle ten days of June,and the best density is about 750000 plants/ha.However,after June 30,the seeding millet did not tiller,so the density should be increased to more than 900000 plants/ha to obtain higher yield.In terms of cultivation and management,timely seeding,reasonable close planting,and coordination of vegetative growth and reproductive growth can make the plant tall and strong,panicle long and thick,and improve the yield of millet.
文摘For Wireless Sensor Networks （WSN） is responsible for sensing, collecting, processing and monitoring of environmental data, but it might be limited in resources. This paper describes in detail the compressed sensing theory, study the wireless sensor network data conventional compression and network coding method. The linear network coding scheme based on sparse random projection theory of compressed sensing. Simulation results show that this system satisfies the requirements of the reconstruction error of packets needed to reduce the number of nodes to the total number of 30%, improves the efficiency of data communications in wireless sensor network, reduce the energy consumption of the system. With other wireless sensor network data compression algorithm, the proposed algorithm has the advantages of simple realization, the compression effect is good, especially suitable for resource limited, and the accuracy requirements are not particularly stringent in wireless sensor networks.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA0715903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42330718,42472311)。
文摘The enrichment and migration of geogenic high-arsenic contaminated groundwater are controlled by complex hydrological conditions and hydrogeochemical processes.Conventional reactive transport models encounter dual challenges,including poor convergence and low computational efficiency,when simulating multi-pathway reaction networks.To address these limitations,this study develops an improved physics-informed neural network(PH-PINNs)by integrating physical constraints with the PHREEQC geochemical module.The proposed model explicitly accounts for microbially mediated reaction networks involving iron-sulfur-carbon-nitrogen cycles,which drive arsenic enrichment and mobilization in groundwater.Leveraging field monitoring data from the Shanyin experimental site in the Datong Basin,Shanxi Province,a two-dimensional numerical model was constructed to simulate site-scale arsenic reactive transport.Results indicate that the PH-PINNs model significantly outperforms traditional PINNs in capturing nonlinear and non-stationary dynamics,reducing the root mean square error(RMSE)by over 50%.The model exhibits superior predictive accuracy,numerical stability,and adaptability for complex,multi-component reaction networks.This framework provides a robust tool for advancing both theoretical research and practical management of arsenic-contaminated groundwater systems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42122038 and 42230604)。
文摘Cloud effective radius(CER)is a fundamental microphysical property of clouds,critical for understanding cloud formation and radiative effects.Satellite spectral imagers,widely utilized in passive remote sensing,facilitate the monitoring of cloud characteristics,including CER,over extended time periods and spatial scales.Various observational methods have been employed to evaluate satellite cloud property products;however,in situ measurement evaluations of CER remain limited,particularly for products over China.This study utilized aircraft observations provided by the China Meteorological Administration Weather Modification Centre to evaluate the CER retrieved by Fengyun-4A Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager(AGRI)and Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager(AHI).Three flights were selected from the aircraft dataset for evaluation,involving flights through non-precipitating stratiform clouds with stable,high-quality measurements.Rigorous data selection and collocation procedures were employed to ensure a comprehensive comparison.Satellite retrievals from heterogeneous cloud fields were excluded,and representative in-cloud aircraft measurements were identified through multi-parameter filtering.The flight trajectory was adjusted to account for horizontal cloud movement corresponding to time differences between observations from different platforms.Additionally,in situ measurements from different vertical layers were adjusted to a comparable position near the cloud top.Results indicate that CER retrieved from satellites is generally overestimated compared to in situ measurements.For AGRI,the average difference(AD)is 2.90μm,with a root mean square difference(RMSD)of 3.53μm.For AHI,the AD is 2.92μm,and the RMSD is 3.59μm.To enhance future validation and evaluation of remote sensing results,factors such as instrument calibration,flight patterns,and cloud conditions will be carefully considered.Increasing the number of cases should further reduce errors associated with individual instances,enabling more precise assessments.
基金We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22071073,21772218 and 21821002)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB20000000)State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry,Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Central China Normal University(CCNU).
文摘A new set of stereochemically diverse phosphino-oxazoline ligands derived from simple L-amino acids and 2-(diphenylphosphaneyl)-benzoic acid were developed.Those mono anionic tridentated N,N,P-ligands promote the Cu-catalyzed enantioselective radical cou-pling of terminal alkynes with a broad range of benzylic halides including benzo-fused cyclicα-halides andα-silyl benzyl halides in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions.With multi distinct sites for structural modification,a di-verse pool of chiral N,N,P-ligands is readily accessed,allowing for rapid optimization of the ligand structure for a specific substrate.Notably,the enantioselective alkynlylation of benzylic halides bonds in benzo-cyclic molecules has also been realized for the first time.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21771048)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Provinee(Grant No.LY17B010002).
文摘The steric and electronic properties of A/-heterocyclic carbenes(NHCs)can be modified by the exocyclic substituents at the nitrogen atoms,by 1-3 atoms'replacements of the five-membered imidazolium skeleton and by the changes of the backbones.Herein,we report the usage of nido-C_(2)B_(3) carbora ne anions as the backb ones of NHCs.Stirring the mixture of sec on dary amino o-carbora nes(lb-le),triethyl orthoformate and HBF4-Et2O results in the unexpected cage-opening of o-carboranes to afford the n/do-C_(2)B_(9) carbora ne anions supported A/-heterocyclic carbene precursors(4b-4e).Deprotonation of 4b with sodium hexamethyldisilazide at-78℃ affords the/V-heterocyclic carbene ligand,which was used to form an Au(I)NHC complex(5).DFT calculations revealed a high-lying lone pair orbitals of the carbene ligands,predicting their strong o-donating abilities.
基金This study was supported by grants from the Key Clinical Specialty Discipline Construction Program of Fujian,Grant/Award Number:2017ZDZKSBFujian Clinical Medical ResearchCenter for Immune Kidney Disease,Grant/Award Number:2021Y2016。
文摘Immunoglobulin A nephropathy(IgAN)is the most common primary glomerular disease,and the“four-hit”theory represents its currently accepted pathogenic mechanism.Mucosal immunity triggered by infections in the respiratory tract,intestines,or other areas leads to antigen presentation,T cell stimulation,B cell maturation,and the production of IgA-producing plasma cells.The proteins B-lymphocyte stimulator(BLyS)and a proliferation-inducing ligand(APRIL)are involved in this process,and alternative complement and lectin pathway activation are also part of the pathogenic mechanism.Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines indicate that a specific effective treatment for IgAN is lacking,with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors being the primary therapy.Recent research shows that biological agents can significantly reduce proteinuria,stabilize the estimated glomerular filtration rate,and reverse some pathological changes,such as endocapillary proliferation and crescent formation.There are four main categories of biological agents used to treat IgA nephropathy,specifically anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies,anti-BLyS or APRIL monoclonal antibodies,monoclonal antibodies targeting both BLyS and APRIL(telitacicept and atacicept),and monoclonal antibodies inhibiting complement system activation(narsoplimab and eculizumab).However,further research on the dosages,treatment duration,long-term efficacy,and safety of these biological agents is required.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1510301)Key Innovation Team Fund of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA2022ZD10)Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2021Y010)。
文摘The airborne two-dimensional stereo(2D-S) optical array probe has been operating for more than 10 yr, accumulating a large amount of cloud particle image data. However, due to the lack of reliable and unbiased classification tools,our ability to extract meaningful morphological information related to cloud microphysical processes is limited. To solve this issue, we propose a novel classification algorithm for 2D-S cloud particle images based on a convolutional neural network(CNN), named CNN-2DS. A 2D-S cloud particle shape dataset was established by using the 2D-S cloud particle images observed from 13 aircraft detection flights in 6 regions of China(Northeast, Northwest, North,East, Central, and South China). This dataset contains 33,300 cloud particle images with 8 types of cloud particle shape(linear, sphere, dendrite, aggregate, graupel, plate, donut, and irregular). The CNN-2DS model was trained and tested based on the established 2D-S dataset. Experimental results show that the CNN-2DS model can accurately identify cloud particles with an average classification accuracy of 97%. Compared with other common classification models [e.g., Vision Transformer(ViT) and Residual Neural Network(ResNet)], the CNN-2DS model is lightweight(few parameters) and fast in calculations, and has the highest classification accuracy. In a word, the proposed CNN-2DS model is effective and reliable for the classification of cloud particles detected by the 2D-S probe.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32192423).
文摘Two emerging studies published in Nature back to back reported the cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM)structures of Dicer complexes in the double-stranded RNA(dsRNA)-processing cycle,providing detailed mechanistic insights into the role of Dicer-2 in dsRNA-siRNA processing(dsRNA binding,translocation,dicing,strand selection,and siRNA loading).
基金supported by the National Key Project of Research and Development Plan during the Thirteenth Five-year Plan Period(2016YFC1301300),ChinaConstruction Program of National Clinical Priority Specialty.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCEs)and overall safety profile associated with iodixanol in Chinese patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods:Patients at 30 centers in China registered in the OpenClinic v3.6 database from October 30,2013,to October 7,2015,were included in the study.The primary endpoint was in-hospital MACCEs including target lesion revascularization(TLR),stroke,stent thrombosis,cardiac death,and PCI-related myocardial infarction(MI)within 72 h post-PCI.Secondary endpoints were MACCEs from 72 h to 30 d post-PCI and other safety events within 30 d post-PCI.Results:A total of 3,042 patients were enrolled.The incidence of MACCEs within 72 h post-PCI was 2.33%(n=71),including cardiac death(0.03%,n=1)and PCI-related MI(2.30%,n=70).The incidence of MACCEs from 72 h to 30 d post-PCI was 0.16%(n=5),including cardiac death(0.10%,n=3),PCI-related MI(0.03%,n=1),and TLR for stent thrombosis(0.03%,n=1).The incidence of composite angiographic or procedural complications was 2.86%(n=87);233(7.86%)patients had results suggesting contrast-induced acute kidney injury.Conclusions:These findings indicate that the use of iodixanol in Chinese patients undergoing PCI is associated with a low incidence of MACCEs,confirming its safety in this population.
